- Email: [email protected]
Mycological Research News
mycological research 110 (2006) 499–500
available at www.sciencedirect.com
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres
Mycological Research News1 This month Mycological Research News features: In this issue; Austral ectomycorrhizas overlooked; Mycological Research 2004 Impact Factor in error; and Speciation and gene loss in polyploid yeasts. Twelve papers are included in this issue, and concern: molecular phylogeny in soil zygomycetes; the position of Trypetheliaceae; molecular phylogeny of Acarosporaceae; relationships of coprophilous Pleosporales; a revision of Hypocrella (anamorph Aschersonia) on whiteflies; new maritime Glomus species; the re-instatement of the powdery mildew genus Queirozia; a new Gymnopilus from California; Pythium myriotylum populations on cocoyam; Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in Winnipeg; transformation of Neotyphodium lolii; and cultures of Morchella elata. The following new scientific names are introduced: Glomus drummondii, G. walkeri, Gymnopilus xerophilous, and Hypocrella rhombispora spp. nov.
In this issue Soil zygomycetes have received little attention from molecular systematists in comparison with some other groups of fungi. Now PCR-RFLP analysis shows the ITS1 and 2 regions to provide markers for studies at the population and species levels, confirms the distinctness of Mortierellales and Mucorales, but questions the circumscription of the latter and supports the polyphyly of Absidia (pp. 502–511). Within the ascomycetes, the lichen-forming Trypetheliaceae is shown to belong to Dothideomycetes and to be monophyletic with Arthopyreniaceae; the Pyrenulaceae, with which the family was previously placed belongs to Chaetothyriomycetes (pp. 512–521). An extensive molecular phylogenetic study of Acarosporaceae shows Acarospora to be polyphyletic, the A. smaragdula group to be separate, and the genus Polysporinopsis to belong to the Acarospora s. str. clade (pp. 522–527). A study of mainly coprophilous Pleosporales enables the position and status of several families to be clarified; Delitschiaceae is distinct from Sporormiaceae, and Testudinaceae from Zopfiaceae (pp. 528–537). A revision of the Hypocrella (anamorph Aschersonia) species attacking whiteflies and used in biocontrol is presented on the basis of molecular and morphological investigations, and shows nine species merit recognition, one of which is newly
described; a synoptic key for their identification is included (pp. 538–555). Two new Glomus species, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, are described from maritime sand dunes and supported by molecular data as well as their morphological characters (pp. 556–567). The powdery mildew genus Queirozia is shown not to be a synonym of Pleochaeta on the basis of molecular and critical morphological investigations, and also to have a dematiaceous anamorph, the first ever to be found in Erysiphales (pp. 568–575). A new sequestrate member of Russulaceae, Gymnopilus xerophilus, is described from California, based on ITS sequence analysis and morphological characters; a key to the species of the genus associated with oaks is included (pp. 576–583). Use of a variety of molecular and cultural approaches as well as pathogenicity testing shows that isolates of Pythium myriotylum from cocoyam are distinct from those isolated from other crops (pp. 584–594). A detailed study of the Ophiostoma novo-ulmi populations in Winnipeg using RAPD markers, vegetative compatibility tests, and surveys for viral dsRNA’s, shows them to have been remarkably uniform over a nine-year period and to be highly clonal (pp. 595–601). The ryegrass endophyte Neotyphodium lolii has been transformed and when the transformants were reinoculated into the host grass they often showed increased branching suggesting that high levels of b-glucoronidase might disturb the mutualistic interaction; alkaloid production still occurred (pp. 602–612). Factors affecting the growth of Morchella elata in culture have been studied in depth with respect to optimal substrates, optimal temperatures, and pH (pp. 613–624).
Austral ecotomycorrhizas overlooked De Roman et al. (2005) recently produced an extensive list of published descriptions of ectomycorrhizas. The authors noted that among the literature surveyed southern continents were poorly represented. Indeed, of the 1244 descriptions compiled, only two were from Australia. However, a cursory check of publications on Australian macrofungi, through the Interactive Catalogue of Australian Fungi (http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/ research_and_conservation/fungi/cat), reveals a significant number of publications where ectomycorrhizas are described.
