- Email: [email protected]
Plantable stem supply system for IITA cassava varieties in Oyo State of Nigeria
Agricultural Systems 24 (1987) 305-317
Plantable Stem Supply System for IITA Cassava Varieties in Oyo State of Nigeria
Malachy O. Akoroda Agronomy Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
A. Ebun Oyinlola Crops Division, Oyo State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MANR), Ibadan, Nigeria
& Tesfaye Gebremeskel Socio-Economics Unit, Farming Systems Programme, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria (Received 2 September 1986; accepted 24 February 1987)
S UMMA R Y The overall system for supplying plantable stems of improved cassava varieties from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture ( HTA ) was surveyed for Oyo State where HTA is situated. This study examined the relation of spread of adoption of these varieties during the period of 1976 through 1985 to the supply of planting materials. Based on completed questionnaires, reconnaisance visits to 21 of the 24 local government areas of Oyo State, coupled with official documents and personal communications, the team found that: ( i ) effective distribution of plantable stems to the majority of cassava farmers did not begin until the second half of the 1976-1985 decade, (ii) the required capacity for, and rate of multiplication of HTA cassava varieties was grossly inadequate, ( iii ) the varieties are yet to be introduced to 305 Agricultural Systems 0308-521X/87/$03"50 © Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd, England, 1987. Printed in Great Britain
306
Malachy O. Akoroda, A. Ebun Oyinlola, Tesfaye Gebremeskel some localities due to a poor stem supply system for these cassava varieties and (iv) a large potential exists for further adoption of HTA varieties if farmers can obtain more plantable stems. This study identified the short
supply of plantable stems to farmers as the chief obstacle to a wider spread, adoption, and use of HTA improved cassava for meeting the food needs of cassava-dependent rural farm families in Oyo State. A greater catalytic role is recommended for HTA to ameliorate the stem supply situation.
INTRODUCTION There is a poor distribution and supply system for plantable stems of cassava in Oyo and other states of Nigeria. Government involvement in the production and extension of plantable stems of cassava is limited to the multiplication of stems in a few government farms at State level and at the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) and the National Seed Service (NSS) at Federal level. The pattern of spread of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) improved cassava varieties and the influence of the availability of plantable stems on their adoption in Oyo State constituted the focus of this study. In studying systems of this type in which accurate quantitative data on many variables are difficult to obtain, the only option is the use of estimates. These are employed in charting patterns that show the dependence of new technology impact on different, but associated, factors of the stem-supply system. Cassava is a vegetatively reproduced carbohydrate staple for about onethird of Nigeria's population particularly in the southern states. Its productivity in largely mixed crop cultivations has been low and unstable mainly due to varietal responses to the vagaries of weather, cultural practices, insect pests and foliar diseases. IITA's aim is to search for genotypes that sufficiently resist the effects of pests and diseases and give higher yields of better quality tubers. The Root and Tuber Improvement Programme (TRIP) of IITA is involved in genetic improvement through breeding as well as devising agronomic practices that can ensure high quality and stable yields of cassava. The release of improved cassava varieties from the breeding programmes of IITA is only the first phase of bringing this technology to farmers. However, the responsibility for the multiplication, spread and distribution of improved cultivars belongs to national (Nigerian) agencies. In 1974, IITA conducted yield trials with about 300 elite clones at Ibadan, Umudike, Warri and Mokwa, which are locations representative of Nigeria's cassava zone (IITA, 1974). Based on these trials, plantable stems of some of the most promising clones were selected and multiplied in 1975
HTA cassava stem supply system in Oyo State of Nigeria
307
(IITA, 1975). During 1976, clones TMS 30572, 30017, 30110, 30337 and 30555 were rapidly multiplied and distributed to selected farmers through the National Accelerated Food Production Programme (NAFPP) of Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Agriculture (IITA, 1976). Due to the nature of the crop, the quantities of plantable stem materials multiplied were limited. Heys (1980) wrote that 'In 1976, breeder's materials from two clones: 302211 and 30395 were field planted. These resulted in 575 mature plants of 30211 and 390 plants of 30395 in the first quarter of 1977. The demand for this material was such that IITA distributed all the hardwood, except for enough to plant 5000 two-node cuttings of each clone.' Subsequently, various techniques were developed and used to provide for rapid multiplication of top performing selections from multi-site trials (Heys, 1980). Thence, these improved cultivars diffused into the cassava culture of many states of Nigeria. In this paper, the system of supply of plantable stems to farmers of improved IITA cassava varieties is examined for Oyo State, where IITA is situated. This study constitutes part of the profile on the general impact of IITA cassava varieties on cassava area and the cassava economy of rural Nigeria.
