- Email: [email protected]
National environmental targets and international emission reduction Instruments
17 Energy (supplies, policy, economics.
forecasts)
Long-term competition between gas infrastructure developments in Asia: the restrictive effect on Siberian and Caspian export development
03/01562
Locatelli. C. (‘I (il. Irrrcf7r~ttir~r1ul.Jo~iri~~flrif (;/&I/ f:~rr~~i. I.v,II[,\. 2tlO1. 18. (I). YS~II’. The paper analyses the probable position of major continental infrastructures for gas trade within Asia in relation to the liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects which are foreseen as advantageous in the future for supplying energy to the Asian markets. Siberia and countries of the Caspian Basin and Central Asia are becoming steadily more reliable as potential export sources of gas supplies in Asia. However, in the light of the competition from the Middle East and Southeast Asia, institutional and geopolitical LNG poses a range of economic, restrictions on the development of continental gas pipeline projects. These projects need major investments that require an association ot however. such investors will not involve international investors; themselves in such projects without major changes to the institutions and economic structures of Russia and the Central Asian Republics.
03/01563
Market manipulation and market flaws
Pierce, R. J. The Elec~ricify Journal, 2003, 16, (I), 39946. Outside the context of fraud and collusive withholding of capacity, it may be better to discourage undesirable behaviour by structuring gas and electricity markets in ways that would stop undesirable behaviour by rendering it unprofitable.
03/01564 National environmental targets and international emission reduction Instruments Morthorst, P. E. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (I). 7S83. According to the agreed burden sharing within the European Union the overall EU emission reduction target as agreed by in the Kyoto protocol is converted into national greenhouse gas reduction-targets for each of the member states. In parallel with national emission reduction initiatives common EU policies for emission reductions are considered. Currently discussed is the introduction of a market for tradable permits for CO*-emissions to achieve emission reductions within the power industry and other energy intensive industries. In parallel with this markets for green certificates to deploy renewable energy technologies seem to be appearing in a number of countries, among these Denmark, Italy, Sweden, Belgium (Flanders), England and Australia. Although these national initiatives for a green certificate market are fairly different, they could be a starting point for establishing a common EU certificate market. But interactions between national targets for greenhouse gas emissions and these international instruments for emission reduction are not a trivial matter, especially not seen in relation to the possible contributions of these instruments in achieving national GHG-reduction targets. The paper is split into three parts all taking a liberalized power market as starting point: The first part discusses the consequences of a general deployment of renewable energy technologies, using planning initiatives or national promotion schemes (feed-in tariffs). In the second part an international green certificate market is introduced into the liberalized power market context, substituting other national promotion schemes. Finally, in the third part a combination of an international green certificate market (TGC) and an international emission-trading scheme for CO* is analysed within the liberalized international power market set-up. The main conclusion is that neither the use of national renewable support schemes nor the introduction of a TGC-market into a liberalized power market can be recommended, if these initiatives efficiently are expected to contribute in achieving the national COzreduction targets. Countries most ambitious in implementing renewable energy technologies will only partly be gaining the COz-reduction benefits themselves. The ambitious countries will support the less ambitious ones in achieving their GHG-reduction targets. Finally, in a TGC-market context the most ambitious countries to fulfil their TGCquotas will have to buy certificates from the less ambitious ones, although this only contributes to fulfilling a national target for renewable development, not in reaching their national CO*-reduction targets. However, a combination of an international tradable permits market and a green certificate market is seen to be efficient in contributing in achieving the national CO*-reduction targets if a close co-ordination of the two instruments is undertaken at least at the national level. When the green power production is increased, the tradable permits quota should be decreased correspondingly. Otherwise the expected CO*-reductions will not contribute by the full value in achieving the national targets for greenhouse gas reductions. Thus, if it is a prerequisite that renewable power contributes to achieving national GHG-reduction targets, then the combination of these two markets might be the right solution.
03/01565 Negotiation and optimality in an economic model of global climate change Gottinger, H. W. IntcmotionalJournul of Glohul Energy Issue.~. 2002, IX, (2’3.‘4). 1x1 210.
