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Mustard cake as a source of dietary protein for growing lambs
Small Ruminant Research 44 (2002) 47–51
Mustard cake as a source of dietary protein for growing lambs G.K. Anil Kumar*, V.S. Panwar, K.R. Yadav, S. Sihag Department of Animal Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India Accepted 7 February 2002
Abstract Mustard seeds contain about 30–35% oil and 34–39% protein and India produces about 5.7 million metric tons every year. Mustard cake (MOC) has a good balance of essential amino acids and relatively high methionine content. Cheaper than peanut cake and soybean meal, it is used in the feeding of cattle and buffaloes, but information is scanty on its feeding in sheep and goats. Therefore, a study was planned to replace peanut cake with mustard cake to evaluate its effect on the growth performance of growing lambs. Eighteen crossbred male lambs of 6–7 months were randomly divided into three groups of six each on the basis of body weights. The dietary treatments for the three groups consisted of iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric concentrate mixtures. The peanut meal (in control) was replaced at 50 and 100% levels by mustard cake on protein basis. The lambs were fed the dietary treatments for 120 days. Gram (Cicer arientinum) straw was fed ad lib. A metabolism trial of 7 days duration was conducted before termination of the experiment. The total dry matter intake did not differ among the groups. The values of total body weight gain were 11.30, 14.50 and 11.43 kg in groups 1 (control), 2 (50% MOC) and 3 (100% MOC), respectively. The average daily gain values were 94.16, 120.83 and 95.26 g per day in the groups. Though no significant differences were observed in daily gain, the animals in group 2 gained more as compared to groups 1 and 3. The higher gain may be due to combining two oil cakes. The animals were in positive nitrogen and mineral balance. These data indicate peanut cake may completely be replaced with mustard cake without affecting feed intake, feed efficiency, nitrogen balance, mineral balance and growth performance of growing lambs. # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. Keywords: Mustard cake; Dietary; Lambs; Nitrogen balance; Gain
1. Introduction India is one of the leading producers of mustard/ rape seed along with Canada, USA and some of the European countries. The production in India is about 5.7 million metric tons every year (FAO, 1994). Mustard seeds contain 30–35% oil and 34–39% protein (Singhal, 1986). After extracting the oil from the * Corresponding author. Present address: National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India. Tel.: þ91-80-5711304; fax: þ91-80-5711420. E-mail address: [email protected] (G.K. Anil Kumar).
seed, about 60% of residue is left as cake which is available to the livestock industry. The composition of mustard cake (MOC) varies with the variety, growing conditions and processing methods (Singhal, 1986). These cakes contain 1–12% ether extract depending upon the method of oil extraction. The protein has a good balance of essential amino acids and relatively high methionine content (Ayodhya Prasad, 1978). However, low palatability of mustard cake is said to be the main problem for its utilization in ruminant diets. This problem is attributed to its glucosinolate content which yields hot and pungent metabolites upon hydrolysis due to the action of
0921-4488/02/$ – see front matter # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. PII: S 0 9 2 1 - 4 4 8 8 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 3 4 - 2
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G.K. Anil Kumar et al. / Small Ruminant Research 44 (2002) 47–51
endogenous enzymes (Bell, 1984). Ruminants appear to be less susceptible to the toxic effects of glucosinolates compared with pigs and poultry. This is probably the result of glucosinolates being relatively unhydrolysed in the rumen (Lanzani et al., 1974). In India, peanut cake (GNC) is the commonly used feed ingredient in the animal diet. Mustard cake is cheaper than peanut cake and is easily available. Efforts were therefore made to evaluate mustard cake as a protein source in growing lambs replacing costly peanut cake.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Animal and diet Eighteen crossbred (NaliMerinoCorriedale) male lambs aged between 6 and 7 months of age were divided into three groups of six each of comparable age and body weights (Avg.: 12:8 0:48 kg) in a completely randomized design. The lambs were housed in individual stalls and subjected to similar managerial practices. The animals were dewormed before the start of the experiment.
