- Email: [email protected]
Matching Estonian humus cover types’ (pro humus forms’) and soils’ classifications
Applied Soil Ecology xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Applied Soil Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apsoil
Short communication
Matching Estonian humus cover types’ (pro humus forms’) and soils’ classifications ⁎
Raimo Kõlli , Kaire Rannik Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonia
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Keywords: Humus form Soil Classification Matching of classifications Classification schema
For characterization of soil cover influence on formation and functioning of ecosystems, the special attention should be paid to its biologically active superficial part i.e. to the humus cover (HC). The used by us term ‘HC type’ corresponds well to the internationally recognized term ‘humus form’. The fabric of the HC is characterized by the humus profile, which consists of the organic matter-rich soil horizons (forest floor, humus, organo-mineral and peat horizons). For the basis of comparative analysis, the classification schemas, elaborated separately for natural area HCs and soils, were used. In both schemas, the classification units are arranged according to soils moisture conditions and genesis. A good coincidence of HCs’ and soils’ types was obtained in relation to moisture scalar. The four first stages of moisture conditions enfold soils, in which the leading role belongs to the mineral components of the soil. The fifth column enfolds the transitional HC types between mineral and peat soils, whereas the typical peat soils are located in the 6th column. The genetic-lithic scalar shows that the calci-mull HCs have formed on soils rich in free calcium carbonate; forest-mull on calcareous pebble and leached soils; moder-mull on slightly eluviated endocalcareoussoils; moder types - on glossic and sod-podzolic soils; moder-mor on transitional podzols (between sod-podzolic and typical podzols) and mor type HCs on typical podzols. HCs in the 1st column (drought-timid soils) are divided according to their calcareousness and acidity, but those in the 5th and 6th columns (peaty and peat soils) - according to the content of nutrition elements in the feeding water, into 3 types. The matching of classification units of HCs and soils are analysed as well on the basis of the soils matrix table.
1. Introduction
2. Material and methods
For characterization in detail the influence of soils on the formation and functioning natural terrestrial ecosystems, the special attention should be paid to the superficial, biologically most active part of the soil cover or to the humus cover (HC). The fabric of the HC is characterized by the humus profile, which consists of the organic matter (humus)-rich soil horizons (forest floor, humus, organo-mineral and peat horizons). The term ‘HC type’, used in Estonian HC classification (Kõlli, 1992), corresponds well to the internationally recognized term ‘humus form’ (Müller, 1887; Humusica 1, 2017a). The main task of the actual work is to elucidate the matching (character and extent) of HC’s and soil classifications used in Estonia. The comparative analysis enables to explain the role of soil cover in the formation and fabric of the HC. The analysis of the coincidence of Estonian HC types with the Humusica is a good ground for further harmonization of the Estonian classification with the European Reference Base for humus forms (ERB) (Kõlli, 2011; Zanella et al., 2011; Jabiol et al., 2013).
This comparative analysis is based on the classification schemas or matrix tables (Figs. 1 a and 2 a ) elaborated accordingly for classifications of the natural areas’ HCs (Kõlli, 1992) and soils (Kõlli et al., 2008). In both matrix tables the classification units (HC types and soils) are arranged by two scalars. Horizontal scalars of both characterise moisture conditions (from arid to permanently wet conditions). Both vertical scalars characterise soil (among this HC) development, calcareousness, acidity, biological activity, nutrition conditions and profile fabric. Matching of classifications is explained by visual comparison of soils and humus forms (humus cover types) by their location character (coinciding) in matrix tables.