269
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2003
In this report a two-country, two-sector model was suggea~ed as a ha\l\ for the control of global climate change in which the dynamic time path of the world economy is analysed under the provision that the outcomes of a negotiation game generate the global optimal solution. 03/01566 New energy infrastructure development in the Asia-Pacific region Sinyugin, 0. A. Ir~tcrnruiorrd .lor~mrlI)/ Glohuiiky~ I.w~c~.2002.18. (I ), x4-94. The paper analyses the current status and future development ot energy infrastructure in the Asia-Pacific region, which is considered as a precondition for regional economic growth. In particular, emphasis is given to natural gas, oil, coal and electricity. The paper includes a description of opportunities for regional energy trade and cooperation, which could provide solutions to energy security and environmental prohlems in the region.
03/01567 Optimisation of merged distrtct-heatin systems - benefits of co-operation in the light of external Bty costs Gebremedhin.
A. and Carlson.
A. Applied Enrrgv. 2002. 73, (3~ 4). 223
235. Studies have shown that separate actors can benefit from co-operation around heat supply. Such co-operation, for example, might be between an industry selling waste heat to a district-heating system or two district-heating systems interconnecting their respective systems. Cooperation could also be expected to reduce the environmental impacts of the energy systems by choosing the plants with the lowest emissions. It is widely accepted that the production of heat and electricity causes damage to the environment. This damage often imposes a cost on society, but not on company responsible. In general, using a broader system perspective when analysing local energy systems results in a lower total cost, more efficient use of plants and a greater potential for producing electricity in combined heat-and-power (CHP) plants. Internalizing the externality costs in the energy system model facilitates the study of what co-operation can mean for reducing emissions. This study shows that co-operation between the two systems is on the whole cost-effective, but the benefits are greater when external costs are not included in the calculation. Considering externality costs in combination with current electricity prices would lead to a higher system cost, but the quantity of emission gases will be lower. If, on the other hand, the calculation is made taking externality costs and corresponding adjusted electricity prices (the adjustment being necessary to compensate for the additional cost due to externality costs) into consideration, the quantities of emission gases will rise because more heat-and-power will be generated hy one of the CHP plants.
03/01568 Partition of regional types on rural household enerov consumption of province-level realons In China Wang:.X. and Feng, 2. Intektional Journal qf_Globrrl Energy Issue.s, 2002, 18, (2/3/4), 266-273. In order to classify regional types of rural household energy consumption in China, this paper selects the following as the characteristic indices for regional classification: per-capita available heat consumption for cooking and heating per day (PCAHC), annual per-capita electricity consumption for livelihood, ratio of commercial energy in PCAHC, per-capita energy consumption of coal equivalent, per-capita commercial energy consumption, per-capita income and average annual temperature, etc. By using cluster analysis, this thesis divides the surveyed regions into five different types, according to the similarities of their characteristic indices made out through analysing national statistical data of rural household energy consumption; it also describes the main characteristics of each region, which provides a reference for rural energy policy-making and research on regional differences.
03lO1569 Policies influencing cleaner production: the role of prices and regulatlon Reijnders, L. Journal of Cleaner Producrion, 2003, 11, (3). 333 33X. Low prices of inputs, low costs associated with non-product outputs and poor regulatory forcing have often not been conducive to diffusion of cleaner production. However developments may be noted in the field of taxation, subsidies, liability and permits that tend to be more favourable to cleaner production. Extension thereof may favour cleaner production more in the future. Cleaner production stands to gain much by slashing subsidies and substantial ecotaxation of inputs and nonproduct outputs. Similarly the regulatory enforcement of best available technologies, liability for waste and tradable permits may help the diffusion of cleaner production.
