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New members of The Franklin Institute elected, Jan. 1 to Nov. 30, 1942
84
N E W MEMBERS. President (to serve one year). Charles S. Redding Vice-Presidents (to serve one year). Walton Forstall W. C h a t t i n WetherilI Samuel S. Fels Richard W. Lloyd Richard T . Nalle
[J. V. I.
Members of the Board of Managers (to serve three years). Irenee duPont W. H . Fulweiler N a t h a n Hayward Horace P. Liversidge Malcolm Lloyd, Jr. Marshall S. Morgan Edward Warwick l). Robert Yarnall
Treasurer (1"o serve one year). M. M. Price
(to serve two years). H i r a m S. Lukens (to serve one year). James H. Robins
The Chairman then called for nominations from the floor. There being no other names submitted, upon motion, duly seconded, the nominations were declared closed. Mr. Redding then introduced Dr. Alexander Silverman, Professor of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, as the speaker of the evening. Dr. Silverman spoke on "Glass and the W a r , " explaining what could be told of the part of glass in the war today. He pointed out the use of various types: plate glass, optical glass, fiber glass, t u b i n g and special illuminating units, emphasizing the benefits which have been derived through the perfection of special types. The lecture was illustrated with specimens, motion pictures and lantern slides. The meeting was dismissed with a rising vote of thanks to the lecturer for a very interesting evening.
NEW
M E M B E R S OF THE F R A N K L I N I N S T I T U T E E L E C T E D , J A N . 1 TO N O V . 30, 1 9 4 2 . ACTIVE LIFE MEMBER. Holstein DeHaven Fox, Jr. SUSTAINING MEMBERS.
I. L. Couch Ralph Kearney
Carl H. Lenz Hermann M a a c k Lionel P. Maggenti
E.J. Ryan William T . Walker
ACTIVE MEMBERS WITH FAMILY PRIVILEGES. E r n e s t R. Aemisegger Wayne MacV. Barker John M. B e a t t y Corliss A. Bercaw
Willis L. Bisslnger J o h a n Bjorksten Rodney T . Bonsall Claude N. Campbell
F r a n k C. Coe Frederick Cooper Harold J. Cowell Leo J. Dawson
Jan., I943.1 Joseph P. Dunn Charles H . Evoy, Jr. J. Russell Fawley A. L. Fitzpatrick Davidson R. Flemiug William F r a n z E. H . Grafton Russell B. Graves Albert J. Grosser John Hamilton Milton I. Hartman William F. Hawk WalterWoodward Hawsey M. G. Herbach John B. Janney Henry J. Kaltenthaler Louis Kasper H a r r y Keller James V. Kelsall B u r n s Lafferty Russell Lake W. Pahner Lanagau
NEW
~.IEMBERS.
David S. Levitan Christian J. Ludwig Charles Matthias John McElgin F. P. McNinch John S. McQuade Marvin C, Moffett Roland S. Morris Lester Myers H a r r y Lloyd Nelson F. Price Norris, Jr. George F. Pettinos, Jr. Mrs. Bess K. Potter Stanley Pozelewski Mrs. Howard C. Pruyn Alexander L. Pugh, Jr. Joseph Richter Isaac B. Ritter Victor I. Roystuart Mrs. Julia Sammartino Jose I. Saraiva Albert E. Scheinert
85 T . W. Schmidt Walter Schoeni William Schwarze, Jr. Albert B. Seither, Jr. Samuel Shapiro Herman A. Shelanski Wilbur W. Stranahan John L. Stringer George E. Swift Thomas T . Taylor M. L. Thompson John Trautinger, .ItMorton Tucker John L. Vanderherchen John Watt J. William Wetter Sydney K. Wilson, Sr. Howard A. Wolf S. F. Wollmar Charles H. Wurster
ACTIVE MEMBERS.
ttarry Abel R. Bruce B a k e r F r a n k B. Baldwin R. C. Acton, Jr. James R. Adams William H. Balls Barrie A. Barker Mrs. M. C. A d a m s Dwight H . Barnes Hugh John Agnew Walter Ainsworth L. Kingsley Barnes William G. Allan, R . P . E . N a a m a n F. Barr Chauncey D. Allen Thurston W. Barrett George N. Anderman William L. Battersby William V. Bault Ronald A. Anderson Charles F. Andrews, J r . William C. Bechler, Jr. Max Argent Harold C. Beck Lewis Beech John W. Armstrong, J r . Alma H. Arnold Henry L. Beidler Earle H. Ash Robert J. Bennett Samuel A. Benson R a l p h B. Ashenfelter Paul H . Aspen Carl B. Berger Samuel A. Ausker Charles F. Berkey Carlos B a c h a John Berman T . J. Bagley Edward Berry, Jr. Kenneth E. B a i r d John T. Berry
N. L. Beyer Harold B. Biehl C. M. Biscoe Herbert A. Bissout Rodney Black Earl C. Blaine C. Gilbert Blatchley Samuel Blumberg Jacob Blumenthal C. A. Boardman William H. Boardman, Jr. George h n l a y Bodine, 111". E. W. Boehne John P~ Boland Alfred J. Bolder J. Harvey Bonine Harry Boone W. E. Borbonus F. W. Borchers A. G. Borowsky William H. Boughter
86
NEW
MEMBERS.