⁎
3. Key for distinguishing equivalences between humus forms of Estonian (EST) and Humusica’s classifications Humus form names by Humusica (Humusica 1, 2017b,c; Humusica 2, 2017a,b) are given as equivalents to EST’s humus cover type’s codes
Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (R. Kõlli).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.09.038 Received 11 December 2016; Received in revised form 18 July 2017; Accepted 2 September 2017 0929-1393/ © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article as: Kõlli, R., Applied Soil Ecology (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.09.038
Applied Soil Ecology xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
R. Kõlli, K. Rannik
Fig. 1. Classification schema of Estonian humus cover types (humus forms) of forest soils (a) and their matching with soil types (b). Names of forest soils humus cover types, given by moisture conditions groups: Dry (k): mlk – dry mull, mdk – dry moder, mok – dry mor; Fresh (v): mlv1 – fresh calci-mull, mlv2 – fresh forest-mull, md-mlv – fresh modermull, mdv – fresh moder, md-mov – fresh moder-mor, mov – fresh mor; Moist (n): mln1 – moist calci-mull, mln2 – moist forest-mull, md-mln – moist modermull, mdn – moist moder, md-mon – moist moder-mor, mon – moist mor; Wet (m): mlm1 – wet calci-mull, mlm2 – wet forest-mull, md-mlm – wet moder-mull, mdm – wet moder, md-mom – wet moder-mor, mom – wet mor; Peaty (t): mlt – peaty mull, mdt – peaty moder, mot – peaty mor; Peat (tu): tue – eutrophic peat, tum – mesotrophic peat, tuo – oligotrophic peat. Names of soils by Estonian soil classification: Aeromorphic soils: Kh – limestone, Kr – skeletic and K – pebble rendzina; Ko – leached, KI – eluviated, LP – glossic and Lk – sod-podzolic soils; Ls – secondary, L(k) – humic and L – typical podzols. The ‘p’ behind of code (Kop, KIp, Lkp and Lp) means that soil is drought timid and ‘g’ that soil is gleyed (endogleyic). Hydromorphic (epigleyic or gley-) soils: Gh – limestone and Gk – pebble gley-rendzina; Go – leached, G(o) – saturated, GI – eluviated, LPG – glossic and LkG – sod-podzolic gley soils; LG – gley-podzols; Peaty soils (covered by thin 10–30 cm peat layer): Gh1 – peaty limestone and Gk1 – peaty pebble rendzina; Go1 – peaty saturated and GI1 – peaty unsaturated soils, and LG1 – peaty podzols; Peat soils (with peat thickness > 30 cm): R – bog, S – transitional bog and M – fen soils. Fig. 2. Classification schema of Estonian normally developed soils (a) and their matching with humus cover types (humus forms) (b). For names of soils and humus cover types by Estonian classifications see Fig. 1.
conditions on histic gleysols and have at least 10–30 cm peat or histic horizon): mlt – Eusaprimoor, mdt – Eu- or Fibrimesimoor, mot – Eu- or Humifibrimoor. 6) Peat (histo-) humipedons (5–6, are formed on Histosols, therefore have at least > 30 cm peat layer, but in most cases the thickness is > 1 m): tue – Sapri- or Amphimoor (on fens and alluvial fens i.e. on Sapric Histosols), tum – Mesi- or Amphimoor (on transitional bogs i.e. on Hemic Histosols), tuo – Fibrimoor (on high bogs i.e. on Fibric Histosols).
and grouped by moisture conditions (see Fig. 1a): 1) Dry humipedons (column 0–1 on Fig. 1a, drought timid, undeveloped, thin): mlk – Dysmull (lithic, skeletic), mdk – Dysmoder, mok – Hemimor. 2) Fresh humipedons (column 1–2, formed in well aerated conditions on automorphic soil cover): mlv – Meso- or Eumull, md-mlv – Oligoor Mesomull and Eumoder, mdv – Hemimoder, md-mov – Eu- or Humimor and Dysmoder, mov – Eu- or Hemimor. 3) Moist humipedons (2–3, formed in well aerated conditions on endogleyic soil cover): mln – Meso- or Eumull, md-mln – Oligo- or Mesomull and Eumoder, mdn – Hemimoder, md-mon – Eu- or Humimor, mon – Eu- or Hemimor. 4) Wet humipedons (3–4, formed in hydromorphic conditions on epigleyic or gleysols): mlm – Eu- or Saprianmoor, md-mlm – Amphimoor, mdm – Eumesimoor, md-mom – Fibrimesimoor, mom − Eufibrimoor. 5) Peaty or epihistic humipedons (4–5, formed in hydromorphic
Additional remarks to keys: 1) The schematized drawing (Fig. 1a) should be taken as matrix of humipedons, where classification units are positioned in relation of moisture and ecological-genetic scalars. 2) Number 1 behind mull humus forms codes (mlk1, mlv1 etc.) means that the humipedon is calcareous (calcaric) and lithic or skeletic, but number 2 (mlv2, mln2 etc.) refers to fine earth and calcium rich A
2
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Fig. 3. Introduction of fresh mor (mov) humus cover, formed in the pine forest of a Rhodococcum site type on a Typical Podzol (L) with a sandy texture (Koorvere, Estonia), to soil scientists (photographs Kauer K.). The objects of interest on Fig. 3 are: 3a) general appearance of the forest stand, 3b) look at opened humus profile transect, 3c) top view to the opened forest floor subhorizons and E-horizon, and 3d) soil profile.
