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On the strength and stiffness of planar reinforced plastic resins
theories, an increase of strength with strain rate, which depended on the failure-time characteristics of the matrix, was observed. F o r fibre orientations within 10 ° of the beam axis the failure mode was fibre fracture. At larger angles failure occurred b y brittle inter-fibre cleavage. (70/4/91)
Processing of boron fdament wound composites JUNEAU, P. W., S A F F I R E , V. N., HUG, D. P. and GOLLIDAY, D.
Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol 10, No 2, p 86 (March 1970) A process for the manufacture of a uniformly thick walled frustum which involves b o t h a multistage winding process with intermediate consolidation steps and the use of a complex winding pattern is described. The basic material is a prepregged tape of boron fibres in a mixture o f phenolic, e p o x y and polyvinyl formal resins and since the latter becomes very viscous after solvent removal the multi-stage windhag and consolidation sequence is necessary. The complex winding pattern is used to prevent the boron fibre/resin tape from riding up on the mandrel due to inequalities in the fibre path lengths. (70/4/92)
available commercially and gives in general terms their properties and areas of applications. (70/4/94)
The Engineer, Vo1230, No 5970, p 33 (June 1970) Filament wound G R P tankers could soon pay off MORSE, T.
The Engineer, Vo1231, No 5971, p 24 (July 1970) The need for a reduction in the cost of distribution of liquids b y tankers has led to increasing interest in glass reinforced plastic vessels with which it would be possible to replace some of the light alloys used at present. The initial expense of making the mandrel, however, means that standardization of tank sizes is essential and for this reason it is thought unlikely that glass reinforced plastic tanks will completely replace aluminium or stainless steel ones. In any case there are many payloads which can only be transported in tanks made of the latter materials. (70/4/95)
Pulling steel wires together for better reinforcement MORSE, T.
The Engineer, p 30 (April 1970) Physical properties of some injection moulded thermoplastics of various glass contents LOVELESS, H. S. and McWILLIAMS, D.E.
Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol 10, No 3, p 139 (May 1970) The effects of glass fibre reinforcement on injection moulded thermoplastics are described in terms of mechanical properties such as short and long term tensile strength, flexural, compressive, impact behaviour and thermal properties under flexural loading. It is shown that fibre glass reinforcement of polypropylene, styreneacrylonitrile copolymer, acetal and polyamide leads to substantial improvements in strength and stiffness although the effects of using thermoplastics as against thermosetting resins appear to be slight. (70/4/93)
Flexible plastics hose MILLER, W. G.
British Plastics, Vol 43, No 5 pp 91 - 95 (May 1970) The reinforcement of vinyl and nylon hose has resulted in a wide range of materials, with divers, admirable properties. This report describes the range of reinforced plastics hoses at present
320
COMPOSITES September 1970
Pultrusion could pull carbon fibre into shape MORSE, T.
A laminate of thin high tensile steel wires laid side by side and bonded with resin to a backing tissue is said to give higher strength to weight and modulus to weight ratios than many composites of the more fashionable fibres and resins. A likely field of application of the laminate is thought to be in that of tanks, pipes and chimneys which could be made by winding or spraying a thick layer of asbestos followed by a layer of wire sheet to give increased rigidity at relatively low cost. (70/4/96)
Filament winding must keep pace with c F development MORSE, T
The Engineer, Vo1230, No 5968, p 14 (June 1970) In this general article a warning against the development of carbon fibres in that development of the machines to fabricate them is given. It is pointed out that the handling differences between glass and carbon fibres are considerable and it is concluded that a b o d y should be formed to assess the market requirements and to formulate designs for new handling machinery. (70/4/97)
It is suggested that carbon fibre composites could be made by the pultrusion process which is used to make tubes, channels and beams from glass fibre reinforced polyester resin. Three pultrusion techniques are described and their advantage is said to be that the mechanized production of orientated carbon fibre composites would be possible. (70/4/98)
The role of coupling agents in reinforced plastics OSWITCH, S. and GOLOWNIA, R. F.