1 Mycological Research News is compiled by David L. Hawksworth, Executive Editor Mycological Research, The Yellow House, Calle Aguila 12, Colonia La Maliciosa, Mataelpino, ES–28492 Madrid, Spain. (tel/fax: [þ34] 91 857 3640; e–mail: [email protected]), to whom suggestions for inclusion and items for consideration should be sent. Unsigned items are by the Executive Editor. 0953-7562/$ – see front matter doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.04.009
500
Many involve the eucalypts (Eucalyptus, Corymbia, and relatives), a group of more than 600 species, which are dominant forest trees over vast areas of Australia. Only five descriptions of eucalypt mycorrhizas were located by De Roman et al. (2005), three of which were from eucalypt plantations in extra-Australian localities. Among overlooked publications is the landmark paper by Chilvers (1968) in which eight distinctive types of eucalypt ectomycorrhizas are comprehensively described and depicted, including appearance under the stereomicroscope, details of rhizomorphs, and transverse and longitudinal microscopic sections of the mantle. The fungus was identified for only two of the types, but the excellent illustrations enable the fungal partner to be identified in other types, such as by Watling et al. (1992) for Cortinarius abnormis. The boreal bias is not merely a matter of geographic scope, but overlooks distinctive types of mycorrhizas, some formed by unique austral fungi. Dell et al. (1990b) investigated the ectomycorrhizal rootlets growing within the peridium of Castoreum and Mesophellia (puffball-like hypogeal Agaricales), and Dell et al. (1990a) describe and illustrate an unusual tuberculate ectomycorrhiza of Eucalyptus. Ectomycorrhizas of Australian plants are commonly reported as forming partial sheaths (with or without a Hartig net), and such ‘superficial ectomycorrhizas’ are recorded by Malajczuk et al. (1987) for the association between Eucalyptus and some species of Cortinarius and Hysterangium. Austral ectomycorrhizas have also been described that involve plant partners not otherwise recorded in the listing of De Roman et al. (2005). For example, Kope and Warcup (1986) describe ectomycorrhizas formed by Australian herbs and shrubs in the Asteraceae, Stylidiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Papilionaceae. The Casuarinaceae (Allocasuarina and Casuarina), austral-asian trees widely used in forestry, is another family for which descriptions of ectomycorrhizas are available (Thoen et al. 1990). Undoubtedly much remains to be learned of the structure of ectomycorrhizas of the thousands of Australian plant species that are likely to form ectomycorrhizas, given that generally at least 10 % of plant species are ectomycorrhizal in surveys of a range of vegetation types (May & Simpson 1997). Acacia s. str. (Mimosaceae), with more than 900 Australian species, will be of particular interest, as will the Gondwanan relict Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae). Future investigations can benefit from the considerable body of work that already exists, only a few examples of which we have cited herein. Chilvers GA, 1968. Some distinctive types of eucalypt mycorrhiza. Australian Journal of Botany 16: 49–70. De Roman M, Claveria V, de Miguel AM, 2005. A revision of the descriptions of ectomycorrhizas published since 1961. Mycological Research 109: 1063–1104. Dell B, Malajczuk N, Thomson G, 1990a. Ectomycorrhiza formation in Eucalyptus V. A tuberculate ectomycorrhiza of Eucalyptus pilularis. New Phytologist 114: 633–640. Dell B, Malajczuk N, Grove TS, Thomson G, 1990b. Ectomycorrhiza formation in Eucalyptus. IV. Ectomycorrhizas in the sporocarps of the hypogeous fungi Mesophellia and Castoreum in eucalypt forests of Western Australia. New Phytologist 114: 449–456. Kope HH, Warcup JH, 1986. Synthesized ectomycorrhizal associations of some Australian herbs and shrubs. New Phytologist 104: 591–599.
