- Email: [email protected]
Mesta
Desalination 213 (2007) 174–181
Integrated runoff and balance analysis concerning Greek-Bulgarian transboundary hydrological basin of River Nestos/Mesta Th. Mimidesa*, N. Kotsovinosb, S. Rizosa, C. Soulisa, P. Karakatsoulisa, D. Stavropoulosa a
Laboratory of Agricultural Hydraulics, Faculty of Natural Resources Management and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 118 55, Greece Tel. +30 210-5294072, +30 210-5294025; Fax +30 21-5294081; email: [email protected] b Laboratory of A’ Hydraulic and Hydraulic Works, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Hydraulic Works, School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, B. Sofias 12, 67 100 Xanthi, Greece Received 31 January 2006; revised accepted 11 April 2006
Abstract Greece and Bulgaria, are crossed by three very important transboundary rivers, namely Strouma, Nestos/ Mesta, and Maritsa. However, until recently no effective plan concerning their Integrated Water Management has been made. This is rather justified because an Integrated Water Management must be based on accurate and reliable data coming from a large number of observations and measurements and covering large time periods, in order to have an appropriate statistical treatment of the data and extraction of much trustworthy results. In this paper, histograms of mean discharges at the Greek part of the hydrological catchment and correlation coefficients of values relating Greek and Bulgarian stations at 21 river sites in Nestos/Mesta were analyzed in a monthly basis. The main aim of this study is a first-time presentation of useful meteorological data from both countries and to contribute towards an integrated study of the runoff for the whole hydrological basin, in agreement with directive E.U. 60/2000. This was accomplished within the framework of Interreg II transboundary collaboration between Greece and Bulgaria. The hydrological budget equations for the earth’s surface were used. The water balance of Nestos/Mesta and Dospatska rivers to the Greek frontiers, as a total, for the period 1935–95, with observed precipitations, produced an annual average runoff coefficient of 0.482. With corrected precipitations, the coefficient acquires a value of 0.438 revealing the good correlation between the Bulgarian and Greek meteorological stations. Keywords: Balkans; Basin; Nestos/Mesta; Transboundary waters; Water balance; Runoff
*Corresponding author. Presented at the International Conference on New Water Culture of South East European Countries-AQUA 2005, 21–23 October 2005, Athens, Greece. 0011-9164/06/$– See front matter © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.04.086
Th. Mimides et al. / Desalination 213 (2007) 174–181
1. Introduction 1.1. Hydrological water balance in Nestos/Mesta Basin The geological features of river Nestos/Mesta (total area of about 5761 km2) is presented in
175
Fig. 1, while it’s hydrological features in Fig. 2. The analysis of the total catchment area in characteristic subcatchments is given in Table 1, while a detailed presentation of the annual runoff is given in Table 2. The study in this paper concerns only surface waters. A wholesome
Fig. 1. Geological characteristics of Nestos/Mesta river catchment.
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Th. Mimides et al. / Desalination 213 (2007) 174–181
Fig. 2. Hydrological characteristics of Nestos/Mesta river catchment (surface curve units in mm).
detailed view concerning use and protection of surface water resources is presented in [3], while a classification of the river network in Bulgaria in [4]. The annual flow in Bulgaria has been recorded at one gauging station (station number 52800) from hydrological years 1935–36 to 1994–95. For the other Bulgarian gauging stations measurements have been made obtained for the period 1950–51 to 1994–95 and have been extrapolated to 60 years.
2. Experimental part The methodology that was followed is presented analytically in [1], from where an empirical relationship between the mean annual runoff in mm and the mean altitude in m of the catchment area [2] was produced. In order to estimate the natural runoff of the Nestos/Mesta catchment, the average runoff for the Bulgarian stations for the hydrological years 1965–66 to 1989–90 had to be estimated (Table 4).