L o u i s Bow, r Alfred J. Ciccantelll E . Stanley Bowers, Sr. E. L. C l a r k T h o m a s D. Bowes, M.E. E d g a r S. C l a r k W. E . Bowler Joseph S. C l a r k William P . Bowron William Russell C l a r k Roy Martin Boyd George B. Clayton Clinton R. Clement J. F r a n k Braceland E d m u n d D. B r a c k John S. C l e m e n t Joseph Bragin Everette N. Cliff Oscar B r a n c h Charles C o h e n J. G. Britton Haldwell S. Colby William Brod J a m e s W. Conklin O. C. Brodersen F r a n k B. Conlon Harlan Conly Eric C. Brodin Brad Brodsky John L . Conner George A. Brooke, Jr. L y m a n B. Cook R a y m o n d Brooks Clark Cooper F. Richard Brooks S t u a r t Cooper Magnus F. Corin A d d i s o n R. B r o w n Col. Millard D. B r o w n H a r r y E . Cod Bolton L . Corson Nelson T. Brown H a r r y R. Brownhill R. L. Cotterill M a r t i n H. Buehler, !nd Edward A. Coughlan H e n r y Coulthard L o u i s Buek, Jr. R o g e r W. Buntln N. C. Courtney William D. Burk P a l m e r M. C r a i g W. E . Burkhard Stanley S. C r a m e r S a m u e l K. Bushnell F. P. Crocker H e r b e r t Cross F r a n k J. B u t c h Harold E . Curll Richard H. Butler T h o m a s M. Butterwieh T h o m a s A. Currie, Jr. N o r m a n T . Buzby N. B. Cutler C. B. Campbell J a m e s W. Dadley William A. C a m p i o n Walter Dalton H. Gilroy D a m o n Dr. J a m e s S. C a r e y Joseph P . Carlin F. B. Danehower J a m e sC a r n e y A n t h o n y D'Angelo, Jr. John O, Davis H a r r y D. Carson H. W. Scott D e e m e r Edward J. Casey R a l p h V. De Kalb Howard H. C a s e y H. L. Casler H o w a r d S. Delany William J. DeMauriac C. O. Caulton A p o s t l e Dervos J a m e s P. Cavanaugh W a r r e n Chadwick L o u i s Deutsch Francis T. Chambers, Jr. William D e w a r H e r m a n Chasnow Amelia C. Diehl Kenneth A. Chittick Clarence W. Diem E d w a r d J. Dingley Michael Christopher
[J. F. I. Vern C. Divine Charles L. Dixon A. L. Doering A. L. Dold T h o m a s J. Donovan Charles Dorn H e n r y C. Dorzenbach R. G. Dougherty John O. Dower Stanley G. Downs A. R. Downward T h o m a s H. Downward George A. D o y l e H e n r y A. D r y a r C. W. Drumheller J. V. B. Duet B. R. Dungan William D u n n i n g t o n Richard L . Durst J. W i l s o n Eagleson R o b e r t Ebenbach Hugh H. Eby Clarence L. E d e r e r R o b e r t W. Edler N o r m a n C. Einwechter J. E . Eiselein William M. E l k i n s John T. E l l i s W. P . E l l i s Charles Engelfried H a r r y Epstein R. H. Erny George Esherick, Jr. Benjamin Eshleman H e r b e r t E s t t ada T h o m a s W. E v e r s H. A. Eysenbach, Jr. William A. Faison Harold C. F a r m e r G. W. F a r r a r Joseph R. Farrell J a m e s Linwood Fawley John T. Fegley Frederick R. Feist R a y m o n d H. F e n d e r George F. F e n n o John Fernsler Joseph T. F e w k e s
Jan., I943.1 Hugh William Field Donald I. Finch Harry A. Fink J. H . Finkbiener Carl R. Fischer S. D. Fisler Raymond S. Fitzpatrick Harold Fixel Wesley F. Flanagan Samuel V. Fletcher William A. Fogler Walter Fosbrook Alexander Foster, Jr. [.ester T . Fowler Jacob R. Fox, J r . Winters B. Fox Paul W. Frankfurter E. V. Frankhouser H e n r y Franz, J r . H a r r y J. Freedman F r a n k Frehmel Charles A. Frey Bernard Friedman M a r t i n Friedman P. E. Friend Robert Lee Frohmuth Capt. Garland F u l t o n Paul A. Fussehnan Charles J. Gaehler Louis Gansz Laurence Russell Gardner Robert C. Garfield Franklin P. Gaul Walter P. Gavit W. W. Geiser H . S. G e t t y L. M. Gilbert Frederick C. Gladeck Walter F. Glaeser Charles Goers Simon Goldberg Lester M. Goldsmith Howard W. Goodall Alexander Gordon Paul K. Gotwald A r t h u r S. Gow Charles J. G r a n t Herbert C. Graves, Jr.
N E W MEMBERS. Herbert C. Gray H . T . Greenwood, Jr. Emil Gruhler J a c o b Gruhler Charles O. Guernsey D a n Gutleben Erling H . Haabestad Eugene G. Haas George R. Habgood C. Paul Hagenlocher Lester T . Haldeman L. Earl Hall L. Earnest Hall John P. H. Hallahan H a r r y R. Halloran F r a n k O. H a m l e t John L. Hand Ellis M. Hanson, J r . James P. Harbeson, Jr. Eugene A. Hardin Benjamin T . Hare Emil H a r m a n Charles W. Harr John B. Harris, J r . Lee W. Harris Charles Hartinan Henry Reed Hatfield Randall G. H a y C. D. Hayward Leonard R. Hecker John E. Heeter George O. Hendel Fred Henke, Jr. Reuben G, Henrich James t3. Henwood William C. Hepke Albert Hepworth Conrad O. Hersam Oscar H . Hirt George S. Hoell Otto V. Hofmann C. Elbert Hoffman Charles M. Holcomb H e n r y C. Holland Wayman A. Holland F. W. Hollingsworth John P. Holt, 3rd M. H. Honickman
87 Joseph Hoover Clifford M. Hopkin David Waiter Hopkins F r a n k A. Hoppe Paul J. Hoppe H a r r y Horn Frederick C. Hornberger E. A. H o r s t H. A. S. Howarth H a r r y D. Howden Herman J. H . H n b e r Otto F. Huch George A. Huggins Raymond R. Hull E. P. Humphrey Charles W. H u n t e r S. Lewis Hnyette Paul L. Irwin Ludwig Jablonski Daniel B. Jackson Robert F. Jaegle George Jaggard Robert J. James W. T . Janney W. J. Jeffries F r a n k H. Jenning Gustav H . Johanson George R. Johnson Lewis S. Johnson Charles T . J o n e s Loren F. Jones Thomas A. Jones William T . J o n e s Richard C. J o r d a n Philip D. Joynt George Kahn Alexander A. Kaiser F r a n k I. Kalas George Kalin Roman Kaprow Melvin E. Karns Virgil Kauffman John J. Kearney H a r r y R. Keen F. R. Kelble Walter A. Keller William M. Keller Louis W. Kellman
