Mechanical Behaviour of Layered Silicate Composites from Nagavali River Clay

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ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 109–113

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ICAMME-2018

Mechanical Behaviour of Layered Silicate Composites from Nagavali River Clay A. Lakshumu Naidua*, Srinivas Konab, M V A Raju Bahubalendrunic a,cAssistant bResearch

Professor, GMR IT, Rajam and 532127, India Scholar, GMR IT, Rajam and 532127, India

Abstract In the present study, clay is segregated, from both banks of Nagavali River flowing through the Srikakulam India at coordinates of 18.3°N 83.9°E. Effect of incorporation of clay into the epoxy polymer was investigated experimentally. Composites were manufactured by the conventional hand-layup process with the accumulation of the different weight ratio (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80%) of clay to the Epoxy polymer. Clay obtained from both bank composites were compared. Various test was performed to analyse the mechanical behaviour of the composites. Manufacturing and testing of composites are done according to the ASTM standards. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Engi- neering, ICAMME-2018. Keywords: Layered silicate composites; Epoxy matrix; Mechanical properties;

1. Introduction Day by day, usage of polymer matrix composites is rapidly increasing in the automotive, aerospace and sports sectors, because of their high strength and low cost. Basically, polymer matrix composites are categorized as fiber reinforced composites and particulate reinforced composites. In fiber reinforced composites, organic and inorganic fibers were reinforced with the polymers. In earlier days, inorganic fibers like carbon fibers, glass fibers, aramid fibers etc. were used as the reinforcement material for the polymer matrix composites. Polymer matrix composite reinforced with inorganic fibers have the good mechanical behaviour. These composites are emerged as the replacement material for the conventional materials due to their advantages. Apart from the advantages, these composites impose an effect on the environment due to this there has the necessity of developing the green materials. In order to develop a green material, organic fibers like jute, banana, sisal, flax etc. were used as the reinforcement materials in the polymer matrix composites [1,2]. Natural fibers were extracted from the plants, animals, and minerals. Plant fiber mainly composed of cellulose, while animal fibers composed of proteins. Mineral fibers were obtained from the minerals. These fibers have high stiffness, renewable and biodegradable materials [3]. When these fibers were reinforced with polymer matrix they obtained good mechanical behaviour and causing less impact on the environment compared to the synthetic fiber ∗

Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]

2214-7853 © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, ICAMME-2018

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composites. Due to this reason natural fibers emerged as the replacement to the synthetic fibers. Apart from advantages, hydrophobic nature of the natural fibers was the main disadvantage. This phenomenon makes changes the dimension stability of the composite [4-8]. Clay, platelets, carbon nanotubes, chopped glass etc. were used as the reinforcement material for polymer matrix composite in particulate reinforced composite. Clay is a type of mineral which includes quartz and feldspar, a grain size of the clay is less than 0.002 mm. Clay is most abundantly available in nature, polymer reinforced with clay results in improvement in the mechanical behavior of the composite [9-14]. Dimensional stability, stiffness, and strength can be increased by the addition of clay to the polymer matrix composite. The purity of the collected clay is same like as montmorillonite clay. Montmorillonite clay is a type of layered silicate clay which consists the structure of two tetrahedral sheets of silica sandwiching a central octahedral sheet of alumina [15-19]. The chemical composition of the montmorillonite clay has 45% of SiO2, 17% of Al2O3, 11.1% of Fe2O3, 2.7% of Na2O, 1.68% of TiO2, 1.77% of CaO, 0.33% of MgO, 0.15% of MnO and 0.05% of K2O. This clay is mostly used clay in the industrial applications, this clayis having high layer change capacity compared to other clay. This clay is having high layer change capacity compared to other clay [20-22]. In present study, clay was collected from the both banks of Nagavali clay flowing through the Srikakulam, India. Clay collected at each bank, total seven composites were manufactured. Composites were manufactured with the accumulation of the different weight ratio (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80%) of clay to the Epoxy polymer. Tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness number of composites are conducted to analyze the mechanical behavior of these composites. These seven composites are compared with the MMT clay composite. 2. Experimental