Th. Mimides et al. / Desalination 213 (2007) 174–181
177
Table 1 Hydrometric and meteorological characteristics of the Nestos/Mesta river catchment stations No. New
Old River
Site
F
H
Mecha Dupka Jakoruda Momina Koula Hadjidimovo Sofan
59.80
2075
1
52630
204 Biala Mesta
2 3
52700 52800
207 Mesta 215 Mesta
4
52850
230 Mesta
5
52330
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
52010 52360 52100 52400 52150 52250 52500 52510 52520
206 Tcherna Mesta 205 Leevechttza 460 Belishka 210 Votrachka 457 Istok 211 Biala 212 Damianitza 214 Breznishka 259 Kanina 448 Kanina
15 16 17
52580 53800 53400
18 19 20
229 Bistritza 260 Dospatska 266 Karadia Dera Delta Nestos/ Mesta Papades Nestos/ Mesta Temenos Nestos/ Mesta
Belitza Belitza Bania Razlog Bansko Breznik Beslet Kovachevitza Satovcha Dospat Zmeitza
Station Open Close G. longitude G. latitude elevation
261.80 1712 921.02 1511.00 1442 585.77
1948 1927
23′43′′50 23′44′′00
42′03′′00 41′40′′30
2260.00 1310 465.14
1953
23′54′′00
41′30′′50
33.26
1944
1949
63.00 33.48 361.00 10.60 35.70 39.48 49.90 187.00
1958 1826 1425 1900 2195 1597 1550 1470
1972 1950 1968 1949 1953 1951 1951 1959
23′31′′20
42′00′′00
23′32′′20 23′22′′40 23′29′′30 23′40′′10 23′53′′40 23′49′′00
41′53′′50 41′50′′50 41′48′′20 41′40′′20 41′43′′00 41′40′′40
82.40 236.00 112.00
1370 912.37 1440 1156.9 1516 1218.4
1954 1952 1967 1957 1968
23′56′′30
41′35′′30
882.71 1194.50 752.14 1244.10 1236.10 778.09 1251.40 877.52
Delta
1979 1989
Papades
1965 1990
Temenos
1965
F, Catchment area (km2); H, mean altitude of the catchment area (m).
The average annual runoff for this period was within 2–5% equal to the average annual runoff for the years 1950–51 to 1994–95. The measurements at the Greek rain gauge stations were taken for the years 1965–66 to 1989–90 for Papades, 1965–66 to 1994–95 at Temenos and 1979–80 to 1989–90 at Delta. The runoff measurements at the Greek station Delta, excludes the runoff of Dospat, because
Dospat outflows to Nestos/Mesta downstream of Delta and upstream of station Papades. The annual runoff at Temenos minus the annual runoff at Papades (estimated area between these two stations 1116 km2) for the years 1965 to 1990 is about 388 × 106 m3 and the average discharge is 12.3 m3/s. The specific discharge in this region is 12.3 × 1000/1116 = 11 l/s/km2. Due to the absence of measurements, it was
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Table 2 Annual runoff of the Bulgarian part of the hydrological catchment of river Nestos/Mesta for the period 1950–51 to 1994–95 No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Station number New
Old
52630 52700 52800 52850 52330 52010 52360 52100 52400 52150 52250 52500 52510 52520 52580 53800 53400
204 207 215 230 206 205 460 210 457 211 212 214 259 448 229 260 266
River and points
F
Hrb
Qavg
Mavg
Wavg
Cv
Biala Mesta-Metcha dupka Mesta Jakoruda Mesta Momina Koula Mesta Hadji dimovo Tcherna Mesta Sofan Leevechtitza Leeve Belishka Belitza Votrachka Belitza Istok Banja Bjala Raslog Damjanitza Bansko* Breznishka Breznik* Kanina Beslet Kanina Kovatcheviza Bistritza Satovcha Dospatska Dospat Karadja Dere Zmeetza
59.80 261.8 1511 2260 3326 13.20 63.00 33.48 361.0 10.60 35.70 39.48 4990 187.0 82.40 236.0 112.0
2075 1712 1442 1310 1944 1952 1958 1826 1425 1900 2195 1597 1550 1470 1370 1440 1516
1.556 4.466 21.17 31.15 0.754 0.286 1.298 0.740 6.803 0.285 1.477 1.269 0.950 2.485 1.328 3.075 1.925
26.02 17.05 14.01 13.78 22.66 21.67 20.60 22.10 18.84 26.89 41.37 32.14 19.04 13.29 16.12 13.03 17.18
49.07 140.9 667.6 982.3 23.78 9.019 40.93 23.34 214.5 8.983 46.58 40.02 29.94 78.37 41.89 96.97 60.71
0.329 0.284 0.303 0.326 0.283 0.288 0.236 0.270 0.264 0.351 0.230 0.338 0.332 0.376 0.441 0.351 0.282
F, catchment area (km2); H, mean altitude of the catchment area (m); Q, water discharge (m3/s); M, specific discharge (l/s km2); W, water volume (106 m3); Cv, coefficient of variations; *karst.
