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Persistence of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticide Residues in Chicken Tissues and Eggs
Persistence of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticide Residues in Chicken Tissues and Eggs W. J. STADELMAN, B. J. LISKA, B. E. LANGLOIS, G. C. MOSTERT AND A. R. STEMP Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana (Received for publication August 17, 1964)
INTRODUCTION
vidual cages separated into the various groups. All hens were on a basal laying ration. Two groups of five hens each were sacrificed and checked for residual insecticides in the fat prior to the start of the experiments. Also eggs from the hens were checked prior to the start of the experiment to determine if any residues were present. All feed was analyzed before use for insecticide content. No contaminated feed was fed during the entire experiment. In one experiment a level calculated to be about 0.10 to 0.15 p.p.m. of the feed of lindane, dieldrin, heptachlor or DDT was given hens in individual capsules daily for 14 consecutive days. Twenty-five hens were used for each level of each insecticide. The same four compounds were given four other groups of twenty-five hens at a calculated level of 10 to 15 p.p.m. of the feed in capsules for 5 consecutive days. Eggs were collected and labelled with hen number daily. At one week after the termination of insecticide feeding and periodically thereafter hens were sacrificed from each group to determine residues in abdominal fat. All samples of fat and egg yolk were analyzed using the florisil sample cleanup and electron capture gas chromatographic analysis of Stemp et al. (1964).
PROCEDURES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Eight groups of 25 Leghorn hens each seven months of age were used in the experiment. The hens were kept in indi-
In the feeding trial when the lower level of various insecticides was given to groups of laying hens for 14 days no significant
V
435
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hong Kong on May 7, 2015
ARIOUS research workers Naber and Ware (1961), Draper et al. (1950, 1952) Ivey et al. (1961) and Liska et al. (1964) have reported residues of chlorinated insecticides in tissues and eggs of chickens exposed to these insecticides. This exposure can occur through spraying of the environment or through consumption of feed which contains insecticide residues. The producer has direct control over the use of sprays in the environment of the chickens. He may, however, purchase considerable amounts of feed of unknown history. Liska et al. (1964) reported that small residues present in feed caused significant residues in tissues and eggs. More information is needed on the persistence of chlorinated insecticides in the tissues and eggs of chickens consuming low levels of insecticides for a short period of time as might be the case from a shipment of contaminated feed. This research was performed to determine the length of time necessary using normal management practices for complete removal of chlorinated insecticide residues from abdominal fat and eggs of chickens contaminated with insecticide residues from direct feeding of low levels of insecticide for short periods of time.
436
STADELMAN, LISKA, LANGLOIS, MOSTERT AND STEMP
TABLE 1.—Diminution of pesticide residues in depot fat of laying hens during time after exposure to the equivalent of 10 to 15 p.p.m. of the insecticides in the feed for 5 days Parts per million Weeks after exposure
Lindane
1 5 10 17 26
0.7 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0
Di- Hepta- Heptachlor eldrin chlor Epoxide 3.6 4.9 3.9 1.0 1.0
0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0
10.0 0.2 1.0 0.4 0.3
DDT
DDE
8.8 5.2 1.0 0.9 0.0
0.8 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.7
These results indicate that a low level contamination of laying hens with chlorinated insecticide residues from any source will create a serious long term problem. The cost to keep a laying flock a sufficient length of time to allow residues to disappear naturally may be uneconomical. Research to determine if the removal of these persistent insecticides can be accelerated might be extremely useful in the future. These results point up the importance of TABLE 2.—Diminution of pesticide residues in egg yolk during lime after exposure to the equivalent of 10 to 15 p.p.m. of the insecticides Parts per million Weeks after exposure 1 5 10 17 26
Lindane 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
Di- TTenta eldrin c hKl o r 0.7 1.2 1.6 0.3 0.3
0.8 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0
Hepta-
chlor
DDT
DDE
0.3 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.2
4.6 1.3 0.4 0.2 0.0
0.5 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.2
Epoxide
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hong Kong on May 7, 2015