The experimental diet consisted of weighed quantitiesof concentrate mixture and gram (Cicer arientinum) straw (ad libitum). Three iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric concentrate mixtures were formulated for three groups by replacing peanut cake with 0% (group 1), 50% (group 2) and 100% (group 3) expellar MOC (Table 1). The animals were fed to meet the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR, 1998) requirements based on their body weight to meet the allowances for maintenance and growth of 100 g per day. The quantity of concentrate mixture was calculated based on the previous fortnightly body weight changes and was fed in the morning while gram straw was fed twice daily. Refusals were weighed on the following morning to estimate the amount of feed intake. The lambs were watered twice a day. Body weights of the experimental animals were recorded in the morning before feeding at the start of the experiment and thereafter, at 2-week intervals. Weight was recorded on each occasion for two consecutive days and the average of the two was calculated. The lambs were given an adjustment period of 7 days before an experimental period of 120 days. At the end of the experimental period a metabolism trial was
Table 1 Ingredient and chemical composition of the concentrate mixtures and roughage Particulars
Concentrate mixtures (% replacement of GNC) Group 1 (0% MOC)
Gram straw
Group 2 (50% MOC)
Group 3 (100% MOC)
Ingredient composition (% as such basis) Maize 10 Barley 35 GNC 30 MOC – Deoiled rice polish 22 Mineral mixturea 2 Common salt 1
10 35 15 18 19 2 1
10 35 – 36 16 2 1
Chemical composition (% DM basis) DM 89.63 OM 90.77 CP 18.60 EE 6.05 CF 9.72 NFE 56.40 Ash 9.23 Ca 1.46 P 1.26
90.75 87.71 18.78 6.28 8.58 54.07 12.29 1.69 1.40
90.55 89.52 18.89 6.19 18.50 55.96 10.48 1.76 1.56
86.16 92.86 4.25 2.89 41.53 44.50 7.15 0.96 0.22
a Commercial mineral mixture—Ca: 23%, P: 12%, Mg: 6.5%, I: 260 ppm, Co: 120 ppm, Fe: 5000 ppm, Mn: 1200 ppm, Zn: 3800 ppm, S: 5000 ppm, Cu: 770 ppm.
G.K. Anil Kumar et al. / Small Ruminant Research 44 (2002) 47–51
conducted for a period of 7 days. The animals were given a period of 4 days for adaptation to the cages and the collection of feces and urine was started. During the trial the intake of concentrate and gram straw and excretion of feces and urine were recorded. Samples of the feed offered, feed refusals, feces and urine were collected daily in the morning. Dried samples were pooled for the analysis of the chemical constituents. The feces from each of the lambs was collected from fecal collection bags twice a day at 9:00 and 18:00 h, stored in polythene bags and weighed at 9:30 h. One-tenth by weight of the daily feces voided by each lamb was used for dry matter (DM) estimation by drying at 70 8C to constant weight. Dried daily samples were pooled, ground through a 1 mm sieve and preserved for chemical analyses. For N determination, the feces samples (1/100th of the daily voids) were preserved in 25% sulfuric acid to make a pooled sample for 7 days for each individual lamb. The urine was collected using collection bags and stored in a 2.5 l bottle containing 20 ml of sulfuric acid. Urine collected over 24 h was measured every day at 8:00 h. Samples of urine (1/50th of total output) from individual lambs were collected every morning in a 500 ml Kjeldhal flask containing 15 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid and stored at room temperature for N determination. 2.2. Chemical analyses The samples of feed offered, refusals and feces were analyzed for proximate composition (AOAC, 1995),
49
cell wall constituents (Goering and Van Soest, 1970) and Ca and P (AOAC, 1995). 2.3. Statistical analysis The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (Snedecor and Cochran, 1989) to study the effect of treatment.
