- Email: [email protected]
Neuroendocrinergic and biochemical indicators of aggressive behaviour and violence
l?6 Other topics effect; 3b and 4b (20 mg/kg) attenuated only the effect of (f)DOI in that test. It is noteworhy that 2b (I-{3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-l-piperazinyl]propyl}2,4-benzoxazin-3-(4H)-one), which has an equipotent affinity for both 5HTl* and 5-HTzA-receptors (Ki = 40 and 24 nM, respectively), displays 5-HT2- and 5-HTIA-antagonistic properties and may thus be regarded as a new compound with a potential anxiolytic and/or antidepressant activity. This work was supported by Grant KBN 4P05FOllll. References [l] Drug statns update (1977) In: Serotonin, ID resaerch alerts (ed. C. Kennett), 2, 381-388. [2] Mokrosz M. J., Mokrosz J.L., Duszyiiska et al. (1977) S-HTIA and 5HT~A receptor affinity and functional profile of some N-[3-(4-aryl-lpiperazinyl)propyl] derivatives of indolin-2(1H)-one, quinolin-2( lH)-one and isoquinolin-1(2H)-one. Pharmazie 6, 423428.
[p.6.0591
Structural changes in rat brains after electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
T. Zyss, D. Adamek, J. Mamcarz. Department of Psychiatry, Medical College qf Jagellonian University, Cracow, Poland Objective: Since the time of introducing ECT to the clinical practice, the method always raised questions regarding possibility that the current running through structures of a brain may evoke structural changes and as a result of theses evoke convulsive attacks. Pathological changes (swelling, gliosis, atrophy, necrosis) were observed most often after “mega”-schemes including series of several to several hundreds ECT treatments. Regime used nowadays including only 8-12 ECT sessions seems to be entirely safe. There are however only a few experimental works dealing with this problem. In 1992 started researches on new technique - transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in depression. The advantage of this method is that is does not seems to evoke convulsive attacks. Prolonged rapid rate TMS (rrTMS) seems to be particularly efficient in this regard. Despite thousands works describing various functional effects of TMS, there are obviously no researches on structural effects of the technique. In the case of experimental researches on animals a few works were published and their results seems to be highly ambiguous. Method: We have examined the influence of prolonged repetitive rrTMS (B = 1.4 T, t = 5.5 min, f = 30 Hz), and standard ECT (1 = 150 mA, t = 0.5 s, f = 50 Hz) on the structure of brain tissue in rats.. Both groups of animals (n = 5) received 12 stimulation sessions. After the treatment the animals were routinely processed for electron microscopy (EM) and for light microscopy (LM). For EM study samples were taken from: frontal and parietal cortex, from lenticular and caudal nucleus, from thalamus, cerebellum, medulla and corpus callosum. For LM investigation slides from rat’s brains were stained with HE, PAS, Kltiver-Barrer method for myelin and immunohistochemically method GFAP Results: In corpus callosum of the rat after ECS signs of marked edema were visible with the excess amount of extracellular space. Edematous changes like described above were seen neither in control samples nor in the brain after TMS. Typical lipofuscin aggregates were noted in some neurons from parietal cortex of brain after ECS. In control and TMS brains there was no lipofuscin. In thalamus and in cerebellum significant vacuolisation of glial cell process especially around capillaries were noted in ECS brain and, to lesser degree in brain after TMS. Ballooned cristae of mitochondria in brain after ECS were seen in different regions of the brain. Mitochondrial changes of that type were not noted in control and TMS brain. Conclusions: Morphological changes that were observed (significant after ECS and minimal after TMS) suggest that TMS is less deleterious for brain tissue as compared with ECS.
