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Optical inspection and monitoring of crazing in enamelled wires using light scattering
salvage and remote control of equipment. In heavy seas the mechanical loads imposed on such cables can be significant in terms of the strength of the components of the cable. Failure of the cable in such applications can be catastrophic in terms of loss of equipment and/or life. This paper will review the application of acoustic emission monitoring to rope. wire and cable, and will then report the results of experimental tests on multicore cables loaded in tension and monitored by acoustic emission techniques. 38594 Magnaflux Corporation Eddy c u r r e n t testing system including a m e m b e r of high permeability material effective to concentrate flux in a very small region of a p a r t U.S. Patent No. 4,659,900 (21 Apr. 1987) lnhomogeneities in wire can be detected using this eddy current testing system. The wire is positioned such that its location with respect to the test coil develops an output signal which varies as do the wire's characteristics. Magnetic flux is concentrated in a very small region using high permeability material. 38591 Canadian Patents and Development Limited Optical device for measuring the diameter and detecting surface defects of moving wire U.S. Patent No. 4,659,937 (21 Apr. 1987) An optical device for measuring the diameter of wires and detecting surface defects is described. An incoherent light source is mounted perpendicular to the wire which transmits across the test object to be received by a detection device on the opposite side.
Kalwa, E.; Piekarski, K. Determination of flaws located at different depth levels in the crosssection of steel rope 38535
NDT International, Vet. 21, No. 2, pp. 77-82 (Apr. 1988) Signals received from the magnetic testing of steel rope vary depending on the location of the defect in the rope's cross-section. Measurements of the radial and tangential components of the leakage flux performed with a single Hall-effect probe have shown significant variations of the distribution of these components around the rope. The Hall-effect sensor, built in such a way that it measures the average value of the tangential component, indicates stronger and narrower signals from defects positioned closer to the rope's surface. This effect can be used to determine the depth of the flaw's location, which is especially useful in the testing of locked-coil ropes.
Kalwa, E.; Piekarski, K. Design of inductive sensors for magnetic testing of steel ropes
37622 Atherton, T. Eddy c u r r e n t testing of copper wire NDT-86. Proceedings of the 21st Annual British Conference on Nondestructive Testing, Newcastle-upon-Tyne (United Kingdom), 16-18 Sep. 1986. pp. 523-532. Edited by J.M. Farley and P.D. Hanstead. Engineering Materials Advisory Services Ltd. (1987) The use of eddy currents for testing of hot concast copper rod is now an established technique for grading outgoing material and monitoring plant performance. Using the eddy current test results, together with other quality control methods, each normal production coil of copper rod can be categorized into five quality control levels (1-2-3-4-5). At the subsequent drawing stage, as the rod is drawn down from 10 mm to 3 mm diameter, eddy current testing of the now cold copper gives the opportunity to assess the wire for further drawing qualities. 37435 Siemens AG Ultrasonic wall thickness m e a s u r i n g system - has has fixed sensors and positive test object guidance or freely moving test object and linear deviation detectors to control the sensor position European Patent No. 206,296 (30 Dec. I986)
NDT Technologies, Inc., Method and apparatus for magnetically inspecting elongated objects for structural defects 37406
U.S. Patent No. 4,659,991 (21 Apr. 1987) A magnetic inspection device for nondestmctively detecting loss in metallic cross section and localized discontinuities in elongated objects, such as wire cables, rods, pipes, and the like has been developed. 37177 Faria, I.F. Jr.; Miranda, L.C.M.; Vargas, H.; Fernandes, E. Optical inspection and monitoring of crazing in enamelled wires using light scattering Journal of Physics E, Vol. 20, No, 7, pp. 891-893 (1987) A new method is proposed for the inspection and monitoring of micro- defects in enamelled wires. The method is based on the measurement of the light scattered from the wire. Its advantages over conventional optical and scanning electrun microscopy are also discussed.
