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Organochlorinated pesticides in opossums of northern Yucatan, Mexico
S84
Abstracts / Toxicology Letters 259S (2016) S73–S247
PP2.7 Organochlorinated pesticides in opossums of northern Yucatan, Mexico ˜ 1 , J. Rendón-von Osten 2 , A.D. Cuxim-Koyoc 1 , R.M. H.A. Ruiz-Pina Flores-Serrano 3 , E.A. Reyes-Novelo 1 1 Laboratorio de Zoonosis y Otras ETV’s, CIR Dr. Hideyo Noguchi-Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico 2 Instituto EPOMEX, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico 3 Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
Introduction: In Yucatan, Mexico, there is evidence of pesticide contaminants in human population, synanthropic fauna, food items and sinkholes, however, no data of the impact on human health population are currently available. We report the preliminary results of presence of organochlorinated pesticides in opossums (Didelphis virginiana) from northern Yucatan, from a project aimed to establish the geographic distribution of organochlorinated pesticides in opossum populations. Objective: To identify and quantify organochlorinated pesticides in blood samples from opossums collected in northern Yucatan. Materials and methods: Opossums were captured from two rural localities of the north area of Yucatan: Molas (June 2015) and Komchen (December 2015). Blood samples were taken for pesticide analyses. For comparison reasons 10 blood samples per locality were analyzed. Organochlorinated pesticides were identified and quantified by GC-ECD. Results: In all opossum samples residues of organochlorinated pesticides were detected. The concentrations (Mean ± SE, ng/mL) of each family were DDT 22.67 ± 4.28 ng/mL, Endosulfan 15.87 ± 3.74 ng/mL, HCH 6.9 ± 2.5 ng/mL, Drines 9.13 ± 3.04 ng/mL and Chlordanes 15.37 ± 3.53 ng/mL. Only Endosulfan concentrations showed statistical differences (t = 1.79; p = 0.036) among opossums from Komchen (21.9 ± 4.08 ng/mL) and Molas (9.83 ± 2.73 ng/mL). Conclusions: Our preliminary findings suggest that pesticides are commonly present in rural backyards of households from Yucatan. Opossums are efficient colonizers of rural backyards in Yucatan, therefore they can easily be used as bio-monitor of contamination. Ongoing blood tests analysis of opossums from the 10 rural localities included in the project will support the role of these organisms as pesticide bio-monitors. Financial support: Project CONACYT-CIRB-2013-0007 and Instituto de Ingeniería-UNAM’s research fund for internal projects. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.205
PP2.8 Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity produced by carbamazepine in root meristem cells of Allium cepa R.M.C. Torres-Bezaury 1 , M. Galar-Martínez 1 , L.M. Gómez-Oliván 2 , H. Islas-Flores 2 , A.L. García-Medina 1 , I. Pérez-Coyotl 1 , S. García-Medina 1 1
Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico 2 Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico Introduction: Active pharmaceutical compounds are one of the emerging groups of environmental pollutants most frequently detected in surface water, groundwater and soil worldwide. Carbamazepine is an antiepileptic drug widely used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder; it is one of the most frequently detected drugs in water bodies. Allium cepa test is a plant bioassay that is now considered one of the most efficient approaches routinely used to determine the toxic effects of chemical compounds in the environment. Objective: Evaluate the possible cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of carbamazepine in root meristem cells of Allium cepa. Materials and methods: A. cepa onion bulbs, 25–30 mm diameter, without any treatment, and they are purchased from a local supermarket, were cleaned and germinated in distilled water under laboratory conditions, for 72 h. For Mitotic index (MI) and Comet Assay assays three groups of seven bulbs of A cepa were placed into water to root, where the control group remained in distilled water and the bulbs from the other two groups were treated for 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h with two environmentally relevant concentrations (1 g/L, and 1 mg/L). Results: The average values of the MI of control group were 7.432 ± 0.992. The treatment with carbamazepine decreased significantly, the MI at the higher concentration at 12 h (5.058 ± 0.639). For rest of treatment time and lowest concentration no significant changes compared with the control group (6.088 ± 0.469). The genotoxicity detected with the comet assay we observed a low and homogeneous T/N index in the control cells along the tested schedule (1.022 ± 0.011), while a not significant slight increase over such value was observed in group to 1 g/L of carbamazepine at every treatment times. The high concentration of carbamazepine (1 mg/L) exhibited statistical significance in comparison with the value of the control group at 24 and 48 h, these times presented an increase of 23, and 20%, respectively. Conclusions: Carbamazepine at environmentally relevant concentrations induces genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. A. cepa test can be used in the detection of hazards arising from pharmaceutical compounds. This assay provided a practical application of cytotoxicity/genotoxicity test systems to real-world pollution problem. Financial support: Research and Postgraduate Division of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico (SIP-IPN, Project 20160692). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.206
