- Email: [email protected]
Mechanical work and energy transfers while turning patients in bed
on three different levels: the immediate structure of the text (how information is provided at the page level), the internal structure (how such information is provided within a given document), and the external structure (navigational aids that allow users to move from one document to another). Three directions for further research are identified: realistic studies of use and search through electronic text; studies of how users represent to themselves the structure of text; and how users might best be introduced to environments incorporating electronic text.
Environment 19.4.33 (108556)
Rasyid, R., and Siswanto, A. The effects of illumination on productivity. In: Ergonomics in developing countries: An international symposium. International Labour Office, Geneva, 1987, pp 3 2 0 - 3 2 4 . The effects of illumination on productivity were studied on 30 female workers engaged in roiling operations in a cigarette manufacturing company. All variables such as age, duration of work, marital status, education, health and nutritional status, as well as the worker's skill, were taken into consideration in selecting the subjects. The subjects were exposed to different levels of illumination, starting from 100 lux up to 500 lux at intervals of 100 lux, and hourly performance indicators at each level of illumination were measured. The result of this study showed that increasing the light intensity from 100 lux to 500 lux resulted in the increase of 9"5% in hourly output.
19.4.34 (108574)
heart rate during an average work/rest cycle, of 110 beats/min. Subjects were six acclimatised, fit males. Skin temperature, rectal temperature and heart rate were monitored. They performed block-stepping at a metabolic rate of 450 W at 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31°C wet-bulb globe temperature. Humidity was low. Exposures were for 5 h on each day, on a 45/15 min work/rest schedule. Heart rates were measured and heartrate indices calculated. Correlation between the indices and the resting heart rate were determined. The highest correlation (r = 0"747, p < 0'001 ) was found between resting rate and the '5th hour cycle rate' (the average work/rest cycle heart rate during the fifth hour). Results indicate that the resting heart rate (measured on a seated individual after 10 min exposure to the conditions under investigation), has predictive value for calculating 'cycle rate'.
Work design and organisation
Gagnon, M., Akre, F., Chehade, A., Kemp, F., and Lortie, M.
Design principles for human-computer interfaces. In: Applications of cognitive psychology: Problem solving, education and computing. D.E. Berger, K. Pezdek and W.P. Banks (Eds). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1987, pp 1 4 1 - 1 6 2 .
Mechanical work and energy transfers while turning patients in bed. Ergonomics, 1987, 30(11) 1515-1530.
If the field of human factors in computer systems is to be a success it must develop design principles that are useful; principles that apply across a wide range of technologies. In the first part of this paper, the author discusses some of the properties that useful principles should have. The second part of the paper is intended to illustrate the first part through the example of trade-off analysis.
Investigation into the performance of strenuous work at high environmental temperatures - the relationship between heart rate and a fixed work/ rest ratio. Int J Indust Ergonomics, 1988, 2(2), 131-141.
Women, men, VDU work and health: A questionnaire survey of British VDU operators. Work and Stress, 1987, 1(3), 271-283.
Employees in industry may be required to work in hot conditions which can result in heat strain. If work is to continue in potentially dangerous conditions, recommendations are needed to ensure that adequate precautions are taken. A requirement for the implementation o f these recommendations is a simple means of assessing the suitability of work/rest periods. This paper describes the first part of a study to develop simple predictive methods, related to the World Health Organisation limit of a
This paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey of male and female VDU operators distributed through Health & Safety at Work magazine. 3819 questionnaires were analysed using the SPSS computer programme. 57% of the sample were female, 68% were under 35 years old and 73% were members of a trade union or staff association. The large number of male respondents meant that it was possible to compare work patterns, types of work and health effects for men and women. It appears that women are engaged in more
Applied Ergonomics
t9.4.37 (108693)
]9.4.35 (]08663) Norman, D.A.
Kok, R., Senior, J., Schiefer, R.E., Lewis, M.I., and Meese, G.B.
344
repetitive and less varied tasks at the VDU and that they work longer hours a n d f o r longer periods without a break than men. The most frequently reported health problems were eye. strain, painful or stiff neck and shoulders, fatigue and irritated eyes. The incidence of symptoms was related to hours of work at the VDU. Women were more likely to report health effects than men. This difference remains when hours of work, type of work and hours worked without a break are taken into account. Ergonomically designed equipment such as adjustable chairs, lighting or keyboard did not have an obvious effect on the reporting of symptoms. It appeared that there is a complex interaction between the physical, ergonomic and psychosocial factors associated with new technology. All these factors need to be taken into account in further research into the health problems of VDU operators.
19.4.36 (108665)
Evans, J.
December 1988
The task of pulling and turning a patient in bed using a pique has been identified as potentially risky for female nursing aides and evaluated in terms of its loads on the spine. The present study investigated the mechanical work and energy transfers both between and within the body segments, and the relative contribution of the body segments to production of work. Fifteen female nursing aides took part in the experiment. Different task execution parameters were examined: execution velocity, height of the bed, direction of effort, leg position, support on the bedside. A 'free' task and a manual task not involving the use of the pique were also examined. Cinematography and force platforms were used to generate the data. Internal work was calculated on the basis of potential and kinetic segment energy. External work was calculated from the integration of power applied to the patient over time. The results suggest that forces should be applied vertically and at slow speed to minimise energy use: however, speed reduction leads to higher spinal loads and recommendations to this effect should be interpreted with care. The type of task examined was associated with little energy conservation (about 30%). Substantial use of the trunk segment to produce work might account for the back problems female nursing aides encounter with this type of task.