Fig. 1b explains a good coincidence of HCs’ and soils’ types. Dry HCs have formed on drought-timid soils; fresh ones on aeromorphic optimally moistured soils; moist HCs on endogleyic or gleyed soils; wet HCs on hydromorphic epigleyic or gley soils; peaty HCs on peaty gley soils and peat HCs on mires’ soils. In analysing the matching of HC types and soils by vertical (development and composition) scalar, attention should be paid firstly to columns 2–4, as they enfold all 6 rows (Fig. 1a). By this scalar calci-mull HCs have formed on limestone and skeletic soils, rich in free calcium carbonate; forest-mull on calcareous pebble and leached soils; modermull on slightly eluviated endocalcareous soils; moder types – on glossic and sod-podzolic soils; moder-mor on transitional soils between sodpodzolic and typical podzols (i.e. on secondary and humic podzols) and mor type HCs on typical podzols. HCs of the 1st column as undeveloped drought-timid soils are divided only into 3 types according to their calcareousness and acidity. Peaty and peat type HCs are divided according to the same principle, but here, the leading factor in the development of profiles and properties is the content of nutrition elements in the feeding water. On Fig. 2, the matching of classification units of HCs and soils are demonstrated on the basis of soils’ matrix table. Fig. 2 also shows which HCs have developed not only on different post-lithogenic mineral soils, but on organic (columns 6–7) soils as well. As compared with HCs moisture scalar, the moisture scalar of soils matrix has one additional stage between fresh and moist stages, which is halved between these
horizon of humipedon profile. 3) In Estonian pedo-ecological conditions for the peaty and peat soils’ control section (by which the classification unit is identified) is taken in the case of humus forms the superficial layer with thickness 30 cm, but in the case of soil cover 50 cm. 4) By the general classification principles of peatlands’ topsoils the Humusica is very similar (close) to EST one, but in it are absent adequate equivalences for more detail describing of EST peatlands’ topsoil. It consists first of all the peat thickness (shallow to thick) and origin (alluvial, technogenic, quaking and oth.) (Kõlli et al., 2009). 4. Analysis and discussion The four first columns (0–4) of moisture conditions’ scalars (Fig. 1a) enfold all these soils in which the leading role in soil and its HC development belongs to the composition and properties of soils’ mineral component. The fifth column (4–5) enfolds the transitional HC and soil types (peaty or histic) between mineral and peat soils; the typical peat soils are located in the 6th column. The typical humus and soil profiles, which have been formed in accordance with the soils’ mineral content properties, are found in the 2nd and 3rd columns; profiles of the 4th columns are remarkably influenced by feeding soil water. The development of the 5th and 6th column soils’ profiles depends mostly on feeding water properties. 3
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Fig. 4. Introduction of fresh moder (mdv) humus cover formed in the mixed pinespruce forest of an Oxalis site type on a Pseudopodzolic soil (LP) with a loamy sand on sandy loam (Kaagvere, Estonia) (photographs Kauer K.). The objects of interest on Fig. 4 are: 4a) look at opened humus profile transect, 4b) top view to the opened forest floor sub-horizons, 4c) soil profile, and 4d) general appearance of the forest stand.