D. L. Hawksworth
Malajczuk N, Dell B, Bougher NL, 1987. Ectomycorrhiza formation in Eucalyptus. III. Superficial ectomycorrhizas initiated by Hysterangium and Cortinarius species. New Phytologist 105: 421–428. May TW, Simpson JA, 1997. Fungal diversity and ecology in eucalypt ecosystems. In: Williams J, Woinarski J (eds), Eucalypt Ecology: Individuals to Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 246–277. Thoen D, Sougoufara B, Dommergues Y, 1990. In vitro mycorrhization of Casuarina and Allocasuarina species by Pisolithus isolates. Canadian Journal of Botany 68: 2537–2542. Watling R, Gill M, Gime´nez A, May TW, 1992. A new styrylpyrone-containing Cortinarius from Australia. Mycological Research 96: 743–748.
Tom W. MAYa, Christopher DUNKb, Teresa LEBELa a Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Private Bag 2000, South Yarra, Victoria 3141, Australia b Botany Department, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
Email: [email protected]
Mycological Research 2004 Impact Factor in error The ISI Journal Citation Reports for 2004 published by Thomson Scientific included errors in that for some journals all citations logged were not included in the calculations. Inclusion of the missing citations into the calculations means that the correct Impact Factor figure for Mycological Research in 2004 should be 1.286 and not 1.138 as published. The figures have not been corrected in the online published version, but will be in the ‘‘trends’’ report on the journal which will appear with the 2005 figures when they are released in June or July 2006. I am grateful to Belal Abdin (Customer Technical Support, Thomson Scientific) for checking and discovering this error in response to my querying the 2004 figure.
Speciation and gene loss in polyploid yeasts The genomes of many yeasts are so well-known that they can provide insights into speciation processes. It has been long recognized that a whole genome duplication occurred in a shared ancestor to Candida glabratula, Saccharomyces castellii, and S. cereisiae. Scannell et al. (2006) have now traced the subsequent losses of duplicated genes, and found differences in 20 % of the 2723 ancestral loci in these three species. The different species were found to have lost different members of a duplicated gene pair, with the result that 4-7 % of single-copy genes now present in them are not orthologues. The process is presented as a ‘‘passive gene loss’’ model contributing to the emergence of new yeast species. Scannell DR, Byrne KP, Gordon JL, Wong S, Wolfe KH, 2006. Multiple rounds of speciation associated with reciprocal gene loss in polyploid yeasts. Nature 440: 341–345.
available at www.sciencedirect.com
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres
Mycological Research News1 This month Mycological Research News features: In this issue; Austral ectomycorrhizas overlooked; Mycological Research 2004 Impact Factor in error; and Speciation and gene loss in polyploid yeasts. Twelve papers are included in this issue, and concern: molecular phylogeny in soil zygomycetes; the position of Trypetheliaceae; molecular phylogeny of Acarosporaceae; relationships of coprophilous Pleosporales; a revision of Hypocrella (anamorph Aschersonia) on whiteflies; new maritime Glomus species; the re-instatement of the powdery mildew genus Queirozia; a new Gymnopilus from California; Pythium myriotylum populations on cocoyam; Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in Winnipeg; transformation of Neotyphodium lolii; and cultures of Morchella elata. The following new scientific names are introduced: Glomus drummondii, G. walkeri, Gymnopilus xerophilous, and Hypocrella rhombispora spp. nov.
