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Neptune may have eaten a super-Earth and stolen its moon
JPL/USGS/NASA
THIS WEEK
Did Neptune devour planet to get Triton? David Shiga, Houston
NEPTUNE may have polished off a super-Earth that once roamed the outer solar system and stolen its moon to boot. The brutal deed could explain mysterious heat radiating from the icy planet and the odd orbit of its moon Triton. Neptune’s own existence was a puzzle until recently. The dusty cloud that gave birth to the planets probably thinned out further from the sun. With building material so scarce, it is hard to understand how Uranus and Neptune, the two outermost planets, managed to get so big. But what if they formed closer in? In 2005, a team of scientists proposed that the giant planets shifted positions in an early upheaval (New Scientist, 25 November 2006, p 40). In this scenario, Uranus and Neptune formed much closer to the sun and migrated outwards, possibly swapping places in the process. That would have left behind enough material just beyond their birthplace to form a planet with twice the Earth’s mass, according to calculations published in 2008 by Steven Desch of Arizona
Corruption raises doubts over ivory sales ACCUSATIONS that wildlife conservation officials and rangers in Tanzania have colluded in elephant poaching have emerged in a report to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The accusations are important because Tanzania has asked the 175 governments attending the triennial summit of CITES in Doha, Qatar, this 14 | NewScientist | 20 March 2010
State University in Tempe. Neptune’s peculiar moon Triton may once have been paired with this hypothetical superEarth, Desch and colleague Simon Porter now say. Triton is larger than Pluto, and it moves through its orbit in the opposite direction to Neptune’s rotation, suggesting that it did not form there but was captured instead. For Neptune to capture Triton, the moon would have had to slow down drastically. One way to do this is for Triton to have had a partner that carried away most of the pair’s kinetic energy after an encounter with Neptune. In 2006 researchers argued that Triton was initially paired with another object of similar size that wound up being gravitationally slung into space after the pair ventured near Neptune (New Scientist, 13 May 2006, p 8). But Triton could have slowed even more if its former partner were a heavy super-Earth. That’s because a more massive body could carry away more of the pair’s kinetic energy, Desch calculated in a study presented earlier this month at the Lunar and Planetary Science
week to allow a one-off sale of its stockpiled ivory. The ivory comes from legal sources, such as elephants dying naturally. Zambia has applied for similar permission. Most conservationists are strongly opposed, claiming the sales would encourage poaching. They say that a moratorium agreed in 1989 hasn’t worked because of two earlier “oneoff” sales of stockpiles, in 1999 and 2008. “Selling the stockpiles now, when trade is already out of hand, is ridiculous,” says Samuel Wasser of the University of Washington in Seattle. Instead, they back a proposal
–Triton, a spoil of war–
Conference in Houston, Texas. “It would be a lot easier to capture Triton if it were orbiting something bigger,” he says. Neptune may have engulfed the super-Earth. Heat left over from the impact could explain why the planet radiates much more heat than its cousin Uranus, which is similar in mass and composition, Desch says. But Douglas Hamilton of the University of Maryland, College Park, one of the authors of the 2006 study proposing that Triton
had a long-lost twin, points out that smaller bodies would have been common in the early solar system, before planet migration cleared many of them away. Neptune would therefore have had many opportunities to snag Triton from one of these punier objects, rather than from a much rarer super-Earth, so that explanation may still be more likely, he says. Even so, he is not ready to rule out Desch’s idea: “It’s worth pursuing to see where it will lead.” ■
from Kenya for a fresh 20-year moratorium on all sales. The meeting will be influenced by two reports, one on Tanzania and one on Zambia, compiled and issued by the CITES secretariat just prior to the summit. Both endorse sales in their countries, provided the proceeds fund anti-poaching measures and conservation programmes. Yet the report on Tanzania raises
serious doubts about its government’s ability and will to tackle poaching. It warns that 30,000 elephants have been killed illegally since 2005 and cites “several” witnesses who said that “some antipoaching staff colluded in illegal killing of elephants and illegal trade in ivory”, which involved “higher staff of the Wildlife Department”. The panel of authors admits it has no direct evidence to support the allegations, but says it received so many that “it would be failing in its duty to CITES if it did not refer to them”. Andy Coghlan ■