assumed that the specific discharge 11 l/s-km2 was also valid for the region of the Greek catchment from the frontier to Papades (area 406 km2) and for the region Temenos-Toxotes (area 584 km2). Therefore it was found that the Table 3 Water balance of Nestos/Mesta and Dospat rivers near the Greek border for the period 1935–95 (Bulgarian Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology) River
Catchment area (km2)
Total runoff which enters in Greece (106 m3)
Nestos/Mesta Dospat Total
2767 663 3400
1123 233 1356
mean annual discharge due exclusively to the subcatchment from the frontier up to Papades was 11 × 406/1000 = 4.47 m3/s and therefore the contribution to average annual runoff was 140.9 × 106 m3. Similarly, the mean annual discharge due exclusively to the subcatchment from Temenos to Toxotes was 11 × 584/1000 = 6.42 m3/s and its contribution to the mean annual runoff 202 × 106 m3. From Toxotes to the Nestos/Mesta outlet to the Aegean Sea (area about 420 km2) there is no essential contribution to the river runoff due to the constructed level of the river, and to the fact, that a great part of this area is flat estuary. The average total physical runoff from the Rila mountain up to the Nestos/ Mesta estuary is 2076 × 106 m3 and the average discharge about 66.4 m3/s, based on data of
Th. Mimides et al. / Desalination 213 (2007) 174–181
179
Table 4 Natural runoff of Nestos/Mesta river in the Greek territory for the period 1965–95. (Natural runoff from Bulgaria for the same period = 1324 × 106 m3) Station
Catchment area between stations (km2)
Estimated total natural runoff in the Greek territory (106 m3)
Total runoff (including the runoff which enters in Greece from Bulgaria) (106 m3)
Greek-Bulgarian frontier Papades Temenos Toxotes
3400 406 1115 584
1324 141 387 224
1465 1852 2076
Total
5505
752
the hydrological years 1965–66 to 1989–90. The water balance of rivers Nestos/Mesta and Dospat (for the hydrological years 1935–36 to 1994–95) to the Greek frontier is given in Table 3. The water balance of Nestos/Mesta river in the Greek territory is given in Table 4, where the total physical runoff of the Nestos/Mesta river for the whole catchment is presented, based on the data of the hydrological years 1965–66 to 1989–90. The Nestos/Mesta river flow generated among the following gauging stations: Nestos/Mesta — Hadjidimovo, Bistritza river — Satovcha, Dospatska river, town Dospat, Karadjadere river — Zmaetza and Nestos/Mesta — Papades, was analyzed in detail. The total area is 1116 km2 of which 710 km2 are pertained to Bulgaria and 406 km2 to Greece. The human activities influence negligibly the river flow and the runoff is almost natural. The balance accomplished using only the records from the hydrological gauging stations, showed that the mean annual flow was 116 × 106 m3 for the period 1967–90. Concerning the natural mean multi-annual discharge for this area of 1116 km2, a significant deviation on the specific discharge was noticed. The cause for this deviation needs a complete analysis of the records of the observation acquired during the above mentioned span of 24 years, an analysis of the relation between the rain and the stream-flow
in each year and also a hydrogeological and hydromorphological conditions analysis. It is a very complex problem which requires a considerable time to be accomplished. Therefore, it is explicitly a demand to establish two common hydrological stations on the Nestos/Mesta River and Dospat Tributary located very closely to the border of the two countries. 3. Conclusions The collaboration between Greek and Bulgarian institutes and scientists within the Interreg II framework resulted in the exchange of meteorological data and information which has led to a deeper understanding of the hydrological behaviour of the transboundary river basin between the two countries including Nestos/ Mesta. A number of very useful maps and diagrams were generated for the first time, among which is and the iso-runoff curves map presented in an “awesome” scientific manner in Fig. 2. The water balance of Nestos/Mesta and Dospatska Rivers on the Greek frontier for the period 1935–95 is depicted in Table 5 and it was the outcome of a successful treatment and elaboration of the results [5], a part of which is presented in Figs. 3–8. This study will contribute towards the rational planning within the basin concerning water impoundment projects and new agricultural
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Th. Mimides et al. / Desalination 213 (2007) 174–181
Table 5 Water balance of Nestos/Mesta and Dospatska rivers to the Greek frontier for the period 1935–95 No.