residues were detected in eggs. The only residues found from this group were 0.2 p.p.m. to 0.3 p.p.m. of lindane and DDE in the abdominal fat of birds being fed the respective insecticides. Four weeks after feeding no residues were detected in abdominal fat or eggs of any chickens on the low level of insecticides. These chickens were given the insecticide by daily administration of capsules to individual hens. There may be more uptake of insecticide residue if this insecticide were evenly distributed throughout the feed; however, results with DDT indicate the difference is not significant (Liska et al., 1964). Results in Table 1 indicate that supplying the higher level of insecticide for five days resulted in significant amounts of various insecticides in abdominal fat of chickens one week after discontinuing the supply. The residues were highest for dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide and DDT. Residue levels found in eggs at this time were lower than in the fat samples as shown in Table 2. Five chickens from each insecticide group were also sacrificed at 5, 10, 17, and 26 weeks after termination of feeding. Eggs from each group of hens were analyzed for one week prior to slaughter at 5, 10, 17 and 26 weeks after the end of feeding. In Table 1 and 2 results show that five weeks after administration of insecticides was terminated both the abdominal fat
and eggs still contained significant amounts of residues. Residues were highest for dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide and DDT. This was true even though precautions were taken to insure that the chickens were not further exposed to insecticide from feed during this period. Ten weeks after the termination of the feeding trial lindane and heptachlor were present in amounts of 0.1 p.p.m. in abdominal fat and eggs. Other insecticides including heptachlor epoxide were present in amounts over 0.1 p.p.m. in both fat and egg yolk samples. Samples of abdominal fat and egg yolk were free of lindane and heptachlor after 17 weeks. The amounts of other insecticide residues were lower than samples checked at 10 weeks but still significant. In samples from birds 26 weeks after the termination of the feeding trial abdominal fat and egg yolk were free of lindane, heptachlor and DDT. Heptachlor epoxide and DDE were present at the same levels as in samples checked at 17 weeks.
437
INSECTICIDE RESIDUES
producers being careful in selecting and buting feeds that are free of chlorinated insecticide residues, for use in their poultry operations.
sion of Environmental Engineering and Food Protection, W. S. Public Health Service. This article has been accepted as Journal Paper No. 2396 of the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station.
SUMMARY REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This investigation was supported in part by grants from the American Poultry and Hatchery Federation, Kansas City, Missouri, The National Egg Council, Kansas City, Missouri, and by PHS Research Grant EF 00049-02 from the Divi-
Draper, C. I., C. Biddulph, D. A. Greenwood, J. R. Harris, W. Binns and M. L. Miner, 1950. Concentration of DDT in tissues of chickens fed varying levels of DDT in the diet. Poultry Sci. 29: 756. Draper, C. E., J. R. Harris, D. A. Greenwood, C. Biddulph, L. E. Harris, F. Mangelson, W. Binns and M. L. Miner, 1952. The transfer of D D T from the food to eggs and body tissues of White Leghorn hens. Poultry Sci. 31:388-393. Ivey, M. C , R. H. Roberts, H. D. Mann and H. U. Claborn, 1961. Lindane residues in chickens and eggs following poultry house sprays. J. Econ. Entomol. 54: 487-488. Liska, B. J., B. E. Langlois, G. C. Mostert and W. J. Stadelman, 1964. Residues in eggs and tissues of chickens on rations containing low levels of DDT. Poultry Sci. 43: 982-984. Naber, E. C , and G. W. Ware, 1961. Lindane in eggs and chicken tissues. J. Econ. Entomol. 54: 675-677. Stemp, A. R., B. J. Liska, B. E. Langlois and W. J. Stadelman, 1964. Analysis of egg yolk and poultry tissues for chlorinated insecticide residues. Poultry Sci. 43: 273-275.
Gelation of Frozen-Defrosted Egg Yolk as Affected by Selected Additives: Viscosity and Electrophoretic Findings DOROTHY D. MEYER AND MARGY WOODBURN Foods and Nutrition Department, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana (Received for publication August 17, 1964)
INTRODUCTION
A
T A temperature of — 6°C. or below - egg yolk loses its fluidity. This change is irreversible and has been termed gelation. Several factors affecting this phenomenon have been established. The
mechanism involved, however, remains to be elucidated. This physical alteration in egg yolk may be averted by super-cooling (—11°C.) or freezing in liquid air (—190°C.) and thawing rapidly in mercury at 30° C. (Lopez et al., 1954; Smith,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hong Kong on May 7, 2015
1. Supplying the equivalent of 0.1 to 0.15 p.p.m. of lindane, dieldrin, heptachlor and DDT in the feed to laying hens in capsule form for 14 days resulted in some residues in chicken tissues which disappeared rapidly. 2. Supplying the equivalent of 10 to 15 p.p.m. of the same insecticides in the feed for 5 days resulted in significant residues in eggs and abdominal fat which were extremely persistent. 3. Care in feeding residue free feeds to laying flocks is extremely important.