Environment 19.4.33 (108556)
Rasyid, R., and Siswanto, A. The effects of illumination on productivity. In: Ergonomics in developing countries: An international symposium. International Labour Office, Geneva, 1987, pp 3 2 0 - 3 2 4 . The effects of illumination on productivity were studied on 30 female workers engaged in roiling operations in a cigarette manufacturing company. All variables such as age, duration of work, marital status, education, health and nutritional status, as well as the worker's skill, were taken into consideration in selecting the subjects. The subjects were exposed to different levels of illumination, starting from 100 lux up to 500 lux at intervals of 100 lux, and hourly performance indicators at each level of illumination were measured. The result of this study showed that increasing the light intensity from 100 lux to 500 lux resulted in the increase of 9"5% in hourly output.
19.4.34 (108574)
heart rate during an average work/rest cycle, of 110 beats/min. Subjects were six acclimatised, fit males. Skin temperature, rectal temperature and heart rate were monitored. They performed block-stepping at a metabolic rate of 450 W at 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31°C wet-bulb globe temperature. Humidity was low. Exposures were for 5 h on each day, on a 45/15 min work/rest schedule. Heart rates were measured and heartrate indices calculated. Correlation between the indices and the resting heart rate were determined. The highest correlation (r = 0"747, p < 0'001 ) was found between resting rate and the '5th hour cycle rate' (the average work/rest cycle heart rate during the fifth hour). Results indicate that the resting heart rate (measured on a seated individual after 10 min exposure to the conditions under investigation), has predictive value for calculating 'cycle rate'.
Work design and organisation
Gagnon, M., Akre, F., Chehade, A., Kemp, F., and Lortie, M.
Design principles for human-computer interfaces. In: Applications of cognitive psychology: Problem solving, education and computing. D.E. Berger, K. Pezdek and W.P. Banks (Eds). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1987, pp 1 4 1 - 1 6 2 .
Mechanical work and energy transfers while turning patients in bed. Ergonomics, 1987, 30(11) 1515-1530.
If the field of human factors in computer systems is to be a success it must develop design principles that are useful; principles that apply across a wide range of technologies. In the first part of this paper, the author discusses some of the properties that useful principles should have. The second part of the paper is intended to illustrate the first part through the example of trade-off analysis.
Investigation into the performance of strenuous work at high environmental temperatures - the relationship between heart rate and a fixed work/ rest ratio. Int J Indust Ergonomics, 1988, 2(2), 131-141.
Women, men, VDU work and health: A questionnaire survey of British VDU operators. Work and Stress, 1987, 1(3), 271-283.
Employees in industry may be required to work in hot conditions which can result in heat strain. If work is to continue in potentially dangerous conditions, recommendations are needed to ensure that adequate precautions are taken. A requirement for the implementation o f these recommendations is a simple means of assessing the suitability of work/rest periods. This paper describes the first part of a study to develop simple predictive methods, related to the World Health Organisation limit of a
This paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey of male and female VDU operators distributed through Health & Safety at Work magazine. 3819 questionnaires were analysed using the SPSS computer programme. 57% of the sample were female, 68% were under 35 years old and 73% were members of a trade union or staff association. The large number of male respondents meant that it was possible to compare work patterns, types of work and health effects for men and women. It appears that women are engaged in more
Applied Ergonomics
t9.4.37 (108693)
]9.4.35 (]08663) Norman, D.A.
Kok, R., Senior, J., Schiefer, R.E., Lewis, M.I., and Meese, G.B.
344
repetitive and less varied tasks at the VDU and that they work longer hours a n d f o r longer periods without a break than men. The most frequently reported health problems were eye. strain, painful or stiff neck and shoulders, fatigue and irritated eyes. The incidence of symptoms was related to hours of work at the VDU. Women were more likely to report health effects than men. This difference remains when hours of work, type of work and hours worked without a break are taken into account. Ergonomically designed equipment such as adjustable chairs, lighting or keyboard did not have an obvious effect on the reporting of symptoms. It appeared that there is a complex interaction between the physical, ergonomic and psychosocial factors associated with new technology. All these factors need to be taken into account in further research into the health problems of VDU operators.
19.4.36 (108665)
Evans, J.
December 1988
The task of pulling and turning a patient in bed using a pique has been identified as potentially risky for female nursing aides and evaluated in terms of its loads on the spine. The present study investigated the mechanical work and energy transfers both between and within the body segments, and the relative contribution of the body segments to production of work. Fifteen female nursing aides took part in the experiment. Different task execution parameters were examined: execution velocity, height of the bed, direction of effort, leg position, support on the bedside. A 'free' task and a manual task not involving the use of the pique were also examined. Cinematography and force platforms were used to generate the data. Internal work was calculated on the basis of potential and kinetic segment energy. External work was calculated from the integration of power applied to the patient over time. The results suggest that forces should be applied vertically and at slow speed to minimise energy use: however, speed reduction leads to higher spinal loads and recommendations to this effect should be interpreted with care. The type of task examined was associated with little energy conservation (about 30%). Substantial use of the trunk segment to produce work might account for the back problems female nursing aides encounter with this type of task.