In this issue Soil zygomycetes have received little attention from molecular systematists in comparison with some other groups of fungi. Now PCR-RFLP analysis shows the ITS1 and 2 regions to provide markers for studies at the population and species levels, confirms the distinctness of Mortierellales and Mucorales, but questions the circumscription of the latter and supports the polyphyly of Absidia (pp. 502–511). Within the ascomycetes, the lichen-forming Trypetheliaceae is shown to belong to Dothideomycetes and to be monophyletic with Arthopyreniaceae; the Pyrenulaceae, with which the family was previously placed belongs to Chaetothyriomycetes (pp. 512–521). An extensive molecular phylogenetic study of Acarosporaceae shows Acarospora to be polyphyletic, the A. smaragdula group to be separate, and the genus Polysporinopsis to belong to the Acarospora s. str. clade (pp. 522–527). A study of mainly coprophilous Pleosporales enables the position and status of several families to be clarified; Delitschiaceae is distinct from Sporormiaceae, and Testudinaceae from Zopfiaceae (pp. 528–537). A revision of the Hypocrella (anamorph Aschersonia) species attacking whiteflies and used in biocontrol is presented on the basis of molecular and morphological investigations, and shows nine species merit recognition, one of which is newly
described; a synoptic key for their identification is included (pp. 538–555). Two new Glomus species, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, are described from maritime sand dunes and supported by molecular data as well as their morphological characters (pp. 556–567). The powdery mildew genus Queirozia is shown not to be a synonym of Pleochaeta on the basis of molecular and critical morphological investigations, and also to have a dematiaceous anamorph, the first ever to be found in Erysiphales (pp. 568–575). A new sequestrate member of Russulaceae, Gymnopilus xerophilus, is described from California, based on ITS sequence analysis and morphological characters; a key to the species of the genus associated with oaks is included (pp. 576–583). Use of a variety of molecular and cultural approaches as well as pathogenicity testing shows that isolates of Pythium myriotylum from cocoyam are distinct from those isolated from other crops (pp. 584–594). A detailed study of the Ophiostoma novo-ulmi populations in Winnipeg using RAPD markers, vegetative compatibility tests, and surveys for viral dsRNA’s, shows them to have been remarkably uniform over a nine-year period and to be highly clonal (pp. 595–601). The ryegrass endophyte Neotyphodium lolii has been transformed and when the transformants were reinoculated into the host grass they often showed increased branching suggesting that high levels of b-glucoronidase might disturb the mutualistic interaction; alkaloid production still occurred (pp. 602–612). Factors affecting the growth of Morchella elata in culture have been studied in depth with respect to optimal substrates, optimal temperatures, and pH (pp. 613–624).
Austral ecotomycorrhizas overlooked De Roman et al. (2005) recently produced an extensive list of published descriptions of ectomycorrhizas. The authors noted that among the literature surveyed southern continents were poorly represented. Indeed, of the 1244 descriptions compiled, only two were from Australia. However, a cursory check of publications on Australian macrofungi, through the Interactive Catalogue of Australian Fungi (http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/ research_and_conservation/fungi/cat), reveals a significant number of publications where ectomycorrhizas are described.
1 Mycological Research News is compiled by David L. Hawksworth, Executive Editor Mycological Research, The Yellow House, Calle Aguila 12, Colonia La Maliciosa, Mataelpino, ES–28492 Madrid, Spain. (tel/fax: [þ34] 91 857 3640; e–mail: [email protected]), to whom suggestions for inclusion and items for consideration should be sent. Unsigned items are by the Executive Editor. 0953-7562/$ – see front matter doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.04.009
500
Many involve the eucalypts (Eucalyptus, Corymbia, and relatives), a group of more than 600 species, which are dominant forest trees over vast areas of Australia. Only five descriptions of eucalypt mycorrhizas were located by De Roman et al. (2005), three of which were from eucalypt plantations in extra-Australian localities. Among overlooked publications is the landmark paper by Chilvers (1968) in which eight distinctive types of eucalypt ectomycorrhizas are comprehensively described and depicted, including appearance under the stereomicroscope, details of rhizomorphs, and transverse and longitudinal microscopic sections of the mantle. The fungus was identified for only two of the types, but the excellent illustrations enable the fungal partner to be identified in other types, such as by Watling et al. (1992) for Cortinarius abnormis. The boreal bias is not merely a matter of geographic scope, but overlooks distinctive types of mycorrhizas, some formed by unique austral fungi. Dell et al. (1990b) investigated