03/01570
Risk transfer via energy-eavings insurance
Mills, E. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (3), 273-281. Among the key barriers to investment in energy efficiency are uncertainties about attaining projected energy savings and potential disputes over stipulated savings. The fields of energy management and risk management are thus intertwined. While many technical methods
forecasts)
Long-term competition between gas infrastructure developments in Asia: the restrictive effect on Siberian and Caspian export development
03/01562
Locatelli. C. (‘I (il. Irrrcf7r~ttir~r1ul.Jo~iri~~flrif (;/&I/ f:~rr~~i. I.v,II[,\. 2tlO1. 18. (I). YS~II’. The paper analyses the probable position of major continental infrastructures for gas trade within Asia in relation to the liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects which are foreseen as advantageous in the future for supplying energy to the Asian markets. Siberia and countries of the Caspian Basin and Central Asia are becoming steadily more reliable as potential export sources of gas supplies in Asia. However, in the light of the competition from the Middle East and Southeast Asia, institutional and geopolitical LNG poses a range of economic, restrictions on the development of continental gas pipeline projects. These projects need major investments that require an association ot however. such investors will not involve international investors; themselves in such projects without major changes to the institutions and economic structures of Russia and the Central Asian Republics.
03/01563
Market manipulation and market flaws
Pierce, R. J. The Elec~ricify Journal, 2003, 16, (I), 39946. Outside the context of fraud and collusive withholding of capacity, it may be better to discourage undesirable behaviour by structuring gas and electricity markets in ways that would stop undesirable behaviour by rendering it unprofitable.
03/01564 National environmental targets and international emission reduction Instruments Morthorst, P. E. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (I). 7S83. According to the agreed burden sharing within the European Union the overall EU emission reduction target as agreed by in the Kyoto protocol is converted into national greenhouse gas reduction-targets for each of the member states. In parallel with national emission reduction initiatives common EU policies for emission reductions are considered. Currently discussed is the introduction of a market for tradable permits for CO*-emissions to achieve emission reductions within the power industry and other energy intensive industries. In parallel with this markets for green certificates to deploy renewable energy technologies seem to be appearing in a number of countries, among these Denmark, Italy, Sweden, Belgium (Flanders), England and Australia. Although these national initiatives for a green certificate market are fairly different, they could be a starting point for establishing a common EU certificate market. But interactions between national targets for greenhouse gas emissions and these international instruments for emission reduction are not a trivial matter, especially not seen in relation to the possible contributions of these instruments in achieving national GHG-reduction targets. The paper is split into three parts all taking a liberalized power market as starting point: The first part discusses the consequences of a general deployment of renewable energy technologies, using planning initiatives or national promotion schemes (feed-in tariffs). In the second part an international green certificate market is introduced into the liberalized power market context, substituting other national promotion schemes. Finally, in the third part a combination of an international green certificate market (TGC) and an international emission-trading scheme for CO* is analysed within the liberalized international power market set-up. The main conclusion is that neither the use of national renewable support schemes nor the introduction of a TGC-market into a liberalized power market can be recommended, if these initiatives efficiently are expected to contribute in achieving the national COzreduction targets. Countries most ambitious in implementing renewable energy technologies will only partly be gaining the COz-reduction benefits themselves. The ambitious countries will support the less ambitious ones in achieving their GHG-reduction targets. Finally, in a TGC-market context the most ambitious countries to fulfil their TGCquotas will have to buy certificates from the less ambitious ones, although this only contributes to fulfilling a national target for renewable development, not in reaching their national CO*-reduction targets. However, a combination of an international tradable permits market and a green certificate market is seen to be efficient in contributing in achieving the national CO*-reduction targets if a close co-ordination of the two instruments is undertaken at least at the national level. When the green power production is increased, the tradable permits quota should be decreased correspondingly. Otherwise the expected CO*-reductions will not contribute by the full value in achieving the national targets for greenhouse gas reductions. Thus, if it is a prerequisite that renewable power contributes to achieving national GHG-reduction targets, then the combination of these two markets might be the right solution.
03/01565 Negotiation and optimality in an economic model of global climate change Gottinger, H. W. IntcmotionalJournul of Glohul Energy Issue.~. 2002, IX, (2’3.‘4). 1x1 210.