Reinforced plastics, Vol 14, No 9, p 252 (May 1970) The role of coupling agents in reinforced plastics is reviewed briefly with emphasis not only on the adhesive effects but also on the barrier to moisture formed by their use. Both the mechanistic and chemical adhesion theories of coupling agents are reviewed though it is suggested that industry still does not thoroughly understand the method by which coupling agents work. There is a useful section on the application of adhesion theories to the design of new coupling agents. (70/4/99) Fatigure resistance of carbon fibre RP OWEN, M. J. and MORRIS, S.
Modern Plastics, Vol 47, No 4, pp 158 - 173 (April 1970) Evaluation of the fatigue properties of high modulus, untreated carbon fibre epoxy and polyester composites was carried out in zero-tension axial and zero-moment flexural modes. No fatigue failures were observed below 70% to the mean static strength of the composites. The behaviour of crossplied composites is similar to those of unidirectional composites unlike the situation with glass reinforced thermosets. A reasonably exhaustive series of results is presented together with descriptions of test specimen, conditions and failure mode. (70/4/100)
On the strength and stiffness of planar reinforced plastic resins PADHWER. G. E. and BEECHER, N.
Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol 10, No 3, p 185 (May 1970) A short history of planar reinforced plastic resins is followed by a summary of the theoretical mechanics of reinforcement b y b o t h films and flakes or
ribbons. Mechanical properties of film and flake reinforced resins are reported and compared with theoretical predictions and it is concluded that flake pull out rather than flake fracture is the governing mode of failure in flake composites. The materials are concluded to be of potential value where low weight and high isotropic stiffness are required. (70[4/111)
Carbon fibres warm up the curing of large structures PETERS, D.
The Engineer, p 36 (April 1970) The potential uses of a ribbon of carbon fibres incorporated in a resin to be used as an internal resistance heater to cure the laminate or to provide heating for a tank or pipe are discussed. Suggested military applications include heated fuel tanks for fighting vehicles operating at low temperatures and heated radomes used under icing conditions, but the main advantage of such a system is thought to be the in situ curing of large and complex composites such as the superstructures of ships or submarines. (70/4/112)
Carbon fibres can spin through generator barrier PETERS, D.
The Engineer, p 40 (March 1970) Increases in the size of turbo generators has resulted in the evaluation of carbon fibre composites as a replacement for steel in the bell ends of generator rotors. Normally a relatively low alloy, hot forged and heat treated steel would be preferred b u t since this would intensify leakage fluxes at the ends of the core it is likely that carbon fibre composite end bells would be an advantage in this application. The point is made that carbon fibre composites might not only reduce the weight of ordinary electric motors but also lead to increased performance. (70/4/113)
which on heating forms a surface coating for the metal and then the coated rod is drawn where the rod diameter may be reduced by a factor of 1 000. Microplanets have been made in a variety of alloys, borides, nitrides and silicides and in mixed oxides. (70/4/114)
Water is key to new theory on resin-tofibre bonding PLUEDDEMANN, E. P.
Modern Plastics, 1Iol 47, No 3, pp 92 - 98 (March 1970) A theory of mineral f i b r e - p o l y m e r matrix interface bonding is described in terms of a dynamic equilibrium situation of making and breaking of adhesion bonds between the two phases through stress corrosion by water. This dynamic equilibrium at the surface allows relaxation of stresses thus producing a measure of interface ductility. Water resistance results from a favourable equilibrium toward bonding through polar groups in the polymer. This proposed coupling mechanism will not operate with non-hydrophilic surfaces like graphite since there can be no attack of such a surface by water. (70/4/115)
Internally lubricated RTP's for gears and bearings THEBERGE, J. E.
Modern Plastics, Vol 47, No 3, pp 104 - 121 (March 1970) Thermoplastics can be improved in terms of mechanical properties and dimensional stability by the addition of glass reinforced and in terms of wear characteristics by the addition of a modified tetrafluorethylene lubricant. A definition of the parameters affecting wear of beating materials is set out and the performance of a wide range of reinforced, internally-lubricated thermoplastic materials in terms of these parameters is tabulated. Additional data concerning the most important matrix materials is also provided. (70/4/116)
Microwire threat to major carbon fibre market PETERS, D.
Finally, RTP's are on the move WOOD, A. S.