38248
NDT International, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 347-353 (Dec. 1987) The design and operating principles of four inductive sensors for magnetic testing of steel ropes are presented. The magnetic concentrators can maintain the s,qm¢ shape as in Hall-effect leakage flux sensors, but the output signals oftbe inductive sensors are quite different and depend on the speed of testing. Although the inductive sensors are not as versatile &s Hall-effect sensors, they are simpler in operation and can still find applications, especially in the initial and middle stages of the deterioration of the rope. 38247 Klopfer, W. Economical non-destructive e d d y - c u r r e n t defect testing of hot steel wire in the rolling mill with computer-aided data evaluation (in German) Materialprufung, Vol. 29, No. 1 l/I 2, pp. 352-355 (Dec. 1987) Eddy-current testing of hot steel wire during production in a rolling mill permits the characteristics and properties of the product to be optimized economically. This non-destructive test method indicates the quality level which can then be adapted to achieve favorable costs. The aim is to detect the causes of flaws as early as possible with large quantities of material and with minimum possible effort and expense. The test system comprises the so-called transmitter system (the hot wire passes through a cooled coil configuration), the testing electronic equipment with control sensors and the evaluation computer which issues the results and material data.
Kalwa, E.; Piekarski, K. Design of Hall-effect sensors for magnetic testing of steel ropes 38237
NDT International, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 295-301 (Oct. 1987) The design and operating principles of four new Hall-effect sensors for magnetic testing of steel ropes are presented. The radial or tangential component of the magnetic leakage flux can be measured efficiently depending on the shape of the concentrators (rings or sleeves). The output signal can be modified by using multiple constructions of the basic sensors. Different sensors can be used depending on the predominant character of the wear of the rope. 37928 Kalwa. E.; Piekarski, K. Magnetic testing of steel ropes Fifth Pan Pacific Conference on Nondestructive Testing, Vancouver (Canada), Apr. 1987, pp. 278-292. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, AECL-9394 (Mar. 1987) The direct current (DC) methods have proved to be much superior to the previously developed ahemating current instruments. Instruments, which are presently on the market, are generally of a DC type and measure long and short range defects. However, most of them measure either short range defects with E profile inductive sensor very accurately or long range with Hall-effect sensors, it is the view of the authors that much greater accuracy and reliability may be obtained by the instrument using the specially designed Hall-effect sensors.
Fujinaka, Y.; Hanasaki, K.; Tsukada, K. Magnetic inspection of P.W,S. r o p e s 37167
l lth World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, Las Vegas, Nevada (United States), 3-8 Nov. 1985. Vol. 1, pp. 154-161. Taylor Publishing Co., Dallas (1985). A leakage magnetic flux method was used to evaluate the deterioration of Parallel Wire Strand (P.W.S.) suspension cables. A method is developed for estimating the residual strength of a corroded P.W.S. due to Io~ in the cross section area obtained by inspection records.
Bergander, M,I. Magnetic flux leakage inspection of wire rope
37155
Electromagnetic Methods of Nondestructive Testing. Edited by William Lord. Nondestructive Testing Monographs and Tracts, Vol. 3, pp. 21- 33. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers (1985). Steel wire ropes used in a wide variety of men and material handling equipment are subjected during their operation to internal and external factors, which normally result in a progressive loss of strength and service life, This loss can be attributed to several different damage mechanisms e.g. fatigue, corrosion, wear, etc. The problem of accurate and relatively fast methods for wire rope inspection becomes very important due to both safety and economical reasons. The failure to discard the old rope at the proper time may even cause its catastrophic breakage
Schanne, G.F. High t e m p e r a t u r e in eddy c u r r e n t testing of surface defects on steel
37141
wire rod d u r i n g rolling l lth World Conference on Nondestructive Testing. Las Vegas, Nevada (United States), 3-8 Nov. 1985. Vol. 1, pp. 179-185. Taylor Publishing Co., Dallas (1985). This paper de~ribes eddy current equipment for the nondestructive testing of steel wire rod during hot rolling. 37049 Casey, N.F.; HolJbrd, K.M.; Taylor, J.L. The acoustic evaluation of wire ropes immersed in w a t e r NDT International, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 173-176 (3 Jan. 1987) This note shows that wire breaks can he detected acoustically when a wire rope is immersed in water with a transducer either att-,chnd to an end eotmectiun or remote from the rope with water acting as the carrier medium. In either case little change in tran~ucer signal amplitude occurs.However, in propagating ~ water the signal duration is reduced because of the absence of shear waves. This also affects the resulting frequency spectra as frequency components below 25 kHz are greatly reduced.