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Dry matter intake The dry matter intake (DMI) per day per animal was 887:84 36:61, 955:30 40:71 and 934:42 35:23 g in the three experimental groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. It corresponds to 3:82 0:04, 3:59 0:06 and 3:95 0:11% of body weight (Table 2). The nutritive value of the diet was similar in all the three groups (Table 2). The average DMI per day per animal in all the groups were also similar. However, significantly lower DMI was observed in group 2 when DMI was recorded in terms of kg/100 kg body weight. No differences were seen in groups 1 and 3. This could be due to the better feed efficiency (Table 2) that was observed in group 2 in comparison to other groups. No palatability problem was observed in the present study, contradictory to the observations made by Tyagi et al. (1995), Quinsac et al. (1994) and Gupta et al. (1992) in different livestock species. However, it was observed that the lambs took more time to eat
Table 2 Growth rate, feed efficiency and nutritive value of diet in the lambs fed different experimental rationsa Attributes
Group 1 (0% MOC)
Group 2 (50% MOC)
Group 3 (100% MOC)
SEM
Initial body weight (kg) Final body weight (kg) Total gain (kg) Daily gain/animal (g per day) Total DM intake (g per day) Concentrate:roughage Feed efficiency
12.63 0.48 23.9 a 1.06 11.30 a 0.74 94.16 a 6.13 887.84 36.61 50.48:49.52 0.12 a 0.01
12.80 0.49 27.3 b 0.78 14.50 b 0.38 120.83 b 3.13 955.30 40.71 47.50:52.50 0.15 b 0.01
12.80 0.48 24.23 a 1.00 11.43 a 0.93 95.26 a 7.74 934.47 35.23 48.45:51.55 0.12 a 0.01
0.11 0.29 0.17 1.41 8.86 – 0.02
18.78 7.97 0.26 59.96 1.35
18.89 7.82 0.44 59.93 2.39
– 0.08 0.41
Nutritive value of the diet (% DM basis) CP 18.60 DCP 8.42 0.22 TDN 61.61 1.17 a
The mean values in rows with different letters differ significantly ðp < 0:05Þ.
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the MOC-based concentrate as compared to GNCbased concentrate. Similar observation was reported by Tyagi (1991). 3.2. Body weight changes The mean body weights of the experimental lambs at the beginning of the experiment were 12.63, 12.80 and 12.80 kg and at the end of the experiment were 23.93, 27.30 and 24.33 kg in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (Table 2). The total body weight gain and average daily gain were 11.30, 14.50 and 11.43 kg and 94.16, 120.83 and 95.26 g in the three groups, respectively. The feed efficiency in the groups were found to be 0.1196, 0.1463 and 0.1213. Significantly ðp < 0:05Þ higher body weight, total gain, average daily gain and feed efficiency were recorded in group 2 which may be attributed to the better utilization of the feed ingredients, higher nitrogen retention (Table 3) and higher TDN intake in this group. However, these values were similar in groups 1 and 3 in terms of both DMI and body weight changes indicating that MOC is as good as GNC for efficient growth (Mandokhot and Sangwan, 1983). In the present study better results were seen in group 2 which contained both the protein sources, i.e., GNC and MOC. Looking into the amino acid profile of both the protein sources, it can be seen that GNC has higher
amounts of arginine and lysine, whereas MOC contains higher amounts of sulfur-containing amino acids, cystine and methionine (Singhal, 1986). So, the mixing of both the protein sources might have resulted in a positive associative effect resulting in a better utilization of the feed ingredients. However, this is just an assumption and further studies are necessary in this regard. The values for average daily gain and feed efficiency in the present study are, however, higher than the ones given by various workers (Maheswari and Patnayak, 1981; Bhargava and Ranjhan, 1974) in lambs given diets containing conventional protein source, i.e., groundnut cake and wheat straw as the roughage component of the diet. The differences may be attributed to the differences in the breeds of the animals used and the diet, i.e., DMI, concentrate to roughage ratio, nutritive value, etc. 3.3. Nitrogen balance The average intake of nitrogen by animals was 14.98, 16.99 and 15.93 g per day (Table 3) in the three groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The corresponding values of nitrogen excretion through feces were 6.96, 7.40 and 7.40 g per day and through urine were 3.57, 3.49 and 3.87 g per day, respectively, in the three groups. A positive balance of nitrogen was observed in all the groups and the values were 4.45, 6.10 and
Table 3 Mean values of nitrogen and major mineral (Ca and P) intake, excretion, balance and retention in lambs fed experimental diets (g per day)a Attributes
Group 1 (0% MOC)
Nitrogen balance Intake Voided in feces Voided in urine Balance Retention (% N intake) Retention (% N absorbed)
14.98 06.96 03.57 4.45 a 29.12 a 41.96 a
0.83 0.30 0.24 0.53 2.47 4.68
Group 2 (50% MOC) 16.99 7.40 3.49 6.10 b 35.90 b 56.48 b
0.34 0.34 0.22 0.56 2.34 4.32
Group 3 (100% MOC) 15.93 7.40 3.87 4.66 a 29.25 a 41.35 a
SEM
0.59 0.71 0.27 0.29 2.29 3.99
0.15 0.12 0.06 0.11 0.56 1.02
Calcium (Ca) balance Intake Balance Retention (% Ca intake)
10.76 0.35 4.83 0.25 44.27 2.61
12.70 0.31 5.22 0.17 41.38 2.36
12.74 0.28 5.48 0.39 42.97 2.84
0.07 0.07 0.62
Phosphorus (P) balance Intake Balance Retention (% P intake)
6.55 0.09 1.37 0.14 21.03 2.17
7.40 0.06 1.25 0.21 16.89 2.98
8.03 0.07 1.83 0.29 22.86 3.78
0.02 0.05 0.72
a
The mean values in rows with different letters differ significantly ðp < 0:05Þ.