Ip.6.060(
s313
Neuroendocrhwgic and biochemical aggressive behaviour and violence
indicators
of
M. Cetin, $. Cilden, C. Baqoglu, S. Ebrinc, A. ijzcubukcuoglu, C. Evren, Y. Burkovik' ‘Department of PsychiaQ, GATA Haydarpasa Hospital, Kadikby 81327 Istanbul, Turk? The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between level of aggression and several biochemical and neuroendocrinergic parameters. In this study, level of aggression was measured by using the Retrospective Overt Aggression Scale (R-OAS), which was originally developed by Yudofsky and Silver as an Overt Aggression Scale (OAS) and then modified by Sorgi and colleagues. The study group consisted of 100 male-patients (20-32 years old), both meeting DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder and displaying marked aggression. The control group consisted of 33 nonaggressive male patients (2&26 years old), who were diagnosed as major depressive according to DSM-IV classification and scored 16 points or above from the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D). In order to collect biochemical and neuroendocrinologic data, blood, sedimentation, prolactine, testesterone, T3. T4, TSH, FSH, LH, and urine analyses were conducted for each subject. Also, to measure the 5-HIAA concentrations, 24-hour urine was collected. When the 24-hour urinary 5-HIAA concentrations of both groups were compared, it was found that mean 5-HIAA level of study group was significantly lower than that of control group (P < 0.05). R-OAS scores of the study group were negatively and significantly correlated to their urinary 5-HIAA levels, but there was no such a relationship for the control group. Data also revealed that for the study group, as the urinary 5-HIAA levels increased, the age at which the first criminal offences occurred decreased. In both groups. low urinary SHIAA concentrations were correlated, positively, to parental violence and alcohol and/or psychoactive substance use. In the study group, glycemia levels decreased as the R-OAS scores increased. Level of testesterone in study group was significantly higher than that of control group (P < 0.05). While there was a negative correlation between the R-OAS scores and their testesterone levels of the study group, there was no similar relationship for the control group. For both groups, TSH levels and ROAS scores were related. TSH levels increased as the R-OAS scores increased. In conclusion, in the study group, which has very high R-OAS scores relative to control group, decrease of serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in urine positively correlates with aggression. Also, in the study group there was a negative correlation between levels of glycemia and the ROAS scores. As glycemia levels decreased, the R-OAS scores increased. Evidence demonstrates that biological indicators of aggression have an important role in predicting aggressive behaviour. The RetrospectiveOvert Aggression Scale (R-OAS), which has not been used in Turkey prior to our research, is a valuable tool for quantifying aggression in our culture, and it may be useful. References [I] Bear, D. Neurological
Perspectives on Aggressive Behavior. The Journal of Neuropsychiahy and Clinical Neurosciences 3: 2 (I ), 557-560, Spring 199 1. [2] Brown, XL., Van Praag, H.M. The Role of Serotonm in Psychiatric Disorder. BrunneriMazel, Inc., New York, 1991. Eriksson. E. Biological Markers m Depression and Panic Disorder. Depression, Anxiety and Agression, Factors that Influence the Course, (Eds) LA. Swinkels and W. Blijleven Medidact b.v.i.0. Peppelkade 2C, Houten, Amsterdam. 39-53, 1990. [3] Eichelman, B.: Nemochemical Bases of Aggressive Behavior, Bridges Between Preclinical and Clinical Findings. Depression Anxiety and Agression, Factors that Influence the Course, (Eds) J.A. Swinkels and W Blijleven Medidact b.v.i.0. Peppelkade 2C, Houten, Amsterdam. 173.-180, 1990.
[p.6.0591
Structural changes in rat brains after electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
T. Zyss, D. Adamek, J. Mamcarz. Department of Psychiatry, Medical College qf Jagellonian University, Cracow, Poland Objective: Since the time of introducing ECT to the clinical practice, the method always raised questions regarding possibility that the current running through structures of a brain may evoke structural changes and as a result of theses evoke convulsive attacks. Pathological changes (swelling, gliosis, atrophy, necrosis) were observed most often after “mega”-schemes including series of several to several hundreds ECT treatments. Regime used nowadays including only 8-12 ECT sessions seems to be entirely safe. There are however only a few experimental works dealing with this problem. In 1992 started researches on new technique - transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in depression. The advantage of this method is that is does not seems to evoke convulsive attacks. Prolonged rapid rate TMS (rrTMS) seems to be particularly efficient in this regard. Despite thousands works describing various functional effects of TMS, there are obviously no researches on structural effects of the technique. In the case of experimental researches on animals a few works were published and their results seems to be highly ambiguous. Method: We have examined the influence of prolonged repetitive rrTMS (B = 1.4 T, t = 5.5 min, f = 30 Hz), and standard ECT (1 = 150 mA, t = 0.5 s, f = 50 Hz) on the structure of brain tissue in rats.. Both groups of animals (n = 5) received 12 stimulation sessions. After the treatment the animals were routinely processed for electron microscopy (EM) and for light microscopy (LM). For EM study samples were taken from: frontal and parietal cortex, from lenticular and caudal nucleus, from thalamus, cerebellum, medulla and corpus callosum. For LM investigation slides from rat’s brains were stained with HE, PAS, Kltiver-Barrer method for myelin and immunohistochemically method GFAP Results: In corpus callosum of the rat after ECS signs of marked edema were visible with the excess amount of extracellular space. Edematous changes like described above were seen neither in control samples nor in the brain after TMS. Typical lipofuscin aggregates were noted in some neurons from parietal cortex of brain after ECS. In control and TMS brains there was no lipofuscin. In thalamus and in cerebellum significant vacuolisation of glial cell process especially around capillaries were noted in ECS brain and, to lesser degree in brain after TMS. Ballooned cristae of mitochondria in brain after ECS were seen in different regions of the brain. Mitochondrial changes of that type were not noted in control and TMS brain. Conclusions: Morphological changes that were observed (significant after ECS and minimal after TMS) suggest that TMS is less deleterious for brain tissue as compared with ECS.