the ectomycorrhizal rootlets growing within the peridium of Castoreum and Mesophellia (puffball-like hypogeal Agaricales), and Dell et al. (1990a) describe and illustrate an unusual tuberculate ectomycorrhiza of Eucalyptus. Ectomycorrhizas of Australian plants are commonly reported as forming partial sheaths (with or without a Hartig net), and such ‘superficial ectomycorrhizas’ are recorded by Malajczuk et al. (1987) for the association between Eucalyptus and some species of Cortinarius and Hysterangium. Austral ectomycorrhizas have also been described that involve plant partners not otherwise recorded in the listing of De Roman et al. (2005). For example, Kope and Warcup (1986) describe ectomycorrhizas formed by Australian herbs and shrubs in the Asteraceae, Stylidiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Papilionaceae. The Casuarinaceae (Allocasuarina and Casuarina), austral-asian trees widely used in forestry, is another family for which descriptions of ectomycorrhizas are available (Thoen et al. 1990). Undoubtedly much remains to be learned of the structure of ectomycorrhizas of the thousands of Australian plant species that are likely to form ectomycorrhizas, given that generally at least 10 % of plant species are ectomycorrhizal in surveys of a range of vegetation types (May & Simpson 1997). Acacia s. str. (Mimosaceae), with more than 900 Australian species, will be of particular interest, as will the Gondwanan relict Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae). Future investigations can benefit from the considerable body of work that already exists, only a few examples of which we have cited herein. Chilvers GA, 1968. Some distinctive types of eucalypt mycorrhiza. Australian Journal of Botany 16: 49–70. De Roman M, Claveria V, de Miguel AM, 2005. A revision of the descriptions of ectomycorrhizas published since 1961. Mycological Research 109: 1063–1104. Dell B, Malajczuk N, Thomson G, 1990a. Ectomycorrhiza formation in Eucalyptus V. A tuberculate ectomycorrhiza of Eucalyptus pilularis. New Phytologist 114: 633–640. Dell B, Malajczuk N, Grove TS, Thomson G, 1990b. Ectomycorrhiza formation in Eucalyptus. IV. Ectomycorrhizas in the sporocarps of the hypogeous fungi Mesophellia and Castoreum in eucalypt forests of Western Australia. New Phytologist 114: 449–456. Kope HH, Warcup JH, 1986. Synthesized ectomycorrhizal associations of some Australian herbs and shrubs. New Phytologist 104: 591–599.
D. L. Hawksworth
Malajczuk N, Dell B, Bougher NL, 1987. Ectomycorrhiza formation in Eucalyptus. III. Superficial ectomycorrhizas initiated by Hysterangium and Cortinarius species. New Phytologist 105: 421–428. May TW, Simpson JA, 1997. Fungal diversity and ecology in eucalypt ecosystems. In: Williams J, Woinarski J (eds), Eucalypt Ecology: Individuals to Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 246–277. Thoen D, Sougoufara B, Dommergues Y, 1990. In vitro mycorrhization of Casuarina and Allocasuarina species by Pisolithus isolates. Canadian Journal of Botany 68: 2537–2542. Watling R, Gill M, Gime´nez A, May TW, 1992. A new styrylpyrone-containing Cortinarius from Australia. Mycological Research 96: 743–748.
Tom W. MAYa, Christopher DUNKb, Teresa LEBELa a Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Private Bag 2000, South Yarra, Victoria 3141, Australia b Botany Department, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
Email: [email protected]
Mycological Research 2004 Impact Factor in error The ISI Journal Citation Reports for 2004 published by Thomson Scientific included errors in that for some journals all citations logged were not included in the calculations. Inclusion of the missing citations into the calculations means that the correct Impact Factor figure for Mycological Research in 2004 should be 1.286 and not 1.138 as published. The figures have not been corrected in the online published version, but will be in the ‘‘trends’’ report on the journal which will appear with the 2005 figures when they are released in June or July 2006. I am grateful to Belal Abdin (Customer Technical Support, Thomson Scientific) for checking and discovering this error in response to my querying the 2004 figure.
Speciation and gene loss in polyploid yeasts The genomes of many yeasts are so well-known that they can provide insights into speciation processes. It has been long recognized that a whole genome duplication occurred in a shared ancestor to Candida glabratula, Saccharomyces castellii, and S. cereisiae. Scannell et al. (2006) have now traced the subsequent losses of duplicated genes, and found differences in 20 % of the 2723 ancestral loci in these three species. The different species were found to have lost different members of a duplicated gene pair, with the result that 4-7 % of single-copy genes now present in them are not orthologues. The process is presented as a ‘‘passive gene loss’’ model contributing to the emergence of new yeast species. Scannell DR, Byrne KP, Gordon JL, Wong S, Wolfe KH, 2006. Multiple rounds of speciation associated with reciprocal gene loss in polyploid yeasts. Nature 440: 341–345.