37676 Tornblom. Surface test and measuring device for metal workpieces --includes eddy
37019
current transducers, mounted to oscillate in rotational direction to detect surface flaws and cracks
Electromagnetic Methods of Nondestructive Testing. Edited by William Lord. Nondestructive Testing Monographs and Tracts, Voi. 3, pp. 35- 69. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers (1985).
European Pa~ent No. 226,073 (24 Jun. 1987)
328
Poffenroth, D.N. Flaw detection in mine hoist transportation systen~
N DT & E International
December
1991
Kalwa, E.; Piekarski, K. Determination of flaws located at different depth levels in the crosssection of steel rope 38535
NDT International, Vet. 21, No. 2, pp. 77-82 (Apr. 1988) Signals received from the magnetic testing of steel rope vary depending on the location of the defect in the rope's cross-section. Measurements of the radial and tangential components of the leakage flux performed with a single Hall-effect probe have shown significant variations of the distribution of these components around the rope. The Hall-effect sensor, built in such a way that it measures the average value of the tangential component, indicates stronger and narrower signals from defects positioned closer to the rope's surface. This effect can be used to determine the depth of the flaw's location, which is especially useful in the testing of locked-coil ropes.
Kalwa, E.; Piekarski, K. Design of inductive sensors for magnetic testing of steel ropes
37622 Atherton, T. Eddy c u r r e n t testing of copper wire NDT-86. Proceedings of the 21st Annual British Conference on Nondestructive Testing, Newcastle-upon-Tyne (United Kingdom), 16-18 Sep. 1986. pp. 523-532. Edited by J.M. Farley and P.D. Hanstead. Engineering Materials Advisory Services Ltd. (1987) The use of eddy currents for testing of hot concast copper rod is now an established technique for grading outgoing material and monitoring plant performance. Using the eddy current test results, together with other quality control methods, each normal production coil of copper rod can be categorized into five quality control levels (1-2-3-4-5). At the subsequent drawing stage, as the rod is drawn down from 10 mm to 3 mm diameter, eddy current testing of the now cold copper gives the opportunity to assess the wire for further drawing qualities. 37435 Siemens AG Ultrasonic wall thickness m e a s u r i n g system - has has fixed sensors and positive test object guidance or freely moving test object and linear deviation detectors to control the sensor position European Patent No. 206,296 (30 Dec. I986)
NDT Technologies, Inc., Method and apparatus for magnetically inspecting elongated objects for structural defects 37406
U.S. Patent No. 4,659,991 (21 Apr. 1987) A magnetic inspection device for nondestmctively detecting loss in metallic cross section and localized discontinuities in elongated objects, such as wire cables, rods, pipes, and the like has been developed. 37177 Faria, I.F. Jr.; Miranda, L.C.M.; Vargas, H.; Fernandes, E. Optical inspection and monitoring of crazing in enamelled wires using light scattering Journal of Physics E, Vol. 20, No, 7, pp. 891-893 (1987) A new method is proposed for the inspection and monitoring of micro- defects in enamelled wires. The method is based on the measurement of the light scattered from the wire. Its advantages over conventional optical and scanning electrun microscopy are also discussed.
38248
NDT International, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 347-353 (Dec. 1987) The design and operating principles of four inductive sensors for magnetic testing of steel ropes are presented. The magnetic concentrators can maintain the s,qm¢ shape as in Hall-effect leakage flux sensors, but the output signals oftbe inductive sensors are quite different and depend on the speed of testing. Although the inductive sensors are not as versatile &s Hall-effect sensors, they are simpler in operation and can still find applications, especially in the initial and middle stages of the deterioration of the rope. 38247 Klopfer, W. Economical non-destructive e d d y - c u r r e n t defect testing of hot steel wire in the rolling mill with computer-aided data evaluation (in German) Materialprufung, Vol. 29, No. 1 l/I 2, pp. 352-355 (Dec. 1987) Eddy-current testing of hot steel wire during production in a rolling mill permits the characteristics and properties of the product to be optimized economically. This non-destructive test method indicates the quality level which can then be adapted to achieve favorable costs. The aim is to detect the causes of flaws as early as possible with large quantities of material and with minimum possible effort and expense. The test system comprises the so-called transmitter system (the hot wire passes through a cooled coil configuration), the testing electronic equipment with control sensors and the evaluation computer which issues the results and material data.