G.K. Anil Kumar et al. / Small Ruminant Research 44 (2002) 47–51
4.66 g per day. The values of nitrogen balance, retention as % of nitrogen intake and retention as % of nitrogen absorbed were significantly ðp < 0:05Þ higher in group 2 as compared to groups 1 and 3. However, no differences were observed in these parameters between groups 1 and 3. Similar observations were recorded by Kumar (2000) in goats, Giri et al. (2000) in growing bulls, Tyagi (1991) in crossbred cattle and Vashishtha (1999) in male buffalo calves on feeding MOC-based diets. 3.4. Mineral balances The Ca and P balances were positive (Table 3) in all the three groups. The values were 4.83, 5.22, 5.48 g per day and 1.37, 1.25 and 1.83 g per day in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Vashishtha (1999), Kumar (2000) and Giri et al. (2000) have also reported positive major mineral balance in buffalo male calves, goats and growing bulls, respectively, on feeding MOC-based diets.
4. Conclusion Based on the results obtained in the present experiment, it may be inferred that peanut cake may completely be replaced with mustard cake without affecting feed intake, nitrogen balance, mineral balance and growth performance of lambs.
Acknowledgements The first author duly acknowledges the financial assistance given by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research in the form of a Junior Research Fellowship for the pursuit of the Master’s degree programme. The authors also thank Dr. S.S. Khirwar, Head of the Department of Animal Nutrition for providing necessary facilities for conducting the experiment.
References AOAC, 1995. Official Methods of Analysis, 16th Edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
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Ayodhya Prasad, 1978. Evaluation of mustard oil cake available in India. I. Proximate analysis, total lysine and methionine contents. Indian J. Nutr. Diet. 15, 159. Bell, J.M., 1984. Nutrients and toxicants in rapeseed meal—a review. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 4, 996–1010. Bhargava, B., Ranjhan, S.K., 1974. Effect of feeding treated groundnut cake with urea–molasses–impregnated wheat straw on growth rate and utilization of nutrients in Nali lambs. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 44, 464–473. FAO, 1994. Production Year Book. Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations, Rome. Giri, S.S., Sahoo, A., Pathak, N.N., 2000. Feed intake, digestibility, plane of nutrition and live weight gain by crossbred bulls fed on grainless diets containing different nitrogen sources. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 83, 195–203. Goering, H.K., Van Soest, P.J., 1970. Forage Fibre Analysis. Agricultural Handbook No. 379. USDA, Washington, DC. Gupta, M.K., Srivastava, B.B., Pathak, N.N., Pandey, H.N., 1992. Effect of replacement of fish meal in the calf starter by groundnut cake and mustard cake on the performance of crossbred calves. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 62, 1002–1004. ICAR, 1998. Nutritional Requirements of Livestock and Poultry, 2nd Edition. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. Kumar, N.A., 2000. Effect of zinc supplementation in conventional diets on mineral utilization and growth in kids. M.V.Sc. Thesis. CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana. Lanzani, A., Piva, G., Cardillo, M., Rastelli, A., Jacini, G. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 51, ., 517. Maheswari, S.R., Patnayak, B.C., 1981. Growth and efficiency of native and crossbred lambs under two levels of energy and protein. In: Proceedings of the First National Seminar on Sheep and Goat Production and Utilization, April 11–14, Jaipur, 33 pp. Mandokhot, V.M., Sangwan, D.C., 1983. Effect of different vegetable protein sources on feed efficiency, meat and wool yield of stall fed lambs. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 53 (8), 844–847. Quinsac, A., Leissire, M., Krouti, M., Ribaillier, D., Coic, J.P., Fauduet, H., Rollen, P., 1994. Improvement in the nutritive value of high and low glucosinolate rapeseed meal by aqueous extraction. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 48, 265–272. Singhal, K.K., 1986. Oilseed Cakes for Livestock Feeding. NDRI, Karnal. Snedecor, G.W., Cochran, W.G., 1989. Statistical Methods, 8th Edition. Iowa State University Press. Ames, IA. Tyagi, A.K., 1991. Glucosinolates in mustard and rapeseed cakes and their influence on thyroxin secretion rate and growth of crossbred cattle. Ph.D. Thesis. NDRI, Karnal. Tyagi, A.K., Tripathi, M.K., Karim, S.A., 1995. Performance of pregnant ewes on mustard and groundnut cake based diets. World Rev. Anim. Prod. 30, 94–97. Vashishtha, S., 1999 Utilization of solvent extracted mustard cake as a source of protein for growth and its effect on rumen metabolic profile in male buffalo calves. Ph.D. Thesis. CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana.
Mustard cake as a source of dietary protein for growing lambs G.K. Anil Kumar*, V.S. Panwar, K.R. Yadav, S. Sihag Department of Animal Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India Accepted 7 February 2002
Abstract Mustard seeds contain about 30–35% oil and 34–39% protein and India produces about 5.7 million metric tons every year. Mustard cake (MOC) has a good balance of essential amino acids and relatively high methionine content. Cheaper than peanut cake and soybean meal, it is used in the feeding of cattle and buffaloes, but information is scanty on its feeding in sheep and goats. Therefore, a study was planned to replace peanut cake with mustard cake to evaluate its effect on the growth performance of growing lambs. Eighteen crossbred male lambs of 6–7 months were randomly divided into three groups of six each on the basis of body weights. The dietary treatments for the three groups consisted of iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric concentrate mixtures. The peanut meal (in control) was replaced at 50 and 100% levels by mustard cake on protein basis. The lambs were fed the dietary treatments for 120 days. Gram (Cicer arientinum) straw was fed ad lib. A metabolism trial of 7 days duration was conducted before termination of the experiment. The total dry matter intake did not differ among the groups. The values of total body weight gain were 11.30, 14.50 and 11.43 kg in groups 1 (control), 2 (50% MOC) and 3 (100% MOC), respectively. The average daily gain values were 94.16, 120.83 and 95.26 g per day in the groups. Though no significant differences were observed in daily gain, the animals in group 2 gained more as compared to groups 1 and 3. The higher gain may be due to combining two oil cakes. The animals were in positive nitrogen and mineral balance. These data indicate peanut cake may completely be replaced with mustard cake without affecting feed intake, feed efficiency, nitrogen balance, mineral balance and growth performance of growing lambs. # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. Keywords: Mustard cake; Dietary; Lambs; Nitrogen balance; Gain
1. Introduction India is one of the leading producers of mustard/ rape seed along with Canada, USA and some of the European countries. The production in India is about 5.7 million metric tons every year (FAO, 1994). Mustard seeds contain 30–35% oil and 34–39% protein (Singhal, 1986). After extracting the oil from the * Corresponding author. Present address: National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India. Tel.: þ91-80-5711304; fax: þ91-80-5711420. E-mail address: [email protected] (G.K. Anil Kumar).