River
Volume (m3 × 106)
F
P
Depth in mm
K
WT
WS
WG
WE
P
WT
WS
WG
WE
With the precipitations observed 1 Mesta 2767 2258 2 Dospatska 663 556 3 Total 3400 2814
1123 233 1356
699 143 842
424 90 514
1135 323 1453
816 877 827
406 368 399
253 226 248
153 142 151
410 508 428
0.497 0.419 0.482
With corrected precipitations 1 Mesta 2767 2484 2 Dospatska 633 611 3 Total 3400 3095
1123 233 1356
699 143 842
424 90 514
1135 378 1739
898 965 910
406 368 399
253 226 248
153 142 151
492 597 511
0.452 0.381 0.438
Million cubic meters
F, catchment area (km2); P, precipitations; WT, total runoff; WS, surface water runoff; WG, groundwater runoff; WE, evapotranspiration; K, runoff coefficient.
2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 95−96
91−92
93−94
87−88
89−90
85−86
83−84
81−82
79−80
77−78
75−76
73−74
71−72
69−70
67−68
65−66
1500 1000 500 0
79– 80– 81– 82– 83– 84– 85– 86– 87– 88– 89– 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 Hydrological year Runoff at papades minus the runoff at delta Runoff at temenos minus the runoff at papades Runoff at temenos minus the runoff at delta
Fig. 4. Analysis of time variation of the annual runoff at the Greek hydrological catchment.
development projects without disturbing the ecological balance and amenities of the river. All these activities require a sound and integrated
Million cubic meters
Million cubic meters
1000 800 600 400 200 0
Mesta
Dospat Dospat
Total Total
Fig. 5. The natural annual runoff which enters Greece from Nestos/Mesta and Dospat.
Annual runoff in million cubic meters at temenos Annual runoff in million cubic meters at papades Annual runoff in million cubic meters at bulgarian station 230 (Hadjidimovo)
Fig. 3. Time variation of the annual runoff at Bulgarian station 230, Temenos and Papades.
Mesta
2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Average natural runoff for the hydrological years 1965–66 to 1989–90 2092 Papades 1868 Temenos 1481 Toxotes 1363 976 505 505 Average natural Measured runoff in Difference runoff greek territory (106 m3)
Fig. 6. Natural mean annual runoff of Nestos/Mesta river in the greek territory for the period 1965–95 compared to the measured runoff (mean annual natural runoff from Bulgaria for the same period is taken equal to 1324 × 106 m3).
knowledge of the surface water hydrology of the basin and this paper together with references [1,2] contributes in proceeding this amalgamate of information.
2000
[1]
1500 1000 500 91–92
93–94
89–90
85–86
87–88
83–84
81–82
79–80
77–78
75–76
73–74
71–72
69–70
67–68
0
Annual runoff, in million cubic meters, at temenos Annual runoff, in million cubic meters, at bulgarian station 230 Annual runoff at temenos minus the annual runoff at bulgarian station 230
[2]
Fig. 7. Measured annual runoff of Nestos/Mesta river in the greek territory for the period 1965–95. [3]
95–
93–
91–
89–
87–
85–
83–
81–
79–
77–
75–
73–
71–
69–
67–
1000 0 65–
mm
181
References
2500
65–66
Annual runoff, million cubic meters
Th. Mimides et al. / Desalination 213 (2007) 174–181
[4]
Hydrological year Temenos Papades Bulgarian station 230 (Hadjidimovo)
Fig. 8. Time variation of the annual runoff depth of Nestos/Mesta river in the Greek territory for the period 1965–95.