formed on them plant associations. Knowledges on relationships of humus forms with different soil types are needed for sustainable and pedo-ecologically sound management of soils. Estonian HC’s classification is matching well also with Humusica humipedons’ classification and therefore the Humusica may be for good basis in perfection of Estonian classification.
two stages (Fig. 2b). More detailed separation of soils is possible as well by soil development or vertical scalar, as compared with HC. Each two scalars positions indicate rendzic (0–2), brown (2–4), sod-podzolic (with glossic) soils (4–6) and podzols (6–8). The calci-mull HC type is formed on limestone and pebble-rich soils; forest-mull on typical pebble containing and leached calcareous soils; moder-mull on eluviated soils; moder on glossic and sod-podzolic soils; moder-mor on humic and secondary podzols, and mor-type HC on podzols. The complex Fig. 3 (Photos 3a–3d) introduces the fabric and forming conditions of fresh mor (mov) type HC, but the complex Fig. 4 the HC of the fresh moder (mdv). The mean abundance of microannelids in the HCs of these two forests was respectively 17.0 and 23.4 thousand individuals per m2 (Graefe et al., 2015). In the fresh mor only indicating to strong acidity species (Cognettia sphagnetorum) was presented. In the fresh moder HC totally 7 microannelid’s species, indicating mainly slight to moderate HC acidity, were found. For the dominating species in fresh moder HC was indicator of moderate acidity Enchytronia parva.
References Graefe, U., Kõlli, R., Milbert, G., Broll, G., 2015. Biological Indicators of Topsoil Formation – A Case Study from Forest Sites in Estonia. Jahrestagung der DBG, München 5.-10.9.2015. Humusica 1, 2017a. Essential bases – Vocabulary. Humusica 1, 2017b. Terrestrial humus systems and forms – Specific terms and diagnostic horizons.Terrestrial humus systems and forms – Specific terms and diagnostic horizons. Humusica 1, 2017c. Terrestrial humus systems and forms – Keys of classification of humus systems and forms. Humusica 2, 2017a. Histic humus systems and forms – Specific terms, diagnostic horizons and overview.Histic humus systems and forms – Specific terms, diagnostic horizons and overview. Humusica 2, 2017b. Histic humus systems and forms – Keys of classification. Jabiol, B., Zanella, A., Ponge, J.F., Sartori, G., Englisch, M., Delft van, B., Waal de, R., Le Bayon, R.C., 2013. A proposal for including humus forms in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB-FAO). Geoderma 192, 286–294. Kõlli, R., Ellermäe, O., Teras, T., 2008. Digital collection of Estonian soils. EMÜ. http:// mullad.emu.ee (Accessed 16 June 2017). Kõlli, R., Astover, A., Noormets, M., Tõnutare, T., Szajdak, L., 2009. Histosol as an ecologically active constituent of peatland: a case study from Estonia. Plant Soil 317, 3–17. Kõlli, R., 1992. Production and ecological characteristics of organic matter of forest soils.
5. Conclusion The humus cover (pro humus form) types of natural areas reflect relatively well of belonging into the soil cover composition soil types’ physico-chemical properties and functioning capacity. Fabric and organisms’ composition of humus cover depend in great extent on subsoils’ (or whole soil cover) texture, acidity, moisture conditions and 4
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Vegetation und Boden. Mit analytischen Belegen von C.F.A. Tuxen. Springer, Berlin. Zanella, A., Jabiol, B., Ponge, J.F., Sartori, G., De Waal, R., Van Delft, B., Graefe, U., Cools, N., Katzensteiner, K., Hager, H., Englisch, M., 2011. A European morphofunctional classification of humus forms. Geoderma 164, 138–145.