METHODOLOGY Reconnaisance visits were made to 21 of 24 local government areas (LGA) of Oyo State of Nigeria during August-October 1985. With the assistance of officials of the State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MANR), questionnaires were completed for 102 farmers. In addition, 84 officials of M A N R also completed a second type of questionnaire, whilst 89 knowledgeable or experienced local residents completed a third type of questionnaire. Observations during field travel, discussions with farmers, traders, processors, and transporters of fresh cassava tubers or processed products proved highly informative and formed the basis for interpreting the collected data. Furthermore, various documented data on production and distribution of stems of IITA cassava were received from: (i) TRIP office at IITA, Ibadan; (ii) National Seed Service (NSS), Ibadan; (iii) TEXAGRI farms, Opeji, near Abeokuta; (iv) M A N R offices of Seed Multiplication Unit (SMU) at Ibadan, Ire and Ilesha; (v) Oyo State office for Schools Agricultural Programme (NAFPP) at Ibadan; and (vii) Project headquarters of Oyo North Agricultural Development Project (ONADEP) at Saki. Information gathered from these sources was jointly considered for salient trends that, in a general way, characterize the path of spread of
308
Malachy O. Akoroda, A. Ebun Oyinlola, Tesfaye Gebremeskel
plantable stems of cassava in the farming system of Oyo State. Because of the diversity of socio-cultural background among farmers, difficulties of travel in areas with a poor road network, a generally illiterate rural farming populace and limited survey funds and resources (time and material), the outcome of this study serves only two main objectives. First, to present a general view of the situation, and, secondly, to attempt some quantification of selected variables since there is little or no reliable data or information on such variables. With these constraints, the methods adopted are adequate and sufficient. A similar method of approach was employed by Walker et al. (1985) in a survey of cassava yield losses in Ghana under comparable study conditions. FINDINGS
Response from farmers Plantable stems of IITA cassava varieties were obtained by farmers through different sources: (1) Co-farmer (that is, from other neighbourhood farmers); (ii) State Ministry of Agriculture Farm Service Centres; (iii) IITA headquarters, Ibadan; (iv) the National Seed Service headquarters Ibadan; (v) many farms that sell stems and cuttings and (vi) travellers and relatives associated with, or in contact with, these sources. In most cases, adopting farmers obtained cuttings from a combination of these sources. During field visits the team observed many cases of transport of stems on head load, motor cycles and motor vehicles. Fifty-nine per cent of the 102 responding farmers have grown IITA cassava for 1-7 seasons with a mean of 2.6 seasons before 1985. However, farmers in Akinyele L G A (in which IITA is situated) have grown these varieties for an average 3.7 seasons. Proximity of these farmers to IITA headquarters and their earlier awareness and receipt of the availability of these varieties could account for their longer period of cultivation. Spread of IITA cassava stems from farmer to farmer was intense. This pattern accorded with the cultural mode of distributing any beneficial farm input. On the whole, each of the 60 (59%) of 102 responding farmers had sold or donated plantable stems to 14.4 other cassava growers within the last season. The amount so distributed was small, being only a fraction of what was multiplied by the farmer to meet his own needs. IITA cassava was intentionally multiplied by small farmers who received or bought insufficient quantities of stems for their full planting. In some cases, the varieties were separately planted along plot edges, to enable observation of growth characteristics and to allow protection of stems from people who pilfered them to initiate their own multiplication.