INTRODUCTION
vidual cages separated into the various groups. All hens were on a basal laying ration. Two groups of five hens each were sacrificed and checked for residual insecticides in the fat prior to the start of the experiments. Also eggs from the hens were checked prior to the start of the experiment to determine if any residues were present. All feed was analyzed before use for insecticide content. No contaminated feed was fed during the entire experiment. In one experiment a level calculated to be about 0.10 to 0.15 p.p.m. of the feed of lindane, dieldrin, heptachlor or DDT was given hens in individual capsules daily for 14 consecutive days. Twenty-five hens were used for each level of each insecticide. The same four compounds were given four other groups of twenty-five hens at a calculated level of 10 to 15 p.p.m. of the feed in capsules for 5 consecutive days. Eggs were collected and labelled with hen number daily. At one week after the termination of insecticide feeding and periodically thereafter hens were sacrificed from each group to determine residues in abdominal fat. All samples of fat and egg yolk were analyzed using the florisil sample cleanup and electron capture gas chromatographic analysis of Stemp et al. (1964).
PROCEDURES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Eight groups of 25 Leghorn hens each seven months of age were used in the experiment. The hens were kept in indi-
In the feeding trial when the lower level of various insecticides was given to groups of laying hens for 14 days no significant
V
435
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hong Kong on May 7, 2015
ARIOUS research workers Naber and Ware (1961), Draper et al. (1950, 1952) Ivey et al. (1961) and Liska et al. (1964) have reported residues of chlorinated insecticides in tissues and eggs of chickens exposed to these insecticides. This exposure can occur through spraying of the environment or through consumption of feed which contains insecticide residues. The producer has direct control over the use of sprays in the environment of the chickens. He may, however, purchase considerable amounts of feed of unknown history. Liska et al. (1964) reported that small residues present in feed caused significant residues in tissues and eggs. More information is needed on the persistence of chlorinated insecticides in the tissues and eggs of chickens consuming low levels of insecticides for a short period of time as might be the case from a shipment of contaminated feed. This research was performed to determine the length of time necessary using normal management practices for complete removal of chlorinated insecticide residues from abdominal fat and eggs of chickens contaminated with insecticide residues from direct feeding of low levels of insecticide for short periods of time.
436
STADELMAN, LISKA, LANGLOIS, MOSTERT AND STEMP
TABLE 1.—Diminution of pesticide residues in depot fat of laying hens during time after exposure to the equivalent of 10 to 15 p.p.m. of the insecticides in the feed for 5 days Parts per million Weeks after exposure
Lindane
1 5 10 17 26
0.7 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0
Di- Hepta- Heptachlor eldrin chlor Epoxide 3.6 4.9 3.9 1.0 1.0
0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0
10.0 0.2 1.0 0.4 0.3
DDT
DDE
8.8 5.2 1.0 0.9 0.0
0.8 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.7
These results indicate that a low level contamination of laying hens with chlorinated insecticide residues from any source will create a serious long term problem. The cost to keep a laying flock a sufficient length of time to allow residues to disappear naturally may be uneconomical. Research to determine if the removal of these persistent insecticides can be accelerated might be extremely useful in the future. These results point up the importance of TABLE 2.—Diminution of pesticide residues in egg yolk during lime after exposure to the equivalent of 10 to 15 p.p.m. of the insecticides Parts per million Weeks after exposure 1 5 10 17 26
Lindane 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
Di- TTenta eldrin c hKl o r 0.7 1.2 1.6 0.3 0.3
0.8 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0
Hepta-
chlor
DDT
DDE
0.3 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.2
4.6 1.3 0.4 0.2 0.0
0.5 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.2
Epoxide
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hong Kong on May 7, 2015