Eurasian Soil Sci. 24, 78–91. Kõlli, R., 2011. About elaboration of European humus forms classification. Agronomy 2010/2011 EMI-EMÜ-JSI, Saku (in Estonian). Müller, P.E., 1887. Studien über die natürlichen Humusformen und deren Einwirkung auf
5
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Applied Soil Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apsoil
Short communication
Matching Estonian humus cover types’ (pro humus forms’) and soils’ classifications ⁎
Raimo Kõlli , Kaire Rannik Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonia
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Keywords: Humus form Soil Classification Matching of classifications Classification schema
For characterization of soil cover influence on formation and functioning of ecosystems, the special attention should be paid to its biologically active superficial part i.e. to the humus cover (HC). The used by us term ‘HC type’ corresponds well to the internationally recognized term ‘humus form’. The fabric of the HC is characterized by the humus profile, which consists of the organic matter-rich soil horizons (forest floor, humus, organo-mineral and peat horizons). For the basis of comparative analysis, the classification schemas, elaborated separately for natural area HCs and soils, were used. In both schemas, the classification units are arranged according to soils moisture conditions and genesis. A good coincidence of HCs’ and soils’ types was obtained in relation to moisture scalar. The four first stages of moisture conditions enfold soils, in which the leading role belongs to the mineral components of the soil. The fifth column enfolds the transitional HC types between mineral and peat soils, whereas the typical peat soils are located in the 6th column. The genetic-lithic scalar shows that the calci-mull HCs have formed on soils rich in free calcium carbonate; forest-mull on calcareous pebble and leached soils; moder-mull on slightly eluviated endocalcareoussoils; moder types - on glossic and sod-podzolic soils; moder-mor on transitional podzols (between sod-podzolic and typical podzols) and mor type HCs on typical podzols. HCs in the 1st column (drought-timid soils) are divided according to their calcareousness and acidity, but those in the 5th and 6th columns (peaty and peat soils) - according to the content of nutrition elements in the feeding water, into 3 types. The matching of classification units of HCs and soils are analysed as well on the basis of the soils matrix table.
1. Introduction
2. Material and methods
For characterization in detail the influence of soils on the formation and functioning natural terrestrial ecosystems, the special attention should be paid to the superficial, biologically most active part of the soil cover or to the humus cover (HC). The fabric of the HC is characterized by the humus profile, which consists of the organic matter (humus)-rich soil horizons (forest floor, humus, organo-mineral and peat horizons). The term ‘HC type’, used in Estonian HC classification (Kõlli, 1992), corresponds well to the internationally recognized term ‘humus form’ (Müller, 1887; Humusica 1, 2017a). The main task of the actual work is to elucidate the matching (character and extent) of HC’s and soil classifications used in Estonia. The comparative analysis enables to explain the role of soil cover in the formation and fabric of the HC. The analysis of the coincidence of Estonian HC types with the Humusica is a good ground for further harmonization of the Estonian classification with the European Reference Base for humus forms (ERB) (Kõlli, 2011; Zanella et al., 2011; Jabiol et al., 2013).
This comparative analysis is based on the classification schemas or matrix tables (Figs. 1 a and 2 a ) elaborated accordingly for classifications of the natural areas’ HCs (Kõlli, 1992) and soils (Kõlli et al., 2008). In both matrix tables the classification units (HC types and soils) are arranged by two scalars. Horizontal scalars of both characterise moisture conditions (from arid to permanently wet conditions). Both vertical scalars characterise soil (among this HC) development, calcareousness, acidity, biological activity, nutrition conditions and profile fabric. Matching of classifications is explained by visual comparison of soils and humus forms (humus cover types) by their location character (coinciding) in matrix tables.