88 Hugh Kelly John W. Kelly W. L . Kenagy D. W. Kent C. J . Kern Frederick Kershaw Joseph P. Kerrigan W. E . Kirst Howard G. K i t t A r t h u r E . Kittredge A. R. Kligman Frederick J. K n a c k William K n o r r Herbert J. Knopel William K o l b R o b e r t Krevolin Thomas Krouse Sidney Kulick H a r r y A. Kuljian C. J . Kunz A. J. La Course T h o m a s M. Lacy E d w a r d W. Lafferty Malcohn L a m o n t E l l w o o d Lanahan L e m u e l N. Lance, Jr. Jack H. Landau Joseph W. Langford W. P. Langworthy P. A. L a n u m William A. Laub G. J. Lauter Charles O. Lawson H a r r y Leach George Lear H a r r y Leese S. W. Leidich A. D. Leipper R a l p h W. E . Leiter Isaac H. Levin Joseph Levine H e r m a n Levinson H a r r y M. Levy Sidney Lichtenstein Lester E . L i g h t o n H. J. Likoff Jack Linde William C. Lindner
NEW MEMBERS. John Eo L i n g o Samuel Littlejohn George L i v i n g s t o n Grier L l o y d Nicholas P. L l o y d , Jr. Maxwell R. Loechel N. S. Logan William F. Lotz, Jr. Fred E . Loud R a y m o n d E . Lovekin B. W. MacDonald Charles W. Mack John J. MacKinney Percy G. Maddock John P. M a g e r Ludwig M a i e r Edward Mann A. H o m e r Manwaring Lee J. Markheim H a r r y J. Markley Edward J. Maroney E l m e r H. Martin F r a n k L . Martin J. Frederick M a r t i n Albert Randall Marx Richard Marx S t u a r t B. Mathews H. C. Mathis Ralph C. Matsinger, Jr. Hugh M a t s o n R. H. M a y h e w J. M. McCall Justin J. M c C a r t h y R a l p h H. McClarren H. L . McClees John F. McCIernon George W. McCormick Joseph A. McCormick R. M . McCormick R o b e r t McCreight, Jr. R. R. D. McCullough Leslie McKendrick Archibald McLean, Jr. John McLeister D. R a y m o n d M c N e a l F. L . Meade, Jr. Benjamin S. Mechling Frederick I). Mensing
[J. F. I. S. L. Mershon M a r t i n S. M e y e r W e n d e l J. M e y e r Donald Meyers Buell G. Miller H a r r y L. Miller Howard L . Miller William H. H. Miller T. E . Millership George W. Mink, Jr. Dr. L . John Minnick O t t o Mintzlaff Allen R. Mitchell, III N o r m a n Mochel R o b e r t N. Moffett Arthur L . Moisson H a r v e y J. Moll Albert D. Monheit Charles Frederic Moores F r a n k Moos Frank Morgan Edwin R. Morris William J. Morris H. Mouradian L o u i s L . Moxey, III RobertMoyer O t t o J. Mueller Andrew C. M u i r John P. Murdoch George M. M u s c h a m p Gilbert B. Mustin Harold M u t c h A. Charles M y e r s Joseph H. M y e r s Willard G. M y e r s H a r r y S. Nagin H. C. Naschke, Jr. D. Nast Casper N e a m a n d William J. Nellis F r a n k Nelson F r a n k N e l s o n , Jr. P a u l G. Nelson T . H. N e l s o n , Jr. W. B. Nelson George G. Nisbet Albert Nesbitt Theodore J. Nestopoulos
.lan., J943.] I). C. Nevins [larry Newmark John B. Nibling, Jr. lames H. Nicely (ieorge \Villiam Nichols Ezra K. Nicholson .]. T . Xinesteel .]~,hn \V. Noble Robert If. Norton Edwin C. N'IISb:Illlll \Villi;ira (;. Oaks lh~mms O'Brien A. XI. Ornst~-cn, \ I , D . l- t.. ()ir .<,nm I1el ()>1 crnct'l¢ t.. i:.. ( ) l t c l-5~land :\. Otum
{Tharles \V. Packard l:rank E. t'aige l,eon E. Pamphilon Joseph L. Parker Ralph C. Parkes II. E. Parklson (;. C. l>arr .l,,hn ('. P//rrv, Jr. .john :\. Parsons 1)avhl E. ]>ci+ttel-son Michel B. Patterson }tenrv N. Paul l)orolh\- R. |~earhnnn
Josepll S. l'ecker \Vailer A. l¢. t>ertueh ( ;ullnar PITSSOI1 Frank Peru
Tholnas l>esci Robert I'. Peterscn 11. W. IYeffer Charles \V. Pickard Clyde G. Pinnev I.ewen Pizor l+auis V. Place, Jr. Joseph E. Podgor 1:. Marvin Pollow llannibal E. Potter Harold B. Pough l)avid :\. Prentzel .\brahanl Pritzert ,\lbert .\. I'ullev voI,. 233, xo. 14o5---4
.'~l'\V
~[I':MBERS.
Charles M. Putnev J. A. Oueeney Thomas J. Quinlan A. M. Q u i n n Jackson B. Raivuel \V. B. Rapp H. P. Rassbach C. H. P,aub J. H. Read Miles H. Read James K. Redding George M. Reed Albert V. Reese Napoleon V. Roese R. S. Reeve 1f. R. P,ehrig James W. Reid, Jr. William B. Reiff Charles P. Renninger F. X. Rettenmeyer F r a n k J. l)e Rewal Warren A. Reynolds Fred Rhodes 1)avid Richardson Eugene Richardson George Atwell Richardson Max Riebenack, 3rd R. Judson Riggs Richard \V. P,igler R. G. Rincliffe I)avid P. Rind Ralph W. Ritter .lolm S. Roberts .\dair P,ogers Doug Root Benjamin Rose .\rchie Rosent hal John Rosser \Valter M. Rosskam C. A. P,ossman Claude L. l(oth David Rot henberg J o s e p h F. R u c h a l e Cecilea B. R u d o l p h Herbert Ruff Andrew Ruppel Charles E. Russell Paul J. R u t a n
,S() C l i n t o n H. Saffer Herbert C. S a m p t e r Meyer Samson Philip "F. Samuel \Varren E. Sanborn Matthew J. Seammell, St. William F. Scanlin Samuel Scatarige (;eol-ge Schafenacker ('haHes F. Schattler Olto \V. Schaum (;,.orge L. Schiel (7. E, Schley \1 ,raham Sehmerling Maurice Schmerling \Villiatn G. Sehmidt (i. F.. Nch~,ble l"rederick Charles Scholh!r t'~:trl t[. Scholl Charles A. Schranz Vrederick ( ;. Schranz Edward .\. Schuch ( ' , r l L. Schuck A. \V. Schuller [{(lwin .\. Schuller .\xel Schulze ( ;Hstav Schlmlacl-:cl-, Jr. ('hris Schurr tlarrx Sehwarz lI. R. Scolt Theodore N. Seaman IGIward E. Sedgley l~avmond C. Seeburger, .Ir. Walter Seiler \V. B. Sewell Samuel M. Shallcross l{;ty G. Shankwefler J (mathan Sharp l);tvid T . Shaw K,mneth Shaw l-~.bert F. Shaw (;eorge B. Shearer I';. L. Shoemaker Frederick Sier, Jr. S a m u e l Slider J u l i a n S. S i m s o h n 1) o l p h Simons \Vendell F. Simmons
90
N E W MEMBERS.