seed, about 60% of residue is left as cake which is available to the livestock industry. The composition of mustard cake (MOC) varies with the variety, growing conditions and processing methods (Singhal, 1986). These cakes contain 1–12% ether extract depending upon the method of oil extraction. The protein has a good balance of essential amino acids and relatively high methionine content (Ayodhya Prasad, 1978). However, low palatability of mustard cake is said to be the main problem for its utilization in ruminant diets. This problem is attributed to its glucosinolate content which yields hot and pungent metabolites upon hydrolysis due to the action of
0921-4488/02/$ – see front matter # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. PII: S 0 9 2 1 - 4 4 8 8 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 3 4 - 2
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G.K. Anil Kumar et al. / Small Ruminant Research 44 (2002) 47–51
endogenous enzymes (Bell, 1984). Ruminants appear to be less susceptible to the toxic effects of glucosinolates compared with pigs and poultry. This is probably the result of glucosinolates being relatively unhydrolysed in the rumen (Lanzani et al., 1974). In India, peanut cake (GNC) is the commonly used feed ingredient in the animal diet. Mustard cake is cheaper than peanut cake and is easily available. Efforts were therefore made to evaluate mustard cake as a protein source in growing lambs replacing costly peanut cake.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Animal and diet Eighteen crossbred (NaliMerinoCorriedale) male lambs aged between 6 and 7 months of age were divided into three groups of six each of comparable age and body weights (Avg.: 12:8 0:48 kg) in a completely randomized design. The lambs were housed in individual stalls and subjected to similar managerial practices. The animals were dewormed before the start of the experiment.
The experimental diet consisted of weighed quantitiesof concentrate mixture and gram (Cicer arientinum) straw (ad libitum). Three iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric concentrate mixtures were formulated for three groups by replacing peanut cake with 0% (group 1), 50% (group 2) and 100% (group 3) expellar MOC (Table 1). The animals were fed to meet the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR, 1998) requirements based on their body weight to meet the allowances for maintenance and growth of 100 g per day. The quantity of concentrate mixture was calculated based on the previous fortnightly body weight changes and was fed in the morning while gram straw was fed twice daily. Refusals were weighed on the following morning to estimate the amount of feed intake. The lambs were watered twice a day. Body weights of the experimental animals were recorded in the morning before feeding at the start of the experiment and thereafter, at 2-week intervals. Weight was recorded on each occasion for two consecutive days and the average of the two was calculated. The lambs were given an adjustment period of 7 days before an experimental period of 120 days. At the end of the experimental period a metabolism trial was
Table 1 Ingredient and chemical composition of the concentrate mixtures and roughage Particulars
Concentrate mixtures (% replacement of GNC) Group 1 (0% MOC)
Gram straw
Group 2 (50% MOC)
Group 3 (100% MOC)
Ingredient composition (% as such basis) Maize 10 Barley 35 GNC 30 MOC – Deoiled rice polish 22 Mineral mixturea 2 Common salt 1
10 35 15 18 19 2 1
10 35 – 36 16 2 1
Chemical composition (% DM basis) DM 89.63 OM 90.77 CP 18.60 EE 6.05 CF 9.72 NFE 56.40 Ash 9.23 Ca 1.46 P 1.26
90.75 87.71 18.78 6.28 8.58 54.07 12.29 1.69 1.40
90.55 89.52 18.89 6.19 18.50 55.96 10.48 1.76 1.56
86.16 92.86 4.25 2.89 41.53 44.50 7.15 0.96 0.22
a Commercial mineral mixture—Ca: 23%, P: 12%, Mg: 6.5%, I: 260 ppm, Co: 120 ppm, Fe: 5000 ppm, Mn: 1200 ppm, Zn: 3800 ppm, S: 5000 ppm, Cu: 770 ppm.