The Engineer, Vol 230, No 5970, p 36 (June 1970)
Modern Plastics, Vol 47, No 5, pp 54 - 58 (May 1970)
Since the main market for carbon fibre is thought to be in the lower strength lower cost types it is likely that the development of microwire which has comparable properties in these areas will affect the carbon fibre market. Metallic filaments are made by encapsulation of a rod in a glass envelope
A review of the progress made with reinforced thermoplastics, including discussion of problems overcome. Marketing tactics and major growth areas are mentioned and so are some of the problems presently associated with fabrication machinery. (70/4/117)
Automatic spray-up of G RP silos
Reinforced Plastics, Vol 14, No 8 p 213 (April 1970) A spray-on process for the manufacture of glass reinforced plastic silos is described in which drum moulds 3 - 4m in length are rotated horizontally at high speed while the spray guns traverse along the cylinder axis. It is thought that this process could be used for making oil tanks and pipes and that it could cut into the market held at present by the filament windhag technique. (70/4/118)
Carbon Europe
fibre
The Engineer, (June 1970)
matting
weaves into
Vol 230, No 5967,
The first order for Carboform for a European customer has just been completed and has been made from high modulus fibre with l ' 5 t / c m 2. The potential uses of woven carbon fibre are briefly reviewed and it is mentioned that new carbon fibre specifications have been issued by Courtaulds Carbon Fibres Unit and by Fotherglll and Harvey Ltd of Lancashire. (70/4/119)
Carbon fibre vanes compressor costs
smooth
down
The Engineer, Vo1230, No 5967 (June 1970) The attractions of carbon fibre reinforced plastics for applications such as air motors, air compressors and rotary internal combustion engines are reviewed where it is thought that their use may lead to higher running speeds or lower operating costs. (70/4/120)
Rolls Royce solves problems for US
carbon
fibre
The Engineer, p 39 (May 1970) Progress that Rolls Royce have made with the carbon fibre fan blading for the RB 2 1 1 - 2 2 engines is reviewed though the engines in the first Lockheed Tristar will have fan blades in titanium which is three times as heavy. The troubles which Rolls Royce are having and are overcoming with Hyphil carbon fibre are reviewed with respect to fan blading in the light of the tremendous contribution the company is making to the field of composite design and manufacture. (70/4/121)
COMPOSITES September 1970
321
Processing of boron fdament wound composites JUNEAU, P. W., S A F F I R E , V. N., HUG, D. P. and GOLLIDAY, D.
Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol 10, No 2, p 86 (March 1970) A process for the manufacture of a uniformly thick walled frustum which involves b o t h a multistage winding process with intermediate consolidation steps and the use of a complex winding pattern is described. The basic material is a prepregged tape of boron fibres in a mixture o f phenolic, e p o x y and polyvinyl formal resins and since the latter becomes very viscous after solvent removal the multi-stage windhag and consolidation sequence is necessary. The complex winding pattern is used to prevent the boron fibre/resin tape from riding up on the mandrel due to inequalities in the fibre path lengths. (70/4/92)
available commercially and gives in general terms their properties and areas of applications. (70/4/94)
The Engineer, Vo1230, No 5970, p 33 (June 1970) Filament wound G R P tankers could soon pay off MORSE, T.
The Engineer, Vo1231, No 5971, p 24 (July 1970) The need for a reduction in the cost of distribution of liquids b y tankers has led to increasing interest in glass reinforced plastic vessels with which it would be possible to replace some of the light alloys used at present. The initial expense of making the mandrel, however, means that standardization of tank sizes is essential and for this reason it is thought unlikely that glass reinforced plastic tanks will completely replace aluminium or stainless steel ones. In any case there are many payloads which can only be transported in tanks made of the latter materials. (70/4/95)
Pulling steel wires together for better reinforcement MORSE, T.
The Engineer, p 30 (April 1970) Physical properties of some injection moulded thermoplastics of various glass contents LOVELESS, H. S. and McWILLIAMS, D.E.
Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol 10, No 3, p 139 (May 1970) The effects of glass fibre reinforcement on injection moulded thermoplastics are described in terms of mechanical properties such as short and long term tensile strength, flexural, compressive, impact behaviour and thermal properties under flexural loading. It is shown that fibre glass reinforcement of polypropylene, styreneacrylonitrile copolymer, acetal and polyamide leads to substantial improvements in strength and stiffness although the effects of using thermoplastics as against thermosetting resins appear to be slight. (70/4/93)
Flexible plastics hose MILLER, W. G.