[5]
Th. Mimides, N. Kotsovinos, P. Karakatsoulis, S. Rizos, C. Soulis and D. Stavropoulos, Contribution for an Integrated Water Management of the Greek-Bulgarian Transboundary River Nestos/ Mesta, IWA International Conference on Water Economics, Statistics and Finance, Rethymno, July 8–10, 2005. Th. Mimides, N. Kotsovinos, S. Rizos, C. Soulis and P. Karakatsoulis, Integrated Rainfall Analysis Concerning Greek-Bulgarian Transboundary Hydrological Basin of River Nestos/Mesta, Aqua 2005, International Conference on New Water Culture, Athens, Oct. 21–23, 2005. G. Gergov, The Use and Protection of Water Resources in Bulgaria, To Breathe Free, East European’s Environment Crisis, Washington, D.C., The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 159–173. G. Gergov, Classification of the River Network Bulgaria, Wiener Osteuropa Studien, Band 1, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, s, 187–201. P. Karakatsoulis and Th. Mimidis, A Preliminary Research for an Integrated Management of the Nestos/Mesta River Basin Waters, Athens 1998, INTERREG II, Agricultural University of Athens– Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
Integrated runoff and balance analysis concerning Greek-Bulgarian transboundary hydrological basin of River Nestos/Mesta Th. Mimidesa*, N. Kotsovinosb, S. Rizosa, C. Soulisa, P. Karakatsoulisa, D. Stavropoulosa a
Laboratory of Agricultural Hydraulics, Faculty of Natural Resources Management and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 118 55, Greece Tel. +30 210-5294072, +30 210-5294025; Fax +30 21-5294081; email: [email protected] b Laboratory of A’ Hydraulic and Hydraulic Works, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Hydraulic Works, School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, B. Sofias 12, 67 100 Xanthi, Greece Received 31 January 2006; revised accepted 11 April 2006
Abstract Greece and Bulgaria, are crossed by three very important transboundary rivers, namely Strouma, Nestos/ Mesta, and Maritsa. However, until recently no effective plan concerning their Integrated Water Management has been made. This is rather justified because an Integrated Water Management must be based on accurate and reliable data coming from a large number of observations and measurements and covering large time periods, in order to have an appropriate statistical treatment of the data and extraction of much trustworthy results. In this paper, histograms of mean discharges at the Greek part of the hydrological catchment and correlation coefficients of values relating Greek and Bulgarian stations at 21 river sites in Nestos/Mesta were analyzed in a monthly basis. The main aim of this study is a first-time presentation of useful meteorological data from both countries and to contribute towards an integrated study of the runoff for the whole hydrological basin, in agreement with directive E.U. 60/2000. This was accomplished within the framework of Interreg II transboundary collaboration between Greece and Bulgaria. The hydrological budget equations for the earth’s surface were used. The water balance of Nestos/Mesta and Dospatska rivers to the Greek frontiers, as a total, for the period 1935–95, with observed precipitations, produced an annual average runoff coefficient of 0.482. With corrected precipitations, the coefficient acquires a value of 0.438 revealing the good correlation between the Bulgarian and Greek meteorological stations. Keywords: Balkans; Basin; Nestos/Mesta; Transboundary waters; Water balance; Runoff
*Corresponding author. Presented at the International Conference on New Water Culture of South East European Countries-AQUA 2005, 21–23 October 2005, Athens, Greece. 0011-9164/06/$– See front matter © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.04.086
Th. Mimides et al. / Desalination 213 (2007) 174–181
1. Introduction 1.1. Hydrological water balance in Nestos/Mesta Basin The geological features of river Nestos/Mesta (total area of about 5761 km2) is presented in
175
Fig. 1, while it’s hydrological features in Fig. 2. The analysis of the total catchment area in characteristic subcatchments is given in Table 1, while a detailed presentation of the annual runoff is given in Table 2. The study in this paper concerns only surface waters. A wholesome
Fig. 1. Geological characteristics of Nestos/Mesta river catchment.
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Th. Mimides et al. / Desalination 213 (2007) 174–181
Fig. 2. Hydrological characteristics of Nestos/Mesta river catchment (surface curve units in mm).
detailed view concerning use and protection of surface water resources is presented in [3], while a classification of the river network in Bulgaria in [4]. The annual flow in Bulgaria has been recorded at one gauging station (station number 52800) from hydrological years 1935–36 to 1994–95. For the other Bulgarian gauging stations measurements have been made obtained for the period 1950–51 to 1994–95 and have been extrapolated to 60 years.
2. Experimental part The methodology that was followed is presented analytically in [1], from where an empirical relationship between the mean annual runoff in mm and the mean altitude in m of the catchment area [2] was produced. In order to estimate the natural runoff of the Nestos/Mesta catchment, the average runoff for the Bulgarian stations for the hydrological years 1965–66 to 1989–90 had to be estimated (Table 4).