IITA cassava stem supply system in Oyo State o f Nigeria
309
Reports from officials of agriculture Government agents had the advantage of greater mobility and higher educational levels relative to farmers which afforded them a better insight into the stem supply system of Oyo State. The continuous collection of information as an official duty necessitates much interaction between them and farmers. From 70 respondents, 52 cassava varieties were listed as being grown in the State. Duplicates and ecotypes had different names and could not be conclusively separated in all cases. The problem of differentiating cassava varieties by local names has received some study (Ay et al., 1983; Keyser, 1984) but remains unresolved. Field inspection of plants for each and every listed variety was not possible during the survey. Statements on scarcity or expensiveness of stems were made in 8 out of 187 comments reported by 84 officials on what adopting farmers say generally about IITA cassava varieties. With efficient field management, mature stems from a hectare of sole cassava can plant 10-15 ha equivalent to a multiplication ratio of 1:10-15 (Mrs A. F. Atolagbe, 1985 (NSS), pers. comm.). However, farmers generally achieve only about half of this potential. The exact ratio varies with the variety, cultural practices, cropping cycles, season, farm size and the length of stem cuttings planted. According to 32 of 84 respondents (38%), plantable stem losses are considerable when environmental conditions do not favour the immediate replanting of stems after harvest of roots. In all, officials reported various ratios from 1 to 10, with an average of 5.3 and a mode of 4. However, the actual amount of stems available for planting fluctuates, depending on the proportion of all plantable stems in the categories listed in Table 1. TABLE 1 Categories of Use or Loss of Plantable Stems of Cassava among Farmers of Oyo State as Reported by Officials of Agriculture, 1985
Category
Gifts to other farmer Losses from poor harvest, poor preparation of cuttings or failure to replant Too woody or immature stems Reserved for planting
% used or lost 10-30
20-30 10-20 31~50
310
Malachy O. Akoroda, A. Ebun Oyinlola, Tesfaye Gebrerneskel
The conception of officials perfectly agreed with responses from farmers on the extent of spread of stems among farmers. Of 26 informants replying, three reported only that 'many' or 'various' other farmers had obtained stems from donor farmers each season. Four officials provided the percentage of all cassava farmers receiving donation in their locality as 5, 8.3, 25 and 50% of 2000, 3000, 4000 and 2000 farm families, respectively. The remaining 19 informants reported from 1 to 37 receiving farmers with an average of about 14 other farmers receiving stems per donor farmer although 5-8 farmers was most frequent.
Observations from experienced local residents Retired civil servants resident in rural areas provided the team with much insight into numerous aspects of rural life and the role of cassava and IITA cassava varieties toward overall crop production. Interviews and pooled information from 89 questionnaires indicated (i) average farm size to be about 1 ha (1"3 ha) and (ii) the percentage of farmers growing IITA varieties to be around 20%. Response of 70 informants (79%) identified the relative importance of constraints to the spread and use of IITA cassava varieties and showed that the shortage of plantable stems was the biggest obstacle (Fig. 1). All in all, 51 of 89 respondents (62%) concurred that there will be a significant increase in the cultivated areas under IITA cassava varieties,
c.
Shortage of plantable stems
Yet I introd
77q
Fig. I.
15.'?% 26.0% 60.5 % Relative frequency of constraints to spread of IITA cassava varieties in Oyo State of Nigeria (1985) as reported by 70 persons with local experience.
IITA cassava stem supply system in Oyo State of Nigeria
311
when stems become more available. Respondents predicted a 2- to 4-fold increase. These speculations hinge on the ability of every source ofplantable stems to consistently meet planting requirements of both new and previous adopters.