H e n r y A. Simpson W. H. Sink William M. Smelo Clarence W. S m i t h Edward D. Smith, Sr. Frederick E. Smith George D. Smith H. J. Smith J. Hywood S m i t h Norman L. Smith Norman L. Smith, Jr. Richard H . S m i t h Samuel C. S m i t h Valentine G. S m i t h Wilbur F. S m i t h W. E. Soden C. A. Spalding F r a n k M. Speakman Charles W. Spear Woldemar Specht Charles H . Speckman Charles W. Speidel W. Howard Stagg C. J. Stahl G. A. Stahl Harold B. Staley H. D. Steel Carleton K. Steins Constantine S. Stephano Stephen Stephano A r t h u r H. S t e r n John Stern N. Harper Steward Douglas Stewart Hugh T . Stewart Thomas C. Stewart E. G. Stoler Gilbert Stone William E . Storck John F. Straitz ACTIVE
Bruce A. Stulginskis George W. Supplee E. K. Sweeney Harold E. Sweeney O. E. Szekely H . D. Tallman John S. Tawresey B. W. Taylor George C. Taylor Charles R. Thomas, Jr. George Y. Thomson William M. Thomson George H. Thornton H e n r y H . Tomlinson William T . Tompkins Merrill A. Trainer William C. Treston Leonard A. Tucker S. Edna Twemner W. S. Tyler, J r . Theodore C. Ulmer Peter Valb William Valaitis Harold C. Vance Charles H . Van Fleet Charles R. Van Horn J. M. van Nieukerken Ilvan L. Vansant Herbert Doane Van Sciver, II F r a n k C. Vogan C. A. Voltz Frederick Von Nieda John Waldner William J. Walker C. A. Warburton Edward H . Warner Lee P. Warner, Jr. J. Henry Warren William Waterman
N6N-RESIDENT MEMBER
[J. F. I. Michael Watter Benjamin W. Webb F r a n k Weber, J r . Robert W e b e r Albert Wegmann Eugene W. \Veiller A. S. Weiss F r a n k J. Werner F r a n k J. Werner, Jr. Charles W. Werst A. C. Wertsner Frederick J. Weston C. H. Wheeler, Jr. Harvey W. Wheeler E. J. Wick H a r r y Wickland Norman S. Wiggins Rose H. Wile F. W. Wilkening Charles N. Wilkins Charles J. Williams John F. Williamson Bernard Wihnsen Allen R. Wilson F. J. Wilson Gabriel J. Wilson George Wilson, M.D. John L. Wilson Lewis E. Wingert Joseph F. Winkler Roy H. Wisdom Horace V. Witherington N a t h a n H. Wolf A. C. Wood A. M. Woodfield Reba D. Woodington George H. Woodroffe John A. Yohn Panl Zens F r a n k Zenstein Joseph Zimmerman
WITH FAMILY PRIVILEGES.
Henri F. Dalpayrat
Jan., 1943.1
LIBRARY ,"N*OTES. ACTIVE NON-RESIDENT
William L. Allen Carl Beckman Edgar Bell Israel Berenstein Michael Briefer George H. Brown Norman O. Cappel Frederick L. Creager Leon M. DeKanski Magdalena G. DePortuon(to Harcourt C. ][)rake Bernard A. Fiekers Paul Fischer James J. Fleming Robert B. Flint Robert Z. Gondos
D[
MEMBERS.
Eric T . Gross E. R. Hall, Jr. Jesse Huff H. H. K a r r e r Paul W. Kiefer Paul E. Klopsteg H. Koenig F r a n k W. Lane M a r v i n Lane Walter S. Lapp R. M. Lewis Rev. Joseph Lynch, S.J. Clarence Moll R a l p h Lewis Moran A r t h u r Alexander Passman F. A. Pease
( ;¢~orge Peirce l.awrence T . Phelan Harriet E. P,aymond Edward Ritter A. E. Schuh .Mrs. Fred A. Shirland 14. L. Snyder Earle M. Sommerficht Louisa S. Spruance Nicholas Stephanoff J. E. Tyler Frederick F. Uehling Reginakl H. Waters I ~aniel R. Weedon, Jr. Charles H. Whalen [.,.ster R. Widdicombe
NECROLOGY. Honorary Member.
Sir William Henry Bragg Active Life Members.
Horace E. Moore J. Willison Smith
Mrs. Max Levv Charles B. Nolte William M. Scott John H. Smaltz Daniel Willard Mrs. Minturn T . Wright
Associate Life Members.
Lynford Biddle Mr. & Mrs. Samnel B. Brown Benjamin Foster Thomas J. Hare Mrs. Isaac W. Jeanes l.ivingston E. J o n e s
Sustaining Members.
S. Forry I,aucks Joseph Wayne, Jr. Active Members.
William W. Canbv Rollin L. Charles
LIBRARY
('larence E. Cornelius Charles L. Dexter J,~hn W. I)rayton Clarence A. Hall William S. M u r r a y A r t h u r H, Thomas John A. Vogleson Sanmel I). Warriner William S. Yerger Active Non-Resident Members.
Frederick H. G e t m a n l)r. tt. Clyde Snook \\'. l~. \Voodar(1
NOTES.
The Committee on Library desires to add to the collections any technical works that members would wish to contribute. Contributions will be gratefully acknowledged and placed in the library. Duplicates received will be transferred to other libraries as gifts of the donor. Photostat Service. Photostat prints of any material in the collections can be supplied on request. Orders received in the morning are filled the same day. The average cost for a print 9 X x4 inches is thirty-five cents. The library and reading room are open on Mondays, Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturdays from nine o'clock A.M. u n t i l five o'clock p.xL, \Vednesdays and Thursdays from two until ten o'clock P.M.