G.K. Anil Kumar et al. / Small Ruminant Research 44 (2002) 47–51
conducted for a period of 7 days. The animals were given a period of 4 days for adaptation to the cages and the collection of feces and urine was started. During the trial the intake of concentrate and gram straw and excretion of feces and urine were recorded. Samples of the feed offered, feed refusals, feces and urine were collected daily in the morning. Dried samples were pooled for the analysis of the chemical constituents. The feces from each of the lambs was collected from fecal collection bags twice a day at 9:00 and 18:00 h, stored in polythene bags and weighed at 9:30 h. One-tenth by weight of the daily feces voided by each lamb was used for dry matter (DM) estimation by drying at 70 8C to constant weight. Dried daily samples were pooled, ground through a 1 mm sieve and preserved for chemical analyses. For N determination, the feces samples (1/100th of the daily voids) were preserved in 25% sulfuric acid to make a pooled sample for 7 days for each individual lamb. The urine was collected using collection bags and stored in a 2.5 l bottle containing 20 ml of sulfuric acid. Urine collected over 24 h was measured every day at 8:00 h. Samples of urine (1/50th of total output) from individual lambs were collected every morning in a 500 ml Kjeldhal flask containing 15 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid and stored at room temperature for N determination. 2.2. Chemical analyses The samples of feed offered, refusals and feces were analyzed for proximate composition (AOAC, 1995),
49
cell wall constituents (Goering and Van Soest, 1970) and Ca and P (AOAC, 1995). 2.3. Statistical analysis The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (Snedecor and Cochran, 1989) to study the effect of treatment.
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Dry matter intake The dry matter intake (DMI) per day per animal was 887:84 36:61, 955:30 40:71 and 934:42 35:23 g in the three experimental groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. It corresponds to 3:82 0:04, 3:59 0:06 and 3:95 0:11% of body weight (Table 2). The nutritive value of the diet was similar in all the three groups (Table 2). The average DMI per day per animal in all the groups were also similar. However, significantly lower DMI was observed in group 2 when DMI was recorded in terms of kg/100 kg body weight. No differences were seen in groups 1 and 3. This could be due to the better feed efficiency (Table 2) that was observed in group 2 in comparison to other groups. No palatability problem was observed in the present study, contradictory to the observations made by Tyagi et al. (1995), Quinsac et al. (1994) and Gupta et al. (1992) in different livestock species. However, it was observed that the lambs took more time to eat
Table 2 Growth rate, feed efficiency and nutritive value of diet in the lambs fed different experimental rationsa Attributes
Group 1 (0% MOC)
Group 2 (50% MOC)
Group 3 (100% MOC)
SEM
Initial body weight (kg) Final body weight (kg) Total gain (kg) Daily gain/animal (g per day) Total DM intake (g per day) Concentrate:roughage Feed efficiency
12.63 0.48 23.9 a 1.06 11.30 a 0.74 94.16 a 6.13 887.84 36.61 50.48:49.52 0.12 a 0.01
12.80 0.49 27.3 b 0.78 14.50 b 0.38 120.83 b 3.13 955.30 40.71 47.50:52.50 0.15 b 0.01
12.80 0.48 24.23 a 1.00 11.43 a 0.93 95.26 a 7.74 934.47 35.23 48.45:51.55 0.12 a 0.01
0.11 0.29 0.17 1.41 8.86 – 0.02
18.78 7.97 0.26 59.96 1.35
18.89 7.82 0.44 59.93 2.39
– 0.08 0.41
Nutritive value of the diet (% DM basis) CP 18.60 DCP 8.42 0.22 TDN 61.61 1.17 a
The mean values in rows with different letters differ significantly ðp < 0:05Þ.