2.1 Materials Clay particulates were segregated from both banks of river Nagavali flowing through Srikakulam, India at coordinates of 18.3°N 83.9°E. Epoxy resin (LY556) as matrix material and hardener (HY951) were obtained from CIBA GUGYE India Limited. 2.2Composite preparation Epoxy and hardener were mixed 10:1 weight ratio. Obtained clay was purified with the Mono-ethylene and Di-ethylene glycol. Specific gravity, sleeve and hydrometer analysis were conducted according to the ASTM standards for characterizing the clay particle. Specific gravity of the obtained clay lays between 2.4 - 2.8, the average specific gravity of the clay particles is 2.65. The composition of collected samples have 26.96 % of sand, 47.39% of silt and 25.79% of clay, the size of the clay grains was reduced to 75 microns by the sleeve analysis. Composites were manufactured by the conventional hand-layup process with the accumulation of the different weight ratio (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80%) of clay to the Epoxy polymer. While mixing the clay particles into epoxy polymer formation of bubbles were prevented. 2.3Standard test methods used For analysis of different mechanical properties various tests were conducted. Tensile strength test was evaluated according to the ASTM D 3039 standard with dimension of 250mm x 25mm x 3mm. Tensile and flexural tests was evaluated on INSTRON H10KS at a spindle speed of 0.5 mm/min. Flexural test was evaluated according to the ASTM D 790-02 standard with dimensions of 154mm x 13mm x 4mm. Impact test was evaluated according to the ASTM D 256 with the dimension of 64 mm x 12.7mm x 3.2 mm. Brinell’s hardness test was used for finding the hardness number of the specimens at 3000kgf load.

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Table 1: Test results of composite

C1

90% Epoxy+ 10% Clay

Tensile Strength (MPa) Bank Bank A B 15.72 20.20

C2

80% Epoxy+ 20% Clay

16.83

21.62

C3

70% Epoxy+ 30% Clay

18.78

22.75

C4

60% Epoxy+ 40% Clay

19.53

23.53

C5

50% Epoxy+ 50% Clay

20.25

24.60

C6

40% Epoxy+ 60% Clay

21.79

25.79

C7

20% Epoxy+ 80% Clay

25.89

27.89

Sample

Polymer Matrix Composite

Flexural Strength (MPa) Bank Bank A B 46.50 47.83 47.65

49.43

48.95

50.33

50.48

51.73

52.50

52.85

53.32

54.65

56.65

57.95

Impact Strength (J/m) Bank Bank A B 2.1 2.8 2.7

3.1

3.0

3.7

3.6

4.2

3.8

4.9

4.1

5.5

5.2

6.1

Hardness Number Bank A 18.93

Bank B 16.50

19.80

17.83

20.23

18.70

21.53

20.13

22.65

21.43

24.06

23.36

32.35

30.25

3. Results and Discussions Clay collected at each bank, total seven composites were manufactured. Mechanical behaviour of the composites was tabulated in the table 1. Variation of tensile strength of the Nagavali clay composites collected at both banks are shown in the fig 1. It was noticed that tensile strength is increases with addition of clay particle to the composite material. Compared to the both banks, clay collected from the bank B has the higher tensile strength. Among the all the composites C7 (clay collected at bank B) sample have the higher tensile strength of 27.89 MPa. 30

Flexural Strength (MPa)

Tensile Strength (MPa)

25

60

20

50

15

40

10

30

5 0

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 Bank A 15.72 16.83 18.78 19.53 20.25 21.79 25.89 Bank B 20.2 21.62 22.75 23.53 24.6 25.79 27.89

20 10 0

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 Bank A 46.5 47.65 48.95 50.48 52.5 53.32 56.65 Bank B 47.83 49.43 50.33 51.73 52.85 54.65 57.95

Figure 1: Variation of tensile strength of composites.

Figure 2: Variation of flexural strength of composites.

The variation of flexural strength, impact strength, hardness number of Nagavali clay composites collected at both banks of river are shown in the fig 2, fig 3, fig 4 respectively. Among the all composites C7 (clay collected at bank B) have the higher flexural and impact strength of 57.89 MPa, 6.1 J/m. Flexural and impact strengths also increase with the increases of clay particles to the composite. Among the all composites C7 (clay collected at bank A) have the higher hardness number of 6.1. Hardness number also increases with the increases of clay particles to

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the composite. In this study, dispersion of clay particle in polymer matrix influencing the mechanical behaviour of the composite. Impact Strength (J/m)

Hardness Number

7

35

6

30 25

5

20 4

15

3

10

2

5

1

0

0

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 Bank A 18.93 19.8 20.23 21.53 22.65 24.06 32.35

C1 Bank A 2.1

C2 2.7

C3 3

C4 3.6

C5 3.8

C6 4.1

C7 5.2

Bank B 2.8

3.1

3.7

4.2

4.9

5.5

6.1

Figure 3: Variation of impact strength of composites.

Bank B 16.5 17.83 18.7 20.13 21.43 23.36 30.25 Bank A

Bank B

Figure 4: Variation of hardness number of composites.

Conclusions In the present study, composites were prepared with Nagavali river clay at both banks were incorporated into epoxy polymer. Clay obtained from the both bank composites were compared. Composites manufactured with the Bank B clay have the superior mechanical properties than the clay collected from the Bank A. (a) It is observed that incorporation of clay into the matrix material enhances the mechanical behaviour of the composites. (b) Among all the composites C7 (clay collected at bank B) sample have the better mechanical behaviour except hardness number for hardness number clay obtained from the bank A have the better mechanical behaviour. (c) Dispersion of clay particle into the matrix material influence the mechanical behaviour of the composites. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

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