269
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2003
In this report a two-country, two-sector model was suggea~ed as a ha\l\ for the control of global climate change in which the dynamic time path of the world economy is analysed under the provision that the outcomes of a negotiation game generate the global optimal solution. 03/01566 New energy infrastructure development in the Asia-Pacific region Sinyugin, 0. A. Ir~tcrnruiorrd .lor~mrlI)/ Glohuiiky~ I.w~c~.2002.18. (I ), x4-94. The paper analyses the current status and future development ot energy infrastructure in the Asia-Pacific region, which is considered as a precondition for regional economic growth. In particular, emphasis is given to natural gas, oil, coal and electricity. The paper includes a description of opportunities for regional energy trade and cooperation, which could provide solutions to energy security and environmental prohlems in the region.
03/01567 Optimisation of merged distrtct-heatin systems - benefits of co-operation in the light of external Bty costs Gebremedhin.
A. and Carlson.
A. Applied Enrrgv. 2002. 73, (3~ 4). 223
235. Studies have shown that separate actors can benefit from co-operation around heat supply. Such co-operation, for example, might be between an industry selling waste heat to a district-heating system or two district-heating systems interconnecting their respective systems. Cooperation could also be expected to reduce the environmental impacts of the energy systems by choosing the plants with the lowest emissions. It is widely accepted that the production of heat and electricity causes damage to the environment. This damage often imposes a cost on society, but not on company responsible. In general, using a broader system perspective when analysing local energy systems results in a lower total cost, more efficient use of plants and a greater potential for producing electricity in combined heat-and-power (CHP) plants. Internalizing the externality costs in the energy system model facilitates the study of what co-operation can mean for reducing emissions. This study shows that co-operation between the two systems is on the whole cost-effective, but the benefits are greater when external costs are not included in the calculation. Considering externality costs in combination with current electricity prices would lead to a higher system cost, but the quantity of emission gases will be lower. If, on the other hand, the calculation is made taking externality costs and corresponding adjusted electricity prices (the adjustment being necessary to compensate for the additional cost due to externality costs) into consideration, the quantities of emission gases will rise because more heat-and-power will be generated hy one of the CHP plants.
03/01568 Partition of regional types on rural household enerov consumption of province-level realons In China Wang:.X. and Feng, 2. Intektional Journal qf_Globrrl Energy Issue.s, 2002, 18, (2/3/4), 266-273. In order to classify regional types of rural household energy consumption in China, this paper selects the following as the characteristic indices for regional classification: per-capita available heat consumption for cooking and heating per day (PCAHC), annual per-capita electricity consumption for livelihood, ratio of commercial energy in PCAHC, per-capita energy consumption of coal equivalent, per-capita commercial energy consumption, per-capita income and average annual temperature, etc. By using cluster analysis, this thesis divides the surveyed regions into five different types, according to the similarities of their characteristic indices made out through analysing national statistical data of rural household energy consumption; it also describes the main characteristics of each region, which provides a reference for rural energy policy-making and research on regional differences.
03lO1569 Policies influencing cleaner production: the role of prices and regulatlon Reijnders, L. Journal of Cleaner Producrion, 2003, 11, (3). 333 33X. Low prices of inputs, low costs associated with non-product outputs and poor regulatory forcing have often not been conducive to diffusion of cleaner production. However developments may be noted in the field of taxation, subsidies, liability and permits that tend to be more favourable to cleaner production. Extension thereof may favour cleaner production more in the future. Cleaner production stands to gain much by slashing subsidies and substantial ecotaxation of inputs and nonproduct outputs. Similarly the regulatory enforcement of best available technologies, liability for waste and tradable permits may help the diffusion of cleaner production.
03/01570
Risk transfer via energy-eavings insurance
Mills, E. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (3), 273-281. Among the key barriers to investment in energy efficiency are uncertainties about attaining projected energy savings and potential disputes over stipulated savings. The fields of energy management and risk management are thus intertwined. While many technical methods