N E W MEMBERS. President (to serve one year). Charles S. Redding Vice-Presidents (to serve one year). Walton Forstall W. C h a t t i n WetherilI Samuel S. Fels Richard W. Lloyd Richard T . Nalle
[J. V. I.
Members of the Board of Managers (to serve three years). Irenee duPont W. H . Fulweiler N a t h a n Hayward Horace P. Liversidge Malcolm Lloyd, Jr. Marshall S. Morgan Edward Warwick l). Robert Yarnall
Treasurer (1"o serve one year). M. M. Price
(to serve two years). H i r a m S. Lukens (to serve one year). James H. Robins
The Chairman then called for nominations from the floor. There being no other names submitted, upon motion, duly seconded, the nominations were declared closed. Mr. Redding then introduced Dr. Alexander Silverman, Professor of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, as the speaker of the evening. Dr. Silverman spoke on "Glass and the W a r , " explaining what could be told of the part of glass in the war today. He pointed out the use of various types: plate glass, optical glass, fiber glass, t u b i n g and special illuminating units, emphasizing the benefits which have been derived through the perfection of special types. The lecture was illustrated with specimens, motion pictures and lantern slides. The meeting was dismissed with a rising vote of thanks to the lecturer for a very interesting evening.
NEW
M E M B E R S OF THE F R A N K L I N I N S T I T U T E E L E C T E D , J A N . 1 TO N O V . 30, 1 9 4 2 . ACTIVE LIFE MEMBER. Holstein DeHaven Fox, Jr. SUSTAINING MEMBERS.
I. L. Couch Ralph Kearney
Carl H. Lenz Hermann M a a c k Lionel P. Maggenti
E.J. Ryan William T . Walker
ACTIVE MEMBERS WITH FAMILY PRIVILEGES. E r n e s t R. Aemisegger Wayne MacV. Barker John M. B e a t t y Corliss A. Bercaw
Willis L. Bisslnger J o h a n Bjorksten Rodney T . Bonsall Claude N. Campbell
F r a n k C. Coe Frederick Cooper Harold J. Cowell Leo J. Dawson
Jan., I943.1 Joseph P. Dunn Charles H . Evoy, Jr. J. Russell Fawley A. L. Fitzpatrick Davidson R. Flemiug William F r a n z E. H . Grafton Russell B. Graves Albert J. Grosser John Hamilton Milton I. Hartman William F. Hawk WalterWoodward Hawsey M. G. Herbach John B. Janney Henry J. Kaltenthaler Louis Kasper H a r r y Keller James V. Kelsall B u r n s Lafferty Russell Lake W. Pahner Lanagau
NEW
~.IEMBERS.
David S. Levitan Christian J. Ludwig Charles Matthias John McElgin F. P. McNinch John S. McQuade Marvin C, Moffett Roland S. Morris Lester Myers H a r r y Lloyd Nelson F. Price Norris, Jr. George F. Pettinos, Jr. Mrs. Bess K. Potter Stanley Pozelewski Mrs. Howard C. Pruyn Alexander L. Pugh, Jr. Joseph Richter Isaac B. Ritter Victor I. Roystuart Mrs. Julia Sammartino Jose I. Saraiva Albert E. Scheinert
85 T . W. Schmidt Walter Schoeni William Schwarze, Jr. Albert B. Seither, Jr. Samuel Shapiro Herman A. Shelanski Wilbur W. Stranahan John L. Stringer George E. Swift Thomas T . Taylor M. L. Thompson John Trautinger, .ItMorton Tucker John L. Vanderherchen John Watt J. William Wetter Sydney K. Wilson, Sr. Howard A. Wolf S. F. Wollmar Charles H. Wurster
ACTIVE MEMBERS.
ttarry Abel R. Bruce B a k e r F r a n k B. Baldwin R. C. Acton, Jr. James R. Adams William H. Balls Barrie A. Barker Mrs. M. C. A d a m s Dwight H . Barnes Hugh John Agnew Walter Ainsworth L. Kingsley Barnes William G. Allan, R . P . E . N a a m a n F. Barr Chauncey D. Allen Thurston W. Barrett George N. Anderman William L. Battersby William V. Bault Ronald A. Anderson Charles F. Andrews, J r . William C. Bechler, Jr. Max Argent Harold C. Beck Lewis Beech John W. Armstrong, J r . Alma H. Arnold Henry L. Beidler Earle H. Ash Robert J. Bennett Samuel A. Benson R a l p h B. Ashenfelter Paul H . Aspen Carl B. Berger Samuel A. Ausker Charles F. Berkey Carlos B a c h a John Berman T . J. Bagley Edward Berry, Jr. Kenneth E. B a i r d John T. Berry
N. L. Beyer Harold B. Biehl C. M. Biscoe Herbert A. Bissout Rodney Black Earl C. Blaine C. Gilbert Blatchley Samuel Blumberg Jacob Blumenthal C. A. Boardman William H. Boardman, Jr. George h n l a y Bodine, 111". E. W. Boehne John P~ Boland Alfred J. Bolder J. Harvey Bonine Harry Boone W. E. Borbonus F. W. Borchers A. G. Borowsky William H. Boughter
86
NEW
MEMBERS.