Dispersion of plantable stems Seven major sources multiplied and distributed plantable stems of IITA cassava varieties to farmers in Oyo State during 1976-1985 (Table 2). Some farmers in every LGA obtained some stems of IITA cassava (Table 3), although the number of bundles received and the number of farmers are unknown. In general, the bundles of stems received and the number of receptors was higher among farmers close to the major sources of stem supply. The total number of bundles produced by all sources over the 1976-1985 period (613 350 bundles) could directly plant some 1227 ha. This quantity is small compared to the aggregate demand of cassava growers which constitute a majority of about 1-4 m farm families in Oyo State. These stem dispersal efforts were also more concentrated in the second half of the decade (Table 2). It is important to note that, prior to 1976, advanced TABLE 2 Supply o f Plantable Stems of IITA I m p r o v e d Cassava Varieties Specifically Distributed by M a j o r Sources to Oyo State Cassava G r o w e r s D u r i n g 1976-1985
Year
HTA (*)
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
0.1 0-2 0.1 0.1 4.3 1.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5
Total
NSS (*)
. . .
? 0-3 1.8 6- ! 7.3
TEXAGRI (*)
. . .
SMU (ha)
. . . --? 3.3 10-9 7-8
. . .
SAP (ha)
.
NAFPP (ha)
ONADEP (ha)
.
. .
. .
? 38 35 11 11 7.4 5.1
---101 ? 403 419
. . 45 9 ? ? ? 9
--? 13 29 17
Estimated total number of bundles produced 100 200 100 100 45 800 19000 56900 17 700 237 300 236 150 613 350
Source: Available agency sales records with stated destinations of stems. * T h o u s a n d bundles; ? level o f p r o d u c t i o n not k n o w n ; - - no supply to Oyo State. F o r o r d i n a r y estimations, 1 h a o f sole m a t u r e cassava produces 500 bundles o f plantable stems. The total stem p r o d u c e d (613 350 bundles) can directly plant only a b o u t 1227 ha.
Malachy O. Akoroda, A. Ebun Oyinlola, Tesfaye Gebremeskel
312
TABLE 3 L o c a l i t i e s o f F a r m e r s in O y o S t a t e R e c e i v i n g P l a n t a b l e S t e m s o f I I T A C a s s a v a V a r i e t i e s from M a j o r Sources at Different Periods D u r i n g 1976-1985
LGA
HTA NSS (a) (b)
TEXAGRI SMU SAP NAFPP ONADEP Number of (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) major sources
*
*
2 Atakumosa
1 Akinyele
*
*
*
2
3 Ede
*
**
2
*
**
4 Ejigbo 5 Ibadan
*
* *
6 Ibarapa
*
*
*
*
*
*
7 Ifedapo 8 Ifelodun
* *
9 Ila
*
*
*
*
10 I l e s a
*
11 I r e p o
*
*
**
12 I r e p o d u n *
*
*
14 I s e y i n
*
*
*
15 I w o
*
*
*
* *
16 K a j o l a 17 L a g e l u
3
*
*
13 I r e w o l e
5
*
* *
4
*
**
* *
* *
*
**
*
*
*
*
5 *
6 3 4 6
*
4
*
*
*
**
2 5
*
*
6
*
**
* *
* *
4 *
5 5
18 O b o k u n
*
*
*
*
4
19 O d o - O t i n
*
*
*
**
4
*
*
20 O g b o m o s o
*
*
21 O l u y o l e 22 O r a n m i y a n
*
* *
23 O s o g b o
*
4
* *
* ***
4 4
*
*
*
*
4
24 O y o
*
*
*
*
*
***
6
LGA covered
13
20
13
6
24
22
3
E a c h * r e p r e s e n t s in: a S e v e r a l l o c a l i t i e s o f f a r m e r s r e c e i v i n g s t e m (1976-1985). b S e v e r a l l o c a l i t i e s f r o m w h i c h f a r m e r c a m e (1982-1985). c S e v e r a l t o w n s (1982-1985). d S i n g l e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n sites. e S e v e r a l s c h o o l s in d i f f e r e n t t o w n s (1984-1985). f
L o c a t i o n s w h e r e f a r m e r s p a r t i c i p a t e d in a g r o n o m i c t r i a l b a s e d o n T M S 30572 i n 1980--81
season. g M a n y a r e a s r e c e i v i n g all p l a n t a b l e s t e m s f r o m O N A D E P ,
S a k i (1983-1985).