Th. Mimides et al. / Desalination 213 (2007) 174–181
177
Table 1 Hydrometric and meteorological characteristics of the Nestos/Mesta river catchment stations No. New
Old River
Site
F
H
Mecha Dupka Jakoruda Momina Koula Hadjidimovo Sofan
59.80
2075
1
52630
204 Biala Mesta
2 3
52700 52800
207 Mesta 215 Mesta
4
52850
230 Mesta
5
52330
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
52010 52360 52100 52400 52150 52250 52500 52510 52520
206 Tcherna Mesta 205 Leevechttza 460 Belishka 210 Votrachka 457 Istok 211 Biala 212 Damianitza 214 Breznishka 259 Kanina 448 Kanina
15 16 17
52580 53800 53400
18 19 20
229 Bistritza 260 Dospatska 266 Karadia Dera Delta Nestos/ Mesta Papades Nestos/ Mesta Temenos Nestos/ Mesta
Belitza Belitza Bania Razlog Bansko Breznik Beslet Kovachevitza Satovcha Dospat Zmeitza
Station Open Close G. longitude G. latitude elevation
261.80 1712 921.02 1511.00 1442 585.77
1948 1927
23′43′′50 23′44′′00
42′03′′00 41′40′′30
2260.00 1310 465.14
1953
23′54′′00
41′30′′50
33.26
1944
1949
63.00 33.48 361.00 10.60 35.70 39.48 49.90 187.00
1958 1826 1425 1900 2195 1597 1550 1470
1972 1950 1968 1949 1953 1951 1951 1959
23′31′′20
42′00′′00
23′32′′20 23′22′′40 23′29′′30 23′40′′10 23′53′′40 23′49′′00
41′53′′50 41′50′′50 41′48′′20 41′40′′20 41′43′′00 41′40′′40
82.40 236.00 112.00
1370 912.37 1440 1156.9 1516 1218.4
1954 1952 1967 1957 1968
23′56′′30
41′35′′30
882.71 1194.50 752.14 1244.10 1236.10 778.09 1251.40 877.52
Delta
1979 1989
Papades
1965 1990
Temenos
1965
F, Catchment area (km2); H, mean altitude of the catchment area (m).
The average annual runoff for this period was within 2–5% equal to the average annual runoff for the years 1950–51 to 1994–95. The measurements at the Greek rain gauge stations were taken for the years 1965–66 to 1989–90 for Papades, 1965–66 to 1994–95 at Temenos and 1979–80 to 1989–90 at Delta. The runoff measurements at the Greek station Delta, excludes the runoff of Dospat, because
Dospat outflows to Nestos/Mesta downstream of Delta and upstream of station Papades. The annual runoff at Temenos minus the annual runoff at Papades (estimated area between these two stations 1116 km2) for the years 1965 to 1990 is about 388 × 106 m3 and the average discharge is 12.3 m3/s. The specific discharge in this region is 12.3 × 1000/1116 = 11 l/s/km2. Due to the absence of measurements, it was
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Th. Mimides et al. / Desalination 213 (2007) 174–181
Table 2 Annual runoff of the Bulgarian part of the hydrological catchment of river Nestos/Mesta for the period 1950–51 to 1994–95 No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Station number New
Old
52630 52700 52800 52850 52330 52010 52360 52100 52400 52150 52250 52500 52510 52520 52580 53800 53400
204 207 215 230 206 205 460 210 457 211 212 214 259 448 229 260 266
River and points
F
Hrb
Qavg
Mavg
Wavg
Cv
Biala Mesta-Metcha dupka Mesta Jakoruda Mesta Momina Koula Mesta Hadji dimovo Tcherna Mesta Sofan Leevechtitza Leeve Belishka Belitza Votrachka Belitza Istok Banja Bjala Raslog Damjanitza Bansko* Breznishka Breznik* Kanina Beslet Kanina Kovatcheviza Bistritza Satovcha Dospatska Dospat Karadja Dere Zmeetza
59.80 261.8 1511 2260 3326 13.20 63.00 33.48 361.0 10.60 35.70 39.48 4990 187.0 82.40 236.0 112.0
2075 1712 1442 1310 1944 1952 1958 1826 1425 1900 2195 1597 1550 1470 1370 1440 1516
1.556 4.466 21.17 31.15 0.754 0.286 1.298 0.740 6.803 0.285 1.477 1.269 0.950 2.485 1.328 3.075 1.925
26.02 17.05 14.01 13.78 22.66 21.67 20.60 22.10 18.84 26.89 41.37 32.14 19.04 13.29 16.12 13.03 17.18
49.07 140.9 667.6 982.3 23.78 9.019 40.93 23.34 214.5 8.983 46.58 40.02 29.94 78.37 41.89 96.97 60.71
0.329 0.284 0.303 0.326 0.283 0.288 0.236 0.270 0.264 0.351 0.230 0.338 0.332 0.376 0.441 0.351 0.282
F, catchment area (km2); H, mean altitude of the catchment area (m); Q, water discharge (m3/s); M, specific discharge (l/s km2); W, water volume (106 m3); Cv, coefficient of variations; *karst.