⁎
3. Key for distinguishing equivalences between humus forms of Estonian (EST) and Humusica’s classifications Humus form names by Humusica (Humusica 1, 2017b,c; Humusica 2, 2017a,b) are given as equivalents to EST’s humus cover type’s codes
Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (R. Kõlli).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.09.038 Received 11 December 2016; Received in revised form 18 July 2017; Accepted 2 September 2017 0929-1393/ © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article as: Kõlli, R., Applied Soil Ecology (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.09.038
Applied Soil Ecology xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
R. Kõlli, K. Rannik
Fig. 1. Classification schema of Estonian humus cover types (humus forms) of forest soils (a) and their matching with soil types (b). Names of forest soils humus cover types, given by moisture conditions groups: Dry (k): mlk – dry mull, mdk – dry moder, mok – dry mor; Fresh (v): mlv1 – fresh calci-mull, mlv2 – fresh forest-mull, md-mlv – fresh modermull, mdv – fresh moder, md-mov – fresh moder-mor, mov – fresh mor; Moist (n): mln1 – moist calci-mull, mln2 – moist forest-mull, md-mln – moist modermull, mdn – moist moder, md-mon – moist moder-mor, mon – moist mor; Wet (m): mlm1 – wet calci-mull, mlm2 – wet forest-mull, md-mlm – wet moder-mull, mdm – wet moder, md-mom – wet moder-mor, mom – wet mor; Peaty (t): mlt – peaty mull, mdt – peaty moder, mot – peaty mor; Peat (tu): tue – eutrophic peat, tum – mesotrophic peat, tuo – oligotrophic peat. Names of soils by Estonian soil classification: Aeromorphic soils: Kh – limestone, Kr – skeletic and K – pebble rendzina; Ko – leached, KI – eluviated, LP – glossic and Lk – sod-podzolic soils; Ls – secondary, L(k) – humic and L – typical podzols. The ‘p’ behind of code (Kop, KIp, Lkp and Lp) means that soil is drought timid and ‘g’ that soil is gleyed (endogleyic). Hydromorphic (epigleyic or gley-) soils: Gh – limestone and Gk – pebble gley-rendzina; Go – leached, G(o) – saturated, GI – eluviated, LPG – glossic and LkG – sod-podzolic gley soils; LG – gley-podzols; Peaty soils (covered by thin 10–30 cm peat layer): Gh1 – peaty limestone and Gk1 – peaty pebble rendzina; Go1 – peaty saturated and GI1 – peaty unsaturated soils, and LG1 – peaty podzols; Peat soils (with peat thickness > 30 cm): R – bog, S – transitional bog and M – fen soils. Fig. 2. Classification schema of Estonian normally developed soils (a) and their matching with humus cover types (humus forms) (b). For names of soils and humus cover types by Estonian classifications see Fig. 1.
conditions on histic gleysols and have at least 10–30 cm peat or histic horizon): mlt – Eusaprimoor, mdt – Eu- or Fibrimesimoor, mot – Eu- or Humifibrimoor. 6) Peat (histo-) humipedons (5–6, are formed on Histosols, therefore have at least > 30 cm peat layer, but in most cases the thickness is > 1 m): tue – Sapri- or Amphimoor (on fens and alluvial fens i.e. on Sapric Histosols), tum – Mesi- or Amphimoor (on transitional bogs i.e. on Hemic Histosols), tuo – Fibrimoor (on high bogs i.e. on Fibric Histosols).
and grouped by moisture conditions (see Fig. 1a): 1) Dry humipedons (column 0–1 on Fig. 1a, drought timid, undeveloped, thin): mlk – Dysmull (lithic, skeletic), mdk – Dysmoder, mok – Hemimor. 2) Fresh humipedons (column 1–2, formed in well aerated conditions on automorphic soil cover): mlv – Meso- or Eumull, md-mlv – Oligoor Mesomull and Eumoder, mdv – Hemimoder, md-mov – Eu- or Humimor and Dysmoder, mov – Eu- or Hemimor. 3) Moist humipedons (2–3, formed in well aerated conditions on endogleyic soil cover): mln – Meso- or Eumull, md-mln – Oligo- or Mesomull and Eumoder, mdn – Hemimoder, md-mon – Eu- or Humimor, mon – Eu- or Hemimor. 4) Wet humipedons (3–4, formed in hydromorphic conditions on epigleyic or gleysols): mlm – Eu- or Saprianmoor, md-mlm – Amphimoor, mdm – Eumesimoor, md-mom – Fibrimesimoor, mom − Eufibrimoor. 5) Peaty or epihistic humipedons (4–5, formed in hydromorphic
Additional remarks to keys: 1) The schematized drawing (Fig. 1a) should be taken as matrix of humipedons, where classification units are positioned in relation of moisture and ecological-genetic scalars. 2) Number 1 behind mull humus forms codes (mlk1, mlv1 etc.) means that the humipedon is calcareous (calcaric) and lithic or skeletic, but number 2 (mlv2, mln2 etc.) refers to fine earth and calcium rich A
2
Applied Soil Ecology xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
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Fig. 3. Introduction of fresh mor (mov) humus cover, formed in the pine forest of a Rhodococcum site type on a Typical Podzol (L) with a sandy texture (Koorvere, Estonia), to soil scientists (photographs Kauer K.). The objects of interest on Fig. 3 are: 3a) general appearance of the forest stand, 3b) look at opened humus profile transect, 3c) top view to the opened forest floor subhorizons and E-horizon, and 3d) soil profile.