Kalwa, E.; Piekarski, K. Design of Hall-effect sensors for magnetic testing of steel ropes 38237
NDT International, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 295-301 (Oct. 1987) The design and operating principles of four new Hall-effect sensors for magnetic testing of steel ropes are presented. The radial or tangential component of the magnetic leakage flux can be measured efficiently depending on the shape of the concentrators (rings or sleeves). The output signal can be modified by using multiple constructions of the basic sensors. Different sensors can be used depending on the predominant character of the wear of the rope. 37928 Kalwa. E.; Piekarski, K. Magnetic testing of steel ropes Fifth Pan Pacific Conference on Nondestructive Testing, Vancouver (Canada), Apr. 1987, pp. 278-292. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, AECL-9394 (Mar. 1987) The direct current (DC) methods have proved to be much superior to the previously developed ahemating current instruments. Instruments, which are presently on the market, are generally of a DC type and measure long and short range defects. However, most of them measure either short range defects with E profile inductive sensor very accurately or long range with Hall-effect sensors, it is the view of the authors that much greater accuracy and reliability may be obtained by the instrument using the specially designed Hall-effect sensors.
Fujinaka, Y.; Hanasaki, K.; Tsukada, K. Magnetic inspection of P.W,S. r o p e s 37167
l lth World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, Las Vegas, Nevada (United States), 3-8 Nov. 1985. Vol. 1, pp. 154-161. Taylor Publishing Co., Dallas (1985). A leakage magnetic flux method was used to evaluate the deterioration of Parallel Wire Strand (P.W.S.) suspension cables. A method is developed for estimating the residual strength of a corroded P.W.S. due to Io~ in the cross section area obtained by inspection records.
Bergander, M,I. Magnetic flux leakage inspection of wire rope
37155
Electromagnetic Methods of Nondestructive Testing. Edited by William Lord. Nondestructive Testing Monographs and Tracts, Vol. 3, pp. 21- 33. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers (1985). Steel wire ropes used in a wide variety of men and material handling equipment are subjected during their operation to internal and external factors, which normally result in a progressive loss of strength and service life, This loss can be attributed to several different damage mechanisms e.g. fatigue, corrosion, wear, etc. The problem of accurate and relatively fast methods for wire rope inspection becomes very important due to both safety and economical reasons. The failure to discard the old rope at the proper time may even cause its catastrophic breakage
Schanne, G.F. High t e m p e r a t u r e in eddy c u r r e n t testing of surface defects on steel
37141
wire rod d u r i n g rolling l lth World Conference on Nondestructive Testing. Las Vegas, Nevada (United States), 3-8 Nov. 1985. Vol. 1, pp. 179-185. Taylor Publishing Co., Dallas (1985). This paper de~ribes eddy current equipment for the nondestructive testing of steel wire rod during hot rolling. 37049 Casey, N.F.; HolJbrd, K.M.; Taylor, J.L. The acoustic evaluation of wire ropes immersed in w a t e r NDT International, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 173-176 (3 Jan. 1987) This note shows that wire breaks can he detected acoustically when a wire rope is immersed in water with a transducer either att-,chnd to an end eotmectiun or remote from the rope with water acting as the carrier medium. In either case little change in tran~ucer signal amplitude occurs.However, in propagating ~ water the signal duration is reduced because of the absence of shear waves. This also affects the resulting frequency spectra as frequency components below 25 kHz are greatly reduced.
37676 Tornblom. Surface test and measuring device for metal workpieces --includes eddy
37019
current transducers, mounted to oscillate in rotational direction to detect surface flaws and cracks
Electromagnetic Methods of Nondestructive Testing. Edited by William Lord. Nondestructive Testing Monographs and Tracts, Voi. 3, pp. 35- 69. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers (1985).
European Pa~ent No. 226,073 (24 Jun. 1987)
328
Poffenroth, D.N. Flaw detection in mine hoist transportation systen~
N DT & E International
December
1991