assumed that the specific discharge 11 l/s-km2 was also valid for the region of the Greek catchment from the frontier to Papades (area 406 km2) and for the region Temenos-Toxotes (area 584 km2). Therefore it was found that the Table 3 Water balance of Nestos/Mesta and Dospat rivers near the Greek border for the period 1935–95 (Bulgarian Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology) River
Catchment area (km2)
Total runoff which enters in Greece (106 m3)
Nestos/Mesta Dospat Total
2767 663 3400
1123 233 1356
mean annual discharge due exclusively to the subcatchment from the frontier up to Papades was 11 × 406/1000 = 4.47 m3/s and therefore the contribution to average annual runoff was 140.9 × 106 m3. Similarly, the mean annual discharge due exclusively to the subcatchment from Temenos to Toxotes was 11 × 584/1000 = 6.42 m3/s and its contribution to the mean annual runoff 202 × 106 m3. From Toxotes to the Nestos/Mesta outlet to the Aegean Sea (area about 420 km2) there is no essential contribution to the river runoff due to the constructed level of the river, and to the fact, that a great part of this area is flat estuary. The average total physical runoff from the Rila mountain up to the Nestos/ Mesta estuary is 2076 × 106 m3 and the average discharge about 66.4 m3/s, based on data of
Th. Mimides et al. / Desalination 213 (2007) 174–181
179
Table 4 Natural runoff of Nestos/Mesta river in the Greek territory for the period 1965–95. (Natural runoff from Bulgaria for the same period = 1324 × 106 m3) Station
Catchment area between stations (km2)
Estimated total natural runoff in the Greek territory (106 m3)
Total runoff (including the runoff which enters in Greece from Bulgaria) (106 m3)
Greek-Bulgarian frontier Papades Temenos Toxotes
3400 406 1115 584
1324 141 387 224
1465 1852 2076
Total
5505
752
the hydrological years 1965–66 to 1989–90. The water balance of rivers Nestos/Mesta and Dospat (for the hydrological years 1935–36 to 1994–95) to the Greek frontier is given in Table 3. The water balance of Nestos/Mesta river in the Greek territory is given in Table 4, where the total physical runoff of the Nestos/Mesta river for the whole catchment is presented, based on the data of the hydrological years 1965–66 to 1989–90. The Nestos/Mesta river flow generated among the following gauging stations: Nestos/Mesta — Hadjidimovo, Bistritza river — Satovcha, Dospatska river, town Dospat, Karadjadere river — Zmaetza and Nestos/Mesta — Papades, was analyzed in detail. The total area is 1116 km2 of which 710 km2 are pertained to Bulgaria and 406 km2 to Greece. The human activities influence negligibly the river flow and the runoff is almost natural. The balance accomplished using only the records from the hydrological gauging stations, showed that the mean annual flow was 116 × 106 m3 for the period 1967–90. Concerning the natural mean multi-annual discharge for this area of 1116 km2, a significant deviation on the specific discharge was noticed. The cause for this deviation needs a complete analysis of the records of the observation acquired during the above mentioned span of 24 years, an analysis of the relation between the rain and the stream-flow
in each year and also a hydrogeological and hydromorphological conditions analysis. It is a very complex problem which requires a considerable time to be accomplished. Therefore, it is explicitly a demand to establish two common hydrological stations on the Nestos/Mesta River and Dospat Tributary located very closely to the border of the two countries. 3. Conclusions The collaboration between Greek and Bulgarian institutes and scientists within the Interreg II framework resulted in the exchange of meteorological data and information which has led to a deeper understanding of the hydrological behaviour of the transboundary river basin between the two countries including Nestos/ Mesta. A number of very useful maps and diagrams were generated for the first time, among which is and the iso-runoff curves map presented in an “awesome” scientific manner in Fig. 2. The water balance of Nestos/Mesta and Dospatska Rivers on the Greek frontier for the period 1935–95 is depicted in Table 5 and it was the outcome of a successful treatment and elaboration of the results [5], a part of which is presented in Figs. 3–8. This study will contribute towards the rational planning within the basin concerning water impoundment projects and new agricultural
180
Th. Mimides et al. / Desalination 213 (2007) 174–181
Table 5 Water balance of Nestos/Mesta and Dospatska rivers to the Greek frontier for the period 1935–95 No.