Fig. 1b explains a good coincidence of HCs’ and soils’ types. Dry HCs have formed on drought-timid soils; fresh ones on aeromorphic optimally moistured soils; moist HCs on endogleyic or gleyed soils; wet HCs on hydromorphic epigleyic or gley soils; peaty HCs on peaty gley soils and peat HCs on mires’ soils. In analysing the matching of HC types and soils by vertical (development and composition) scalar, attention should be paid firstly to columns 2–4, as they enfold all 6 rows (Fig. 1a). By this scalar calci-mull HCs have formed on limestone and skeletic soils, rich in free calcium carbonate; forest-mull on calcareous pebble and leached soils; modermull on slightly eluviated endocalcareous soils; moder types – on glossic and sod-podzolic soils; moder-mor on transitional soils between sodpodzolic and typical podzols (i.e. on secondary and humic podzols) and mor type HCs on typical podzols. HCs of the 1st column as undeveloped drought-timid soils are divided only into 3 types according to their calcareousness and acidity. Peaty and peat type HCs are divided according to the same principle, but here, the leading factor in the development of profiles and properties is the content of nutrition elements in the feeding water. On Fig. 2, the matching of classification units of HCs and soils are demonstrated on the basis of soils’ matrix table. Fig. 2 also shows which HCs have developed not only on different post-lithogenic mineral soils, but on organic (columns 6–7) soils as well. As compared with HCs moisture scalar, the moisture scalar of soils matrix has one additional stage between fresh and moist stages, which is halved between these
horizon of humipedon profile. 3) In Estonian pedo-ecological conditions for the peaty and peat soils’ control section (by which the classification unit is identified) is taken in the case of humus forms the superficial layer with thickness 30 cm, but in the case of soil cover 50 cm. 4) By the general classification principles of peatlands’ topsoils the Humusica is very similar (close) to EST one, but in it are absent adequate equivalences for more detail describing of EST peatlands’ topsoil. It consists first of all the peat thickness (shallow to thick) and origin (alluvial, technogenic, quaking and oth.) (Kõlli et al., 2009). 4. Analysis and discussion The four first columns (0–4) of moisture conditions’ scalars (Fig. 1a) enfold all these soils in which the leading role in soil and its HC development belongs to the composition and properties of soils’ mineral component. The fifth column (4–5) enfolds the transitional HC and soil types (peaty or histic) between mineral and peat soils; the typical peat soils are located in the 6th column. The typical humus and soil profiles, which have been formed in accordance with the soils’ mineral content properties, are found in the 2nd and 3rd columns; profiles of the 4th columns are remarkably influenced by feeding soil water. The development of the 5th and 6th column soils’ profiles depends mostly on feeding water properties. 3
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Fig. 4. Introduction of fresh moder (mdv) humus cover formed in the mixed pinespruce forest of an Oxalis site type on a Pseudopodzolic soil (LP) with a loamy sand on sandy loam (Kaagvere, Estonia) (photographs Kauer K.). The objects of interest on Fig. 4 are: 4a) look at opened humus profile transect, 4b) top view to the opened forest floor sub-horizons, 4c) soil profile, and 4d) general appearance of the forest stand.