Abstracts / Toxicology Letters 259S (2016) S73–S247
PP2.7 Organochlorinated pesticides in opossums of northern Yucatan, Mexico ˜ 1 , J. Rendón-von Osten 2 , A.D. Cuxim-Koyoc 1 , R.M. H.A. Ruiz-Pina Flores-Serrano 3 , E.A. Reyes-Novelo 1 1 Laboratorio de Zoonosis y Otras ETV’s, CIR Dr. Hideyo Noguchi-Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico 2 Instituto EPOMEX, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico 3 Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
Introduction: In Yucatan, Mexico, there is evidence of pesticide contaminants in human population, synanthropic fauna, food items and sinkholes, however, no data of the impact on human health population are currently available. We report the preliminary results of presence of organochlorinated pesticides in opossums (Didelphis virginiana) from northern Yucatan, from a project aimed to establish the geographic distribution of organochlorinated pesticides in opossum populations. Objective: To identify and quantify organochlorinated pesticides in blood samples from opossums collected in northern Yucatan. Materials and methods: Opossums were captured from two rural localities of the north area of Yucatan: Molas (June 2015) and Komchen (December 2015). Blood samples were taken for pesticide analyses. For comparison reasons 10 blood samples per locality were analyzed. Organochlorinated pesticides were identified and quantified by GC-ECD. Results: In all opossum samples residues of organochlorinated pesticides were detected. The concentrations (Mean ± SE, ng/mL) of each family were DDT 22.67 ± 4.28 ng/mL, Endosulfan 15.87 ± 3.74 ng/mL, HCH 6.9 ± 2.5 ng/mL, Drines 9.13 ± 3.04 ng/mL and Chlordanes 15.37 ± 3.53 ng/mL. Only Endosulfan concentrations showed statistical differences (t = 1.79; p = 0.036) among opossums from Komchen (21.9 ± 4.08 ng/mL) and Molas (9.83 ± 2.73 ng/mL). Conclusions: Our preliminary findings suggest that pesticides are commonly present in rural backyards of households from Yucatan. Opossums are efficient colonizers of rural backyards in Yucatan, therefore they can easily be used as bio-monitor of contamination. Ongoing blood tests analysis of opossums from the 10 rural localities included in the project will support the role of these organisms as pesticide bio-monitors. Financial support: Project CONACYT-CIRB-2013-0007 and Instituto de Ingeniería-UNAM’s research fund for internal projects. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.205
PP2.8 Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity produced by carbamazepine in root meristem cells of Allium cepa R.M.C. Torres-Bezaury 1 , M. Galar-Martínez 1 , L.M. Gómez-Oliván 2 , H. Islas-Flores 2 , A.L. García-Medina 1 , I. Pérez-Coyotl 1 , S. García-Medina 1 1
Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico 2 Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico Introduction: Active pharmaceutical compounds are one of the emerging groups of environmental pollutants most frequently detected in surface water, groundwater and soil worldwide. Carbamazepine is an antiepileptic drug widely used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder; it is one of the most frequently detected drugs in water bodies. Allium cepa test is a plant bioassay that is now considered one of the most efficient approaches routinely used to determine the toxic effects of chemical compounds in the environment. Objective: Evaluate the possible cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of carbamazepine in root meristem cells of Allium cepa. Materials and methods: A. cepa onion bulbs, 25–30 mm diameter, without any treatment, and they are purchased from a local supermarket, were cleaned and germinated in distilled water under laboratory conditions, for 72 h. For Mitotic index (MI) and Comet Assay assays three groups of seven bulbs of A cepa were placed into water to root, where the control group remained in distilled water and the bulbs from the other two groups were treated for 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h with two environmentally relevant concentrations (1 g/L, and 1 mg/L). Results: The average values of the MI of control group were 7.432 ± 0.992. The treatment with carbamazepine decreased significantly, the MI at the higher concentration at 12 h (5.058 ± 0.639). For rest of treatment time and lowest concentration no significant changes compared with the control group (6.088 ± 0.469). The genotoxicity detected with the comet assay we observed a low and homogeneous T/N index in the control cells along the tested schedule (1.022 ± 0.011), while a not significant slight increase over such value was observed in group to 1 g/L of carbamazepine at every treatment times. The high concentration of carbamazepine (1 mg/L) exhibited statistical significance in comparison with the value of the control group at 24 and 48 h, these times presented an increase of 23, and 20%, respectively. Conclusions: Carbamazepine at environmentally relevant concentrations induces genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. A. cepa test can be used in the detection of hazards arising from pharmaceutical compounds. This assay provided a practical application of cytotoxicity/genotoxicity test systems to real-world pollution problem. Financial support: Research and Postgraduate Division of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico (SIP-IPN, Project 20160692). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.206