British Plastics, Vol 43, No 5 pp 91 - 95 (May 1970) The reinforcement of vinyl and nylon hose has resulted in a wide range of materials, with divers, admirable properties. This report describes the range of reinforced plastics hoses at present
320
COMPOSITES September 1970
Pultrusion could pull carbon fibre into shape MORSE, T.
A laminate of thin high tensile steel wires laid side by side and bonded with resin to a backing tissue is said to give higher strength to weight and modulus to weight ratios than many composites of the more fashionable fibres and resins. A likely field of application of the laminate is thought to be in that of tanks, pipes and chimneys which could be made by winding or spraying a thick layer of asbestos followed by a layer of wire sheet to give increased rigidity at relatively low cost. (70/4/96)
Filament winding must keep pace with c F development MORSE, T
The Engineer, Vo1230, No 5968, p 14 (June 1970) In this general article a warning against the development of carbon fibres in that development of the machines to fabricate them is given. It is pointed out that the handling differences between glass and carbon fibres are considerable and it is concluded that a b o d y should be formed to assess the market requirements and to formulate designs for new handling machinery. (70/4/97)
It is suggested that carbon fibre composites could be made by the pultrusion process which is used to make tubes, channels and beams from glass fibre reinforced polyester resin. Three pultrusion techniques are described and their advantage is said to be that the mechanized production of orientated carbon fibre composites would be possible. (70/4/98)
The role of coupling agents in reinforced plastics OSWITCH, S. and GOLOWNIA, R. F.
Reinforced plastics, Vol 14, No 9, p 252 (May 1970) The role of coupling agents in reinforced plastics is reviewed briefly with emphasis not only on the adhesive effects but also on the barrier to moisture formed by their use. Both the mechanistic and chemical adhesion theories of coupling agents are reviewed though it is suggested that industry still does not thoroughly understand the method by which coupling agents work. There is a useful section on the application of adhesion theories to the design of new coupling agents. (70/4/99) Fatigure resistance of carbon fibre RP OWEN, M. J. and MORRIS, S.
Modern Plastics, Vol 47, No 4, pp 158 - 173 (April 1970) Evaluation of the fatigue properties of high modulus, untreated carbon fibre epoxy and polyester composites was carried out in zero-tension axial and zero-moment flexural modes. No fatigue failures were observed below 70% to the mean static strength of the composites. The behaviour of crossplied composites is similar to those of unidirectional composites unlike the situation with glass reinforced thermosets. A reasonably exhaustive series of results is presented together with descriptions of test specimen, conditions and failure mode. (70/4/100)
On the strength and stiffness of planar reinforced plastic resins PADHWER. G. E. and BEECHER, N.
Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol 10, No 3, p 185 (May 1970) A short history of planar reinforced plastic resins is followed by a summary of the theoretical mechanics of reinforcement b y b o t h films and flakes or
ribbons. Mechanical properties of film and flake reinforced resins are reported and compared with theoretical predictions and it is concluded that flake pull out rather than flake fracture is the governing mode of failure in flake composites. The materials are concluded to be of potential value where low weight and high isotropic stiffness are required. (70[4/111)
Carbon fibres warm up the curing of large structures PETERS, D.
The Engineer, p 36 (April 1970) The potential uses of a ribbon of carbon fibres incorporated in a resin to be used as an internal resistance heater to cure the laminate or to provide heating for a tank or pipe are discussed. Suggested military applications include heated fuel tanks for fighting vehicles operating at low temperatures and heated radomes used under icing conditions, but the main advantage of such a system is thought to be the in situ curing of large and complex composites such as the superstructures of ships or submarines. (70/4/112)
Carbon fibres can spin through generator barrier PETERS, D.