formed on them plant associations. Knowledges on relationships of humus forms with different soil types are needed for sustainable and pedo-ecologically sound management of soils. Estonian HC’s classification is matching well also with Humusica humipedons’ classification and therefore the Humusica may be for good basis in perfection of Estonian classification.
two stages (Fig. 2b). More detailed separation of soils is possible as well by soil development or vertical scalar, as compared with HC. Each two scalars positions indicate rendzic (0–2), brown (2–4), sod-podzolic (with glossic) soils (4–6) and podzols (6–8). The calci-mull HC type is formed on limestone and pebble-rich soils; forest-mull on typical pebble containing and leached calcareous soils; moder-mull on eluviated soils; moder on glossic and sod-podzolic soils; moder-mor on humic and secondary podzols, and mor-type HC on podzols. The complex Fig. 3 (Photos 3a–3d) introduces the fabric and forming conditions of fresh mor (mov) type HC, but the complex Fig. 4 the HC of the fresh moder (mdv). The mean abundance of microannelids in the HCs of these two forests was respectively 17.0 and 23.4 thousand individuals per m2 (Graefe et al., 2015). In the fresh mor only indicating to strong acidity species (Cognettia sphagnetorum) was presented. In the fresh moder HC totally 7 microannelid’s species, indicating mainly slight to moderate HC acidity, were found. For the dominating species in fresh moder HC was indicator of moderate acidity Enchytronia parva.
References Graefe, U., Kõlli, R., Milbert, G., Broll, G., 2015. Biological Indicators of Topsoil Formation – A Case Study from Forest Sites in Estonia. Jahrestagung der DBG, München 5.-10.9.2015. Humusica 1, 2017a. Essential bases – Vocabulary. Humusica 1, 2017b. Terrestrial humus systems and forms – Specific terms and diagnostic horizons.Terrestrial humus systems and forms – Specific terms and diagnostic horizons. Humusica 1, 2017c. Terrestrial humus systems and forms – Keys of classification of humus systems and forms. Humusica 2, 2017a. Histic humus systems and forms – Specific terms, diagnostic horizons and overview.Histic humus systems and forms – Specific terms, diagnostic horizons and overview. Humusica 2, 2017b. Histic humus systems and forms – Keys of classification. Jabiol, B., Zanella, A., Ponge, J.F., Sartori, G., Englisch, M., Delft van, B., Waal de, R., Le Bayon, R.C., 2013. A proposal for including humus forms in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB-FAO). Geoderma 192, 286–294. Kõlli, R., Ellermäe, O., Teras, T., 2008. Digital collection of Estonian soils. EMÜ. http:// mullad.emu.ee (Accessed 16 June 2017). Kõlli, R., Astover, A., Noormets, M., Tõnutare, T., Szajdak, L., 2009. Histosol as an ecologically active constituent of peatland: a case study from Estonia. Plant Soil 317, 3–17. Kõlli, R., 1992. Production and ecological characteristics of organic matter of forest soils.
5. Conclusion The humus cover (pro humus form) types of natural areas reflect relatively well of belonging into the soil cover composition soil types’ physico-chemical properties and functioning capacity. Fabric and organisms’ composition of humus cover depend in great extent on subsoils’ (or whole soil cover) texture, acidity, moisture conditions and 4
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Vegetation und Boden. Mit analytischen Belegen von C.F.A. Tuxen. Springer, Berlin. Zanella, A., Jabiol, B., Ponge, J.F., Sartori, G., De Waal, R., Van Delft, B., Graefe, U., Cools, N., Katzensteiner, K., Hager, H., Englisch, M., 2011. A European morphofunctional classification of humus forms. Geoderma 164, 138–145.
Eurasian Soil Sci. 24, 78–91. Kõlli, R., 2011. About elaboration of European humus forms classification. Agronomy 2010/2011 EMI-EMÜ-JSI, Saku (in Estonian). Müller, P.E., 1887. Studien über die natürlichen Humusformen und deren Einwirkung auf
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