L o u i s Bow, r Alfred J. Ciccantelll E . Stanley Bowers, Sr. E. L. C l a r k T h o m a s D. Bowes, M.E. E d g a r S. C l a r k W. E . Bowler Joseph S. C l a r k William P . Bowron William Russell C l a r k Roy Martin Boyd George B. Clayton Clinton R. Clement J. F r a n k Braceland E d m u n d D. B r a c k John S. C l e m e n t Joseph Bragin Everette N. Cliff Oscar B r a n c h Charles C o h e n J. G. Britton Haldwell S. Colby William Brod J a m e s W. Conklin O. C. Brodersen F r a n k B. Conlon Harlan Conly Eric C. Brodin Brad Brodsky John L . Conner George A. Brooke, Jr. L y m a n B. Cook R a y m o n d Brooks Clark Cooper F. Richard Brooks S t u a r t Cooper Magnus F. Corin A d d i s o n R. B r o w n Col. Millard D. B r o w n H a r r y E . Cod Bolton L . Corson Nelson T. Brown H a r r y R. Brownhill R. L. Cotterill M a r t i n H. Buehler, !nd Edward A. Coughlan H e n r y Coulthard L o u i s Buek, Jr. R o g e r W. Buntln N. C. Courtney William D. Burk P a l m e r M. C r a i g W. E . Burkhard Stanley S. C r a m e r S a m u e l K. Bushnell F. P. Crocker H e r b e r t Cross F r a n k J. B u t c h Harold E . Curll Richard H. Butler T h o m a s M. Butterwieh T h o m a s A. Currie, Jr. N o r m a n T . Buzby N. B. Cutler C. B. Campbell J a m e s W. Dadley William A. C a m p i o n Walter Dalton H. Gilroy D a m o n Dr. J a m e s S. C a r e y Joseph P . Carlin F. B. Danehower J a m e sC a r n e y A n t h o n y D'Angelo, Jr. John O, Davis H a r r y D. Carson H. W. Scott D e e m e r Edward J. Casey R a l p h V. De Kalb Howard H. C a s e y H. L. Casler H o w a r d S. Delany William J. DeMauriac C. O. Caulton A p o s t l e Dervos J a m e s P. Cavanaugh W a r r e n Chadwick L o u i s Deutsch Francis T. Chambers, Jr. William D e w a r H e r m a n Chasnow Amelia C. Diehl Kenneth A. Chittick Clarence W. Diem E d w a r d J. Dingley Michael Christopher
[J. F. I. Vern C. Divine Charles L. Dixon A. L. Doering A. L. Dold T h o m a s J. Donovan Charles Dorn H e n r y C. Dorzenbach R. G. Dougherty John O. Dower Stanley G. Downs A. R. Downward T h o m a s H. Downward George A. D o y l e H e n r y A. D r y a r C. W. Drumheller J. V. B. Duet B. R. Dungan William D u n n i n g t o n Richard L . Durst J. W i l s o n Eagleson R o b e r t Ebenbach Hugh H. Eby Clarence L. E d e r e r R o b e r t W. Edler N o r m a n C. Einwechter J. E . Eiselein William M. E l k i n s John T. E l l i s W. P . E l l i s Charles Engelfried H a r r y Epstein R. H. Erny George Esherick, Jr. Benjamin Eshleman H e r b e r t E s t t ada T h o m a s W. E v e r s H. A. Eysenbach, Jr. William A. Faison Harold C. F a r m e r G. W. F a r r a r Joseph R. Farrell J a m e s Linwood Fawley John T. Fegley Frederick R. Feist R a y m o n d H. F e n d e r George F. F e n n o John Fernsler Joseph T. F e w k e s
Jan., I943.1 Hugh William Field Donald I. Finch Harry A. Fink J. H . Finkbiener Carl R. Fischer S. D. Fisler Raymond S. Fitzpatrick Harold Fixel Wesley F. Flanagan Samuel V. Fletcher William A. Fogler Walter Fosbrook Alexander Foster, Jr. [.ester T . Fowler Jacob R. Fox, J r . Winters B. Fox Paul W. Frankfurter E. V. Frankhouser H e n r y Franz, J r . H a r r y J. Freedman F r a n k Frehmel Charles A. Frey Bernard Friedman M a r t i n Friedman P. E. Friend Robert Lee Frohmuth Capt. Garland F u l t o n Paul A. Fussehnan Charles J. Gaehler Louis Gansz Laurence Russell Gardner Robert C. Garfield Franklin P. Gaul Walter P. Gavit W. W. Geiser H . S. G e t t y L. M. Gilbert Frederick C. Gladeck Walter F. Glaeser Charles Goers Simon Goldberg Lester M. Goldsmith Howard W. Goodall Alexander Gordon Paul K. Gotwald A r t h u r S. Gow Charles J. G r a n t Herbert C. Graves, Jr.
N E W MEMBERS. Herbert C. Gray H . T . Greenwood, Jr. Emil Gruhler J a c o b Gruhler Charles O. Guernsey D a n Gutleben Erling H . Haabestad Eugene G. Haas George R. Habgood C. Paul Hagenlocher Lester T . Haldeman L. Earl Hall L. Earnest Hall John P. H. Hallahan H a r r y R. Halloran F r a n k O. H a m l e t John L. Hand Ellis M. Hanson, J r . James P. Harbeson, Jr. Eugene A. Hardin Benjamin T . Hare Emil H a r m a n Charles W. Harr John B. Harris, J r . Lee W. Harris Charles Hartinan Henry Reed Hatfield Randall G. H a y C. D. Hayward Leonard R. Hecker John E. Heeter George O. Hendel Fred Henke, Jr. Reuben G, Henrich James t3. Henwood William C. Hepke Albert Hepworth Conrad O. Hersam Oscar H . Hirt George S. Hoell Otto V. Hofmann C. Elbert Hoffman Charles M. Holcomb H e n r y C. Holland Wayman A. Holland F. W. Hollingsworth John P. Holt, 3rd M. H. Honickman
87 Joseph Hoover Clifford M. Hopkin David Waiter Hopkins F r a n k A. Hoppe Paul J. Hoppe H a r r y Horn Frederick C. Hornberger E. A. H o r s t H. A. S. Howarth H a r r y D. Howden Herman J. H . H n b e r Otto F. Huch George A. Huggins Raymond R. Hull E. P. Humphrey Charles W. H u n t e r S. Lewis Hnyette Paul L. Irwin Ludwig Jablonski Daniel B. Jackson Robert F. Jaegle George Jaggard Robert J. James W. T . Janney W. J. Jeffries F r a n k H. Jenning Gustav H . Johanson George R. Johnson Lewis S. Johnson Charles T . J o n e s Loren F. Jones Thomas A. Jones William T . J o n e s Richard C. J o r d a n Philip D. Joynt George Kahn Alexander A. Kaiser F r a n k I. Kalas George Kalin Roman Kaprow Melvin E. Karns Virgil Kauffman John J. Kearney H a r r y R. Keen F. R. Kelble Walter A. Keller William M. Keller Louis W. Kellman