The Engineer, p 40 (March 1970) Increases in the size of turbo generators has resulted in the evaluation of carbon fibre composites as a replacement for steel in the bell ends of generator rotors. Normally a relatively low alloy, hot forged and heat treated steel would be preferred b u t since this would intensify leakage fluxes at the ends of the core it is likely that carbon fibre composite end bells would be an advantage in this application. The point is made that carbon fibre composites might not only reduce the weight of ordinary electric motors but also lead to increased performance. (70/4/113)
which on heating forms a surface coating for the metal and then the coated rod is drawn where the rod diameter may be reduced by a factor of 1 000. Microplanets have been made in a variety of alloys, borides, nitrides and silicides and in mixed oxides. (70/4/114)
Water is key to new theory on resin-tofibre bonding PLUEDDEMANN, E. P.
Modern Plastics, 1Iol 47, No 3, pp 92 - 98 (March 1970) A theory of mineral f i b r e - p o l y m e r matrix interface bonding is described in terms of a dynamic equilibrium situation of making and breaking of adhesion bonds between the two phases through stress corrosion by water. This dynamic equilibrium at the surface allows relaxation of stresses thus producing a measure of interface ductility. Water resistance results from a favourable equilibrium toward bonding through polar groups in the polymer. This proposed coupling mechanism will not operate with non-hydrophilic surfaces like graphite since there can be no attack of such a surface by water. (70/4/115)
Internally lubricated RTP's for gears and bearings THEBERGE, J. E.
Modern Plastics, Vol 47, No 3, pp 104 - 121 (March 1970) Thermoplastics can be improved in terms of mechanical properties and dimensional stability by the addition of glass reinforced and in terms of wear characteristics by the addition of a modified tetrafluorethylene lubricant. A definition of the parameters affecting wear of beating materials is set out and the performance of a wide range of reinforced, internally-lubricated thermoplastic materials in terms of these parameters is tabulated. Additional data concerning the most important matrix materials is also provided. (70/4/116)
Microwire threat to major carbon fibre market PETERS, D.
Finally, RTP's are on the move WOOD, A. S.
The Engineer, Vol 230, No 5970, p 36 (June 1970)
Modern Plastics, Vol 47, No 5, pp 54 - 58 (May 1970)
Since the main market for carbon fibre is thought to be in the lower strength lower cost types it is likely that the development of microwire which has comparable properties in these areas will affect the carbon fibre market. Metallic filaments are made by encapsulation of a rod in a glass envelope
A review of the progress made with reinforced thermoplastics, including discussion of problems overcome. Marketing tactics and major growth areas are mentioned and so are some of the problems presently associated with fabrication machinery. (70/4/117)
Automatic spray-up of G RP silos
Reinforced Plastics, Vol 14, No 8 p 213 (April 1970) A spray-on process for the manufacture of glass reinforced plastic silos is described in which drum moulds 3 - 4m in length are rotated horizontally at high speed while the spray guns traverse along the cylinder axis. It is thought that this process could be used for making oil tanks and pipes and that it could cut into the market held at present by the filament windhag technique. (70/4/118)
Carbon Europe
fibre
The Engineer, (June 1970)
matting
weaves into
Vol 230, No 5967,
The first order for Carboform for a European customer has just been completed and has been made from high modulus fibre with l ' 5 t / c m 2. The potential uses of woven carbon fibre are briefly reviewed and it is mentioned that new carbon fibre specifications have been issued by Courtaulds Carbon Fibres Unit and by Fotherglll and Harvey Ltd of Lancashire. (70/4/119)
Carbon fibre vanes compressor costs
smooth
down
The Engineer, Vo1230, No 5967 (June 1970) The attractions of carbon fibre reinforced plastics for applications such as air motors, air compressors and rotary internal combustion engines are reviewed where it is thought that their use may lead to higher running speeds or lower operating costs. (70/4/120)
Rolls Royce solves problems for US
carbon
fibre
The Engineer, p 39 (May 1970) Progress that Rolls Royce have made with the carbon fibre fan blading for the RB 2 1 1 - 2 2 engines is reviewed though the engines in the first Lockheed Tristar will have fan blades in titanium which is three times as heavy. The troubles which Rolls Royce are having and are overcoming with Hyphil carbon fibre are reviewed with respect to fan blading in the light of the tremendous contribution the company is making to the field of composite design and manufacture. (70/4/121)
COMPOSITES September 1970
321