Ip.6.060(
s313
Neuroendocrhwgic and biochemical aggressive behaviour and violence
indicators
of
M. Cetin, $. Cilden, C. Baqoglu, S. Ebrinc, A. ijzcubukcuoglu, C. Evren, Y. Burkovik' ‘Department of PsychiaQ, GATA Haydarpasa Hospital, Kadikby 81327 Istanbul, Turk? The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between level of aggression and several biochemical and neuroendocrinergic parameters. In this study, level of aggression was measured by using the Retrospective Overt Aggression Scale (R-OAS), which was originally developed by Yudofsky and Silver as an Overt Aggression Scale (OAS) and then modified by Sorgi and colleagues. The study group consisted of 100 male-patients (20-32 years old), both meeting DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder and displaying marked aggression. The control group consisted of 33 nonaggressive male patients (2&26 years old), who were diagnosed as major depressive according to DSM-IV classification and scored 16 points or above from the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D). In order to collect biochemical and neuroendocrinologic data, blood, sedimentation, prolactine, testesterone, T3. T4, TSH, FSH, LH, and urine analyses were conducted for each subject. Also, to measure the 5-HIAA concentrations, 24-hour urine was collected. When the 24-hour urinary 5-HIAA concentrations of both groups were compared, it was found that mean 5-HIAA level of study group was significantly lower than that of control group (P < 0.05). R-OAS scores of the study group were negatively and significantly correlated to their urinary 5-HIAA levels, but there was no such a relationship for the control group. Data also revealed that for the study group, as the urinary 5-HIAA levels increased, the age at which the first criminal offences occurred decreased. In both groups. low urinary SHIAA concentrations were correlated, positively, to parental violence and alcohol and/or psychoactive substance use. In the study group, glycemia levels decreased as the R-OAS scores increased. Level of testesterone in study group was significantly higher than that of control group (P < 0.05). While there was a negative correlation between the R-OAS scores and their testesterone levels of the study group, there was no similar relationship for the control group. For both groups, TSH levels and ROAS scores were related. TSH levels increased as the R-OAS scores increased. In conclusion, in the study group, which has very high R-OAS scores relative to control group, decrease of serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in urine positively correlates with aggression. Also, in the study group there was a negative correlation between levels of glycemia and the ROAS scores. As glycemia levels decreased, the R-OAS scores increased. Evidence demonstrates that biological indicators of aggression have an important role in predicting aggressive behaviour. The RetrospectiveOvert Aggression Scale (R-OAS), which has not been used in Turkey prior to our research, is a valuable tool for quantifying aggression in our culture, and it may be useful. References [I] Bear, D. Neurological
Perspectives on Aggressive Behavior. The Journal of Neuropsychiahy and Clinical Neurosciences 3: 2 (I ), 557-560, Spring 199 1. [2] Brown, XL., Van Praag, H.M. The Role of Serotonm in Psychiatric Disorder. BrunneriMazel, Inc., New York, 1991. Eriksson. E. Biological Markers m Depression and Panic Disorder. Depression, Anxiety and Agression, Factors that Influence the Course, (Eds) LA. Swinkels and W. Blijleven Medidact b.v.i.0. Peppelkade 2C, Houten, Amsterdam. 39-53, 1990. [3] Eichelman, B.: Nemochemical Bases of Aggressive Behavior, Bridges Between Preclinical and Clinical Findings. Depression Anxiety and Agression, Factors that Influence the Course, (Eds) J.A. Swinkels and W Blijleven Medidact b.v.i.0. Peppelkade 2C, Houten, Amsterdam. 173.-180, 1990.