88 Hugh Kelly John W. Kelly W. L . Kenagy D. W. Kent C. J . Kern Frederick Kershaw Joseph P. Kerrigan W. E . Kirst Howard G. K i t t A r t h u r E . Kittredge A. R. Kligman Frederick J. K n a c k William K n o r r Herbert J. Knopel William K o l b R o b e r t Krevolin Thomas Krouse Sidney Kulick H a r r y A. Kuljian C. J . Kunz A. J. La Course T h o m a s M. Lacy E d w a r d W. Lafferty Malcohn L a m o n t E l l w o o d Lanahan L e m u e l N. Lance, Jr. Jack H. Landau Joseph W. Langford W. P. Langworthy P. A. L a n u m William A. Laub G. J. Lauter Charles O. Lawson H a r r y Leach George Lear H a r r y Leese S. W. Leidich A. D. Leipper R a l p h W. E . Leiter Isaac H. Levin Joseph Levine H e r m a n Levinson H a r r y M. Levy Sidney Lichtenstein Lester E . L i g h t o n H. J. Likoff Jack Linde William C. Lindner
NEW MEMBERS. John Eo L i n g o Samuel Littlejohn George L i v i n g s t o n Grier L l o y d Nicholas P. L l o y d , Jr. Maxwell R. Loechel N. S. Logan William F. Lotz, Jr. Fred E . Loud R a y m o n d E . Lovekin B. W. MacDonald Charles W. Mack John J. MacKinney Percy G. Maddock John P. M a g e r Ludwig M a i e r Edward Mann A. H o m e r Manwaring Lee J. Markheim H a r r y J. Markley Edward J. Maroney E l m e r H. Martin F r a n k L . Martin J. Frederick M a r t i n Albert Randall Marx Richard Marx S t u a r t B. Mathews H. C. Mathis Ralph C. Matsinger, Jr. Hugh M a t s o n R. H. M a y h e w J. M. McCall Justin J. M c C a r t h y R a l p h H. McClarren H. L . McClees John F. McCIernon George W. McCormick Joseph A. McCormick R. M . McCormick R o b e r t McCreight, Jr. R. R. D. McCullough Leslie McKendrick Archibald McLean, Jr. John McLeister D. R a y m o n d M c N e a l F. L . Meade, Jr. Benjamin S. Mechling Frederick I). Mensing
[J. F. I. S. L. Mershon M a r t i n S. M e y e r W e n d e l J. M e y e r Donald Meyers Buell G. Miller H a r r y L. Miller Howard L . Miller William H. H. Miller T. E . Millership George W. Mink, Jr. Dr. L . John Minnick O t t o Mintzlaff Allen R. Mitchell, III N o r m a n Mochel R o b e r t N. Moffett Arthur L . Moisson H a r v e y J. Moll Albert D. Monheit Charles Frederic Moores F r a n k Moos Frank Morgan Edwin R. Morris William J. Morris H. Mouradian L o u i s L . Moxey, III RobertMoyer O t t o J. Mueller Andrew C. M u i r John P. Murdoch George M. M u s c h a m p Gilbert B. Mustin Harold M u t c h A. Charles M y e r s Joseph H. M y e r s Willard G. M y e r s H a r r y S. Nagin H. C. Naschke, Jr. D. Nast Casper N e a m a n d William J. Nellis F r a n k Nelson F r a n k N e l s o n , Jr. P a u l G. Nelson T . H. N e l s o n , Jr. W. B. Nelson George G. Nisbet Albert Nesbitt Theodore J. Nestopoulos
.lan., J943.] I). C. Nevins [larry Newmark John B. Nibling, Jr. lames H. Nicely (ieorge \Villiam Nichols Ezra K. Nicholson .]. T . Xinesteel .]~,hn \V. Noble Robert If. Norton Edwin C. N'IISb:Illlll \Villi;ira (;. Oaks lh~mms O'Brien A. XI. Ornst~-cn, \ I , D . l- t.. ()ir .<,nm I1el ()>1 crnct'l¢ t.. i:.. ( ) l t c l-5~land :\. Otum
{Tharles \V. Packard l:rank E. t'aige l,eon E. Pamphilon Joseph L. Parker Ralph C. Parkes II. E. Parklson (;. C. l>arr .l,,hn ('. P//rrv, Jr. .john :\. Parsons 1)avhl E. ]>ci+ttel-son Michel B. Patterson }tenrv N. Paul l)orolh\- R. |~earhnnn
Josepll S. l'ecker \Vailer A. l¢. t>ertueh ( ;ullnar PITSSOI1 Frank Peru
Tholnas l>esci Robert I'. Peterscn 11. W. IYeffer Charles \V. Pickard Clyde G. Pinnev I.ewen Pizor l+auis V. Place, Jr. Joseph E. Podgor 1:. Marvin Pollow llannibal E. Potter Harold B. Pough l)avid :\. Prentzel .\brahanl Pritzert ,\lbert .\. I'ullev voI,. 233, xo. 14o5---4
.'~l'\V
~[I':MBERS.
Charles M. Putnev J. A. Oueeney Thomas J. Quinlan A. M. Q u i n n Jackson B. Raivuel \V. B. Rapp H. P. Rassbach C. H. P,aub J. H. Read Miles H. Read James K. Redding George M. Reed Albert V. Reese Napoleon V. Roese R. S. Reeve 1f. R. P,ehrig James W. Reid, Jr. William B. Reiff Charles P. Renninger F. X. Rettenmeyer F r a n k J. l)e Rewal Warren A. Reynolds Fred Rhodes 1)avid Richardson Eugene Richardson George Atwell Richardson Max Riebenack, 3rd R. Judson Riggs Richard \V. P,igler R. G. Rincliffe I)avid P. Rind Ralph W. Ritter .lolm S. Roberts .\dair P,ogers Doug Root Benjamin Rose .\rchie Rosent hal John Rosser \Valter M. Rosskam C. A. P,ossman Claude L. l(oth David Rot henberg J o s e p h F. R u c h a l e Cecilea B. R u d o l p h Herbert Ruff Andrew Ruppel Charles E. Russell Paul J. R u t a n
,S() C l i n t o n H. Saffer Herbert C. S a m p t e r Meyer Samson Philip "F. Samuel \Varren E. Sanborn Matthew J. Seammell, St. William F. Scanlin Samuel Scatarige (;eol-ge Schafenacker ('haHes F. Schattler Olto \V. Schaum (;,.orge L. Schiel (7. E, Schley \1 ,raham Sehmerling Maurice Schmerling \Villiatn G. Sehmidt (i. F.. Nch~,ble l"rederick Charles Scholh!r t'~:trl t[. Scholl Charles A. Schranz Vrederick ( ;. Schranz Edward .\. Schuch ( ' , r l L. Schuck A. \V. Schuller [{(lwin .\. Schuller .\xel Schulze ( ;Hstav Schlmlacl-:cl-, Jr. ('hris Schurr tlarrx Sehwarz lI. R. Scolt Theodore N. Seaman IGIward E. Sedgley l~avmond C. Seeburger, .Ir. Walter Seiler \V. B. Sewell Samuel M. Shallcross l{;ty G. Shankwefler J (mathan Sharp l);tvid T . Shaw K,mneth Shaw l-~.bert F. Shaw (;eorge B. Shearer I';. L. Shoemaker Frederick Sier, Jr. S a m u e l Slider J u l i a n S. S i m s o h n 1) o l p h Simons \Vendell F. Simmons
90
N E W MEMBERS.