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the MOC-based concentrate as compared to GNCbased concentrate. Similar observation was reported by Tyagi (1991). 3.2. Body weight changes The mean body weights of the experimental lambs at the beginning of the experiment were 12.63, 12.80 and 12.80 kg and at the end of the experiment were 23.93, 27.30 and 24.33 kg in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (Table 2). The total body weight gain and average daily gain were 11.30, 14.50 and 11.43 kg and 94.16, 120.83 and 95.26 g in the three groups, respectively. The feed efficiency in the groups were found to be 0.1196, 0.1463 and 0.1213. Significantly ðp < 0:05Þ higher body weight, total gain, average daily gain and feed efficiency were recorded in group 2 which may be attributed to the better utilization of the feed ingredients, higher nitrogen retention (Table 3) and higher TDN intake in this group. However, these values were similar in groups 1 and 3 in terms of both DMI and body weight changes indicating that MOC is as good as GNC for efficient growth (Mandokhot and Sangwan, 1983). In the present study better results were seen in group 2 which contained both the protein sources, i.e., GNC and MOC. Looking into the amino acid profile of both the protein sources, it can be seen that GNC has higher
amounts of arginine and lysine, whereas MOC contains higher amounts of sulfur-containing amino acids, cystine and methionine (Singhal, 1986). So, the mixing of both the protein sources might have resulted in a positive associative effect resulting in a better utilization of the feed ingredients. However, this is just an assumption and further studies are necessary in this regard. The values for average daily gain and feed efficiency in the present study are, however, higher than the ones given by various workers (Maheswari and Patnayak, 1981; Bhargava and Ranjhan, 1974) in lambs given diets containing conventional protein source, i.e., groundnut cake and wheat straw as the roughage component of the diet. The differences may be attributed to the differences in the breeds of the animals used and the diet, i.e., DMI, concentrate to roughage ratio, nutritive value, etc. 3.3. Nitrogen balance The average intake of nitrogen by animals was 14.98, 16.99 and 15.93 g per day (Table 3) in the three groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The corresponding values of nitrogen excretion through feces were 6.96, 7.40 and 7.40 g per day and through urine were 3.57, 3.49 and 3.87 g per day, respectively, in the three groups. A positive balance of nitrogen was observed in all the groups and the values were 4.45, 6.10 and
Table 3 Mean values of nitrogen and major mineral (Ca and P) intake, excretion, balance and retention in lambs fed experimental diets (g per day)a Attributes
Group 1 (0% MOC)
Nitrogen balance Intake Voided in feces Voided in urine Balance Retention (% N intake) Retention (% N absorbed)
14.98 06.96 03.57 4.45 a 29.12 a 41.96 a
0.83 0.30 0.24 0.53 2.47 4.68
Group 2 (50% MOC) 16.99 7.40 3.49 6.10 b 35.90 b 56.48 b
0.34 0.34 0.22 0.56 2.34 4.32
Group 3 (100% MOC) 15.93 7.40 3.87 4.66 a 29.25 a 41.35 a
SEM
0.59 0.71 0.27 0.29 2.29 3.99
0.15 0.12 0.06 0.11 0.56 1.02
Calcium (Ca) balance Intake Balance Retention (% Ca intake)
10.76 0.35 4.83 0.25 44.27 2.61
12.70 0.31 5.22 0.17 41.38 2.36
12.74 0.28 5.48 0.39 42.97 2.84
0.07 0.07 0.62
Phosphorus (P) balance Intake Balance Retention (% P intake)
6.55 0.09 1.37 0.14 21.03 2.17
7.40 0.06 1.25 0.21 16.89 2.98
8.03 0.07 1.83 0.29 22.86 3.78
0.02 0.05 0.72
a
The mean values in rows with different letters differ significantly ðp < 0:05Þ.
G.K. Anil Kumar et al. / Small Ruminant Research 44 (2002) 47–51
4.66 g per day. The values of nitrogen balance, retention as % of nitrogen intake and retention as % of nitrogen absorbed were significantly ðp < 0:05Þ higher in group 2 as compared to groups 1 and 3. However, no differences were observed in these parameters between groups 1 and 3. Similar observations were recorded by Kumar (2000) in goats, Giri et al. (2000) in growing bulls, Tyagi (1991) in crossbred cattle and Vashishtha (1999) in male buffalo calves on feeding MOC-based diets. 3.4. Mineral balances The Ca and P balances were positive (Table 3) in all the three groups. The values were 4.83, 5.22, 5.48 g per day and 1.37, 1.25 and 1.83 g per day in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Vashishtha (1999), Kumar (2000) and Giri et al. (2000) have also reported positive major mineral balance in buffalo male calves, goats and growing bulls, respectively, on feeding MOC-based diets.
4. Conclusion Based on the results obtained in the present experiment, it may be inferred that peanut cake may completely be replaced with mustard cake without affecting feed intake, nitrogen balance, mineral balance and growth performance of lambs.
Acknowledgements The first author duly acknowledges the financial assistance given by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research in the form of a Junior Research Fellowship for the pursuit of the Master’s degree programme. The authors also thank Dr. S.S. Khirwar, Head of the Department of Animal Nutrition for providing necessary facilities for conducting the experiment.
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