IITA cassava stem supply system in Oyo State o f Nigeria
313
selections of elite clones which were utilized in extension studies in some areas continued in cultivation. Thus, when the team visited Olorunda (Oyo LGA) in January, 1986, the IITA variety being grown there was different from any of those commonly cultivated by the majority of farmers adopting IITA cassava. This variety was traced to trials of Dr A. U. Patel, a professor of Agricultural Extension at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Growth in plantable stem supply Annual planting of IITA cassava varieties for stem production was small in 1976 and remained so until 1980-1981 season. Between 1976 and 1981, there was no major source of plantable stem besides IITA headquarters. During those five years, techniques for rapid multiplication of vegetative planting materials (stems, two-node cutting plantlets, rooted shoot tips) were developed such that normal rates of multiplication could be improved 6-7 times (Heys, 1980).
250
2OO
fl "~ 150 e-
J
0 c-
F50
1976
I
I
1978
I
I
1980
I
I
1982
I
I
1984
I
I
1986
Year of cultivation
Fig. 2. Pattern of growth in the availability of plantable stems of IITA improved cassava varieties in Oyo State of Nigeria during 1976-1985. (The lower curve is based on actual survey records, but the upper curve indicates a more probable stem supply situation. The shaded area represents the probable margins of underestimation.)
314
Malachy O. Akoroda, A. Ebun Oyinlola, Tesfaye Gebremeskel
Estimates based on Table 2 were used to construct a probable pattern of growth in the availability of plantable stems of IITA cassava varieties (Fig. 2). Growth of stem supply was exponential and has not reached the peak because these varieties are yet to be introduced to many areas. Until all cassava growing areas in Oyo State receive sufficient stems to meet the needs of farmers a continued growth in supply may be envisaged. Figure 2 only depicits a general pattern. The data in Table 2 are incomplete, and represent gross underestimates, as indicated by discussions with informants. Officials of the various supply agencies attributed the scanty data situation to difficulties associated with irregular and improper record keeping, arising from rapid changes in position of staff and of duty schedules.
G E N E R A L DISCUSSION A N D CONCLUSIONS The supply of plantable stems of improved IITA cassava varieties has not received adequate attention. Thus, the varieties, though satisfactory in some respects for farmer use, have not yet been introduced into some LGAs of Oyo State (IITA's host state), l0 years after their release. IITA has not fully realized its ultimate goal of improving the food and income of rural farmers growing cassava in the state. The 1985 survey (Akoroda, et al., 1985) estimated that the 20% of cassava land in Oyo State under IITA cassava appeared to belong more to medium-to-large farmers than to the majority of smallholder farmers cultivating less than 4 ha per farm family, although a chi-square test of association of adoption and farm size was not significant. There are established linkages between IITA and various institutions for multiplying the varieties. This, however, is only a first step to bringing improved farm inputs to the smallholder farmer, the target of IITA's mandate. Whereas IITA does not directly engage in the extension of the improved cassava varieties to farmers, the impact and performance of IITA's work will, to a large extent, depend on the degree of adoption. cultivation and use of these varieties by farmers and the rural majority of African people who eat cassava. Techniques for rapid multiplication of cassava planting materials have been perfected but farmers have not been shown what to do. Each variety requires characterization and precautions regarding its strengths and weakness. This type of information instructs farmers on how to handle particular varieties to maximum advantage. No leaflet, pamphlet, booklet or any instructional document of this type has been prepared by IITA or the Oyo State Ministry of Agriculture to acquaint farmers with the feasible methods of cassava stem multiplication. Generally, most farmers do not know where to obtain certified plantable