residues were detected in eggs. The only residues found from this group were 0.2 p.p.m. to 0.3 p.p.m. of lindane and DDE in the abdominal fat of birds being fed the respective insecticides. Four weeks after feeding no residues were detected in abdominal fat or eggs of any chickens on the low level of insecticides. These chickens were given the insecticide by daily administration of capsules to individual hens. There may be more uptake of insecticide residue if this insecticide were evenly distributed throughout the feed; however, results with DDT indicate the difference is not significant (Liska et al., 1964). Results in Table 1 indicate that supplying the higher level of insecticide for five days resulted in significant amounts of various insecticides in abdominal fat of chickens one week after discontinuing the supply. The residues were highest for dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide and DDT. Residue levels found in eggs at this time were lower than in the fat samples as shown in Table 2. Five chickens from each insecticide group were also sacrificed at 5, 10, 17, and 26 weeks after termination of feeding. Eggs from each group of hens were analyzed for one week prior to slaughter at 5, 10, 17 and 26 weeks after the end of feeding. In Table 1 and 2 results show that five weeks after administration of insecticides was terminated both the abdominal fat
and eggs still contained significant amounts of residues. Residues were highest for dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide and DDT. This was true even though precautions were taken to insure that the chickens were not further exposed to insecticide from feed during this period. Ten weeks after the termination of the feeding trial lindane and heptachlor were present in amounts of 0.1 p.p.m. in abdominal fat and eggs. Other insecticides including heptachlor epoxide were present in amounts over 0.1 p.p.m. in both fat and egg yolk samples. Samples of abdominal fat and egg yolk were free of lindane and heptachlor after 17 weeks. The amounts of other insecticide residues were lower than samples checked at 10 weeks but still significant. In samples from birds 26 weeks after the termination of the feeding trial abdominal fat and egg yolk were free of lindane, heptachlor and DDT. Heptachlor epoxide and DDE were present at the same levels as in samples checked at 17 weeks.
437
INSECTICIDE RESIDUES
producers being careful in selecting and buting feeds that are free of chlorinated insecticide residues, for use in their poultry operations.
sion of Environmental Engineering and Food Protection, W. S. Public Health Service. This article has been accepted as Journal Paper No. 2396 of the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station.
SUMMARY REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This investigation was supported in part by grants from the American Poultry and Hatchery Federation, Kansas City, Missouri, The National Egg Council, Kansas City, Missouri, and by PHS Research Grant EF 00049-02 from the Divi-
Draper, C. I., C. Biddulph, D. A. Greenwood, J. R. Harris, W. Binns and M. L. Miner, 1950. Concentration of DDT in tissues of chickens fed varying levels of DDT in the diet. Poultry Sci. 29: 756. Draper, C. E., J. R. Harris, D. A. Greenwood, C. Biddulph, L. E. Harris, F. Mangelson, W. Binns and M. L. Miner, 1952. The transfer of D D T from the food to eggs and body tissues of White Leghorn hens. Poultry Sci. 31:388-393. Ivey, M. C , R. H. Roberts, H. D. Mann and H. U. Claborn, 1961. Lindane residues in chickens and eggs following poultry house sprays. J. Econ. Entomol. 54: 487-488. Liska, B. J., B. E. Langlois, G. C. Mostert and W. J. Stadelman, 1964. Residues in eggs and tissues of chickens on rations containing low levels of DDT. Poultry Sci. 43: 982-984. Naber, E. C , and G. W. Ware, 1961. Lindane in eggs and chicken tissues. J. Econ. Entomol. 54: 675-677. Stemp, A. R., B. J. Liska, B. E. Langlois and W. J. Stadelman, 1964. Analysis of egg yolk and poultry tissues for chlorinated insecticide residues. Poultry Sci. 43: 273-275.
Gelation of Frozen-Defrosted Egg Yolk as Affected by Selected Additives: Viscosity and Electrophoretic Findings DOROTHY D. MEYER AND MARGY WOODBURN Foods and Nutrition Department, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana (Received for publication August 17, 1964)
INTRODUCTION
A
T A temperature of — 6°C. or below - egg yolk loses its fluidity. This change is irreversible and has been termed gelation. Several factors affecting this phenomenon have been established. The
mechanism involved, however, remains to be elucidated. This physical alteration in egg yolk may be averted by super-cooling (—11°C.) or freezing in liquid air (—190°C.) and thawing rapidly in mercury at 30° C. (Lopez et al., 1954; Smith,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hong Kong on May 7, 2015
1. Supplying the equivalent of 0.1 to 0.15 p.p.m. of lindane, dieldrin, heptachlor and DDT in the feed to laying hens in capsule form for 14 days resulted in some residues in chicken tissues which disappeared rapidly. 2. Supplying the equivalent of 10 to 15 p.p.m. of the same insecticides in the feed for 5 days resulted in significant residues in eggs and abdominal fat which were extremely persistent. 3. Care in feeding residue free feeds to laying flocks is extremely important.