River
Volume (m3 × 106)
F
P
Depth in mm
K
WT
WS
WG
WE
P
WT
WS
WG
WE
With the precipitations observed 1 Mesta 2767 2258 2 Dospatska 663 556 3 Total 3400 2814
1123 233 1356
699 143 842
424 90 514
1135 323 1453
816 877 827
406 368 399
253 226 248
153 142 151
410 508 428
0.497 0.419 0.482
With corrected precipitations 1 Mesta 2767 2484 2 Dospatska 633 611 3 Total 3400 3095
1123 233 1356
699 143 842
424 90 514
1135 378 1739
898 965 910
406 368 399
253 226 248
153 142 151
492 597 511
0.452 0.381 0.438
Million cubic meters
F, catchment area (km2); P, precipitations; WT, total runoff; WS, surface water runoff; WG, groundwater runoff; WE, evapotranspiration; K, runoff coefficient.
2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 95−96
91−92
93−94
87−88
89−90
85−86
83−84
81−82
79−80
77−78
75−76
73−74
71−72
69−70
67−68
65−66
1500 1000 500 0
79– 80– 81– 82– 83– 84– 85– 86– 87– 88– 89– 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 Hydrological year Runoff at papades minus the runoff at delta Runoff at temenos minus the runoff at papades Runoff at temenos minus the runoff at delta
Fig. 4. Analysis of time variation of the annual runoff at the Greek hydrological catchment.
development projects without disturbing the ecological balance and amenities of the river. All these activities require a sound and integrated
Million cubic meters
Million cubic meters
1000 800 600 400 200 0
Mesta
Dospat Dospat
Total Total
Fig. 5. The natural annual runoff which enters Greece from Nestos/Mesta and Dospat.
Annual runoff in million cubic meters at temenos Annual runoff in million cubic meters at papades Annual runoff in million cubic meters at bulgarian station 230 (Hadjidimovo)
Fig. 3. Time variation of the annual runoff at Bulgarian station 230, Temenos and Papades.
Mesta
2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Average natural runoff for the hydrological years 1965–66 to 1989–90 2092 Papades 1868 Temenos 1481 Toxotes 1363 976 505 505 Average natural Measured runoff in Difference runoff greek territory (106 m3)
Fig. 6. Natural mean annual runoff of Nestos/Mesta river in the greek territory for the period 1965–95 compared to the measured runoff (mean annual natural runoff from Bulgaria for the same period is taken equal to 1324 × 106 m3).
knowledge of the surface water hydrology of the basin and this paper together with references [1,2] contributes in proceeding this amalgamate of information.
2000
[1]
1500 1000 500 91–92
93–94
89–90
85–86
87–88
83–84
81–82
79–80
77–78
75–76
73–74
71–72
69–70
67–68
0
Annual runoff, in million cubic meters, at temenos Annual runoff, in million cubic meters, at bulgarian station 230 Annual runoff at temenos minus the annual runoff at bulgarian station 230
[2]
Fig. 7. Measured annual runoff of Nestos/Mesta river in the greek territory for the period 1965–95. [3]
95–
93–
91–
89–
87–
85–
83–
81–
79–
77–
75–
73–
71–
69–
67–
1000 0 65–
mm
181
References
2500
65–66
Annual runoff, million cubic meters
Th. Mimides et al. / Desalination 213 (2007) 174–181
[4]
Hydrological year Temenos Papades Bulgarian station 230 (Hadjidimovo)
Fig. 8. Time variation of the annual runoff depth of Nestos/Mesta river in the Greek territory for the period 1965–95.
[5]
Th. Mimides, N. Kotsovinos, P. Karakatsoulis, S. Rizos, C. Soulis and D. Stavropoulos, Contribution for an Integrated Water Management of the Greek-Bulgarian Transboundary River Nestos/ Mesta, IWA International Conference on Water Economics, Statistics and Finance, Rethymno, July 8–10, 2005. Th. Mimides, N. Kotsovinos, S. Rizos, C. Soulis and P. Karakatsoulis, Integrated Rainfall Analysis Concerning Greek-Bulgarian Transboundary Hydrological Basin of River Nestos/Mesta, Aqua 2005, International Conference on New Water Culture, Athens, Oct. 21–23, 2005. G. Gergov, The Use and Protection of Water Resources in Bulgaria, To Breathe Free, East European’s Environment Crisis, Washington, D.C., The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 159–173. G. Gergov, Classification of the River Network Bulgaria, Wiener Osteuropa Studien, Band 1, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, s, 187–201. P. Karakatsoulis and Th. Mimidis, A Preliminary Research for an Integrated Management of the Nestos/Mesta River Basin Waters, Athens 1998, INTERREG II, Agricultural University of Athens– Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.