HTA cassava stem supply system in Oyo State o f Nigeria
315
stems of IITA cassava varieties. Although agencies of NSS and M A N R are expected to provide certified stems, their present operations are limited and favour the provision of seeds of pulses and grains. It is evident that the incapability of national agencies to multiply and distribute sufficient stems has restrained the benefits realizable from IITA's improved cassava varieties. These is still a wide scope for improving the situation. Distribution of foundation stock to LGA farms would be essential for rapid achievement of grassroots dispersal of stems. Akin to this is the complete coverage of all LGA's achieved by the SAP (Table 3). From each participating school, stem cuttings eventually reached many farmers and the demonstrations in school farms afforded teachers and students the opportunity of observing the performance of the new varieties relative to traditional varieties. The high demand for stems is discordant with the low efficiency of stem utilization by farmers. Methods for improved stem storage and appropriate preparations of stems into plantable-sized cuttings ought to be considered as part of the varietal release package for a clonally reproduced crop. This is more expedient since farmer practices give low stem multiplication ratios (3to 5-fold increases per season) compared with efficient multiplication systems with 10-15 to over 60-fold increase). Consequently, high
8
7
6
5
4
5
.......... 2 I
Strengih of Iinkoges 0
Fig. 3. A proposed hierarchical flow of delivery of plantable stems of improved cassava varieties from IITA. The flowchart initially emphasizes strategic distribution of breeder stock of stems to only agents with facilities for multiplying released varieties prior to grassroot dispersal and adoption at village-farm level. These agents are principally the National Seeds Service (NSS), state ministries of agriculture, and the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI). (S= school, M = m e d i u m farmers, O=outgrowers, C = c o m m u n i t y contact farmers, P = peasants, U = farmers' unions, F = village farmer).
316
Malachy O. Akoroda, A. Ebun Oyinlola, Tesfaye Gebremeskel
expectations of rapid adoption of the varieties and widespread contribution to cassava area are least likely to be achieved in situations with insufficient planting materials or of slow multiplication techniques. The over 30 000 ha of cassava land under IITA improved cassava varieties in Oyo State (Akoroda et al., 1985) could be expected to expand if better plantable stem supply systems are developed and encouraged. Although IITA need not deal directly with farmers, some general assistance is necessary, as shown by experience. IITAs success in alleviating hunger through increased crop yields will be measured by the impact of released cassava varieties on local farm output. There is need, therefore, to encourage local authorities to act in consonance with the aims oflITA. IITA's catalytic role of prompting and assisting national and state agencies will pay off, when local organizations increasingly adopt and execute a more spatially distributed network of stem multiplication sites, preferably at LGA level. Farmer instructional information and other relevant extension aids should be provided by IITA or developed in co-operation with national and state agencies. A carefully monitored and supported system of stem supply is needed, as proposed in Fig. 3. The flowchart should, as much as possible, be followed from IITA to farmer to enable effective transfer of usable farm inputs. In this way, more farmers can promptly obtain planting materials of IITA improved cassava varieties.
A C K N O W L E D G E M ENTS The authors are grateful to Chief (Dr) S. K. Hahn, Director of Root and Tuber Improvement Programme (TRIP) of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, for commissioning this study. The assistance of the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MANR) Oyo State, Ibadan; National Seed Service (NSS), Ibadan; TEXGARI farms, Opeji, Abeokuta--in the survey are acknowledged. We appreciate the constant co-operation of Mr Adebayo Adeyemo of MANR, Ibadan.
REFERENCES Akoroda, M. O., Gebremeskel, T. & Oyinlola, A. E. (1985). Impact of HTA cassava varieties in