H e n r y A. Simpson W. H. Sink William M. Smelo Clarence W. S m i t h Edward D. Smith, Sr. Frederick E. Smith George D. Smith H. J. Smith J. Hywood S m i t h Norman L. Smith Norman L. Smith, Jr. Richard H . S m i t h Samuel C. S m i t h Valentine G. S m i t h Wilbur F. S m i t h W. E. Soden C. A. Spalding F r a n k M. Speakman Charles W. Spear Woldemar Specht Charles H . Speckman Charles W. Speidel W. Howard Stagg C. J. Stahl G. A. Stahl Harold B. Staley H. D. Steel Carleton K. Steins Constantine S. Stephano Stephen Stephano A r t h u r H. S t e r n John Stern N. Harper Steward Douglas Stewart Hugh T . Stewart Thomas C. Stewart E. G. Stoler Gilbert Stone William E . Storck John F. Straitz ACTIVE
Bruce A. Stulginskis George W. Supplee E. K. Sweeney Harold E. Sweeney O. E. Szekely H . D. Tallman John S. Tawresey B. W. Taylor George C. Taylor Charles R. Thomas, Jr. George Y. Thomson William M. Thomson George H. Thornton H e n r y H . Tomlinson William T . Tompkins Merrill A. Trainer William C. Treston Leonard A. Tucker S. Edna Twemner W. S. Tyler, J r . Theodore C. Ulmer Peter Valb William Valaitis Harold C. Vance Charles H . Van Fleet Charles R. Van Horn J. M. van Nieukerken Ilvan L. Vansant Herbert Doane Van Sciver, II F r a n k C. Vogan C. A. Voltz Frederick Von Nieda John Waldner William J. Walker C. A. Warburton Edward H . Warner Lee P. Warner, Jr. J. Henry Warren William Waterman
N6N-RESIDENT MEMBER
[J. F. I. Michael Watter Benjamin W. Webb F r a n k Weber, J r . Robert W e b e r Albert Wegmann Eugene W. \Veiller A. S. Weiss F r a n k J. Werner F r a n k J. Werner, Jr. Charles W. Werst A. C. Wertsner Frederick J. Weston C. H. Wheeler, Jr. Harvey W. Wheeler E. J. Wick H a r r y Wickland Norman S. Wiggins Rose H. Wile F. W. Wilkening Charles N. Wilkins Charles J. Williams John F. Williamson Bernard Wihnsen Allen R. Wilson F. J. Wilson Gabriel J. Wilson George Wilson, M.D. John L. Wilson Lewis E. Wingert Joseph F. Winkler Roy H. Wisdom Horace V. Witherington N a t h a n H. Wolf A. C. Wood A. M. Woodfield Reba D. Woodington George H. Woodroffe John A. Yohn Panl Zens F r a n k Zenstein Joseph Zimmerman
WITH FAMILY PRIVILEGES.
Henri F. Dalpayrat
Jan., 1943.1
LIBRARY ,"N*OTES. ACTIVE NON-RESIDENT
William L. Allen Carl Beckman Edgar Bell Israel Berenstein Michael Briefer George H. Brown Norman O. Cappel Frederick L. Creager Leon M. DeKanski Magdalena G. DePortuon(to Harcourt C. ][)rake Bernard A. Fiekers Paul Fischer James J. Fleming Robert B. Flint Robert Z. Gondos
D[
MEMBERS.
Eric T . Gross E. R. Hall, Jr. Jesse Huff H. H. K a r r e r Paul W. Kiefer Paul E. Klopsteg H. Koenig F r a n k W. Lane M a r v i n Lane Walter S. Lapp R. M. Lewis Rev. Joseph Lynch, S.J. Clarence Moll R a l p h Lewis Moran A r t h u r Alexander Passman F. A. Pease
( ;¢~orge Peirce l.awrence T . Phelan Harriet E. P,aymond Edward Ritter A. E. Schuh .Mrs. Fred A. Shirland 14. L. Snyder Earle M. Sommerficht Louisa S. Spruance Nicholas Stephanoff J. E. Tyler Frederick F. Uehling Reginakl H. Waters I ~aniel R. Weedon, Jr. Charles H. Whalen [.,.ster R. Widdicombe
NECROLOGY. Honorary Member.
Sir William Henry Bragg Active Life Members.
Horace E. Moore J. Willison Smith
Mrs. Max Levv Charles B. Nolte William M. Scott John H. Smaltz Daniel Willard Mrs. Minturn T . Wright
Associate Life Members.
Lynford Biddle Mr. & Mrs. Samnel B. Brown Benjamin Foster Thomas J. Hare Mrs. Isaac W. Jeanes l.ivingston E. J o n e s
Sustaining Members.
S. Forry I,aucks Joseph Wayne, Jr. Active Members.
William W. Canbv Rollin L. Charles
LIBRARY
('larence E. Cornelius Charles L. Dexter J,~hn W. I)rayton Clarence A. Hall William S. M u r r a y A r t h u r H, Thomas John A. Vogleson Sanmel I). Warriner William S. Yerger Active Non-Resident Members.
Frederick H. G e t m a n l)r. tt. Clyde Snook \\'. l~. \Voodar(1
NOTES.
The Committee on Library desires to add to the collections any technical works that members would wish to contribute. Contributions will be gratefully acknowledged and placed in the library. Duplicates received will be transferred to other libraries as gifts of the donor. Photostat Service. Photostat prints of any material in the collections can be supplied on request. Orders received in the morning are filled the same day. The average cost for a print 9 X x4 inches is thirty-five cents. The library and reading room are open on Mondays, Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturdays from nine o'clock A.M. u n t i l five o'clock p.xL, \Vednesdays and Thursdays from two until ten o'clock P.M.