“Some anti-poaching staff colluded in illegal killing of elephants and illegal trade in ivory”
THIS WEEK
Did Neptune devour planet to get Triton? David Shiga, Houston
NEPTUNE may have polished off a super-Earth that once roamed the outer solar system and stolen its moon to boot. The brutal deed could explain mysterious heat radiating from the icy planet and the odd orbit of its moon Triton. Neptune’s own existence was a puzzle until recently. The dusty cloud that gave birth to the planets probably thinned out further from the sun. With building material so scarce, it is hard to understand how Uranus and Neptune, the two outermost planets, managed to get so big. But what if they formed closer in? In 2005, a team of scientists proposed that the giant planets shifted positions in an early upheaval (New Scientist, 25 November 2006, p 40). In this scenario, Uranus and Neptune formed much closer to the sun and migrated outwards, possibly swapping places in the process. That would have left behind enough material just beyond their birthplace to form a planet with twice the Earth’s mass, according to calculations published in 2008 by Steven Desch of Arizona
Corruption raises doubts over ivory sales ACCUSATIONS that wildlife conservation officials and rangers in Tanzania have colluded in elephant poaching have emerged in a report to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The accusations are important because Tanzania has asked the 175 governments attending the triennial summit of CITES in Doha, Qatar, this 14 | NewScientist | 20 March 2010
State University in Tempe. Neptune’s peculiar moon Triton may once have been paired with this hypothetical superEarth, Desch and colleague Simon Porter now say. Triton is larger than Pluto, and it moves through its orbit in the opposite direction to Neptune’s rotation, suggesting that it did not form there but was captured instead. For Neptune to capture Triton, the moon would have had to slow down drastically. One way to do this is for Triton to have had a partner that carried away most of the pair’s kinetic energy after an encounter with Neptune. In 2006 researchers argued that Triton was initially paired with another object of similar size that wound up being gravitationally slung into space after the pair ventured near Neptune (New Scientist, 13 May 2006, p 8). But Triton could have slowed even more if its former partner were a heavy super-Earth. That’s because a more massive body could carry away more of the pair’s kinetic energy, Desch calculated in a study presented earlier this month at the Lunar and Planetary Science
week to allow a one-off sale of its stockpiled ivory. The ivory comes from legal sources, such as elephants dying naturally. Zambia has applied for similar permission. Most conservationists are strongly opposed, claiming the sales would encourage poaching. They say that a moratorium agreed in 1989 hasn’t worked because of two earlier “oneoff” sales of stockpiles, in 1999 and 2008. “Selling the stockpiles now, when trade is already out of hand, is ridiculous,” says Samuel Wasser of the University of Washington in Seattle. Instead, they back a proposal
–Triton, a spoil of war–
Conference in Houston, Texas. “It would be a lot easier to capture Triton if it were orbiting something bigger,” he says. Neptune may have engulfed the super-Earth. Heat left over from the impact could explain why the planet radiates much more heat than its cousin Uranus, which is similar in mass and composition, Desch says. But Douglas Hamilton of the University of Maryland, College Park, one of the authors of the 2006 study proposing that Triton
had a long-lost twin, points out that smaller bodies would have been common in the early solar system, before planet migration cleared many of them away. Neptune would therefore have had many opportunities to snag Triton from one of these punier objects, rather than from a much rarer super-Earth, so that explanation may still be more likely, he says. Even so, he is not ready to rule out Desch’s idea: “It’s worth pursuing to see where it will lead.” ■
from Kenya for a fresh 20-year moratorium on all sales. The meeting will be influenced by two reports, one on Tanzania and one on Zambia, compiled and issued by the CITES secretariat just prior to the summit. Both endorse sales in their countries, provided the proceeds fund anti-poaching measures and conservation programmes. Yet the report on Tanzania raises
serious doubts about its government’s ability and will to tackle poaching. It warns that 30,000 elephants have been killed illegally since 2005 and cites “several” witnesses who said that “some antipoaching staff colluded in illegal killing of elephants and illegal trade in ivory”, which involved “higher staff of the Wildlife Department”. The panel of authors admits it has no direct evidence to support the allegations, but says it received so many that “it would be failing in its duty to CITES if it did not refer to them”. Andy Coghlan ■
“Some anti-poaching staff colluded in illegal killing of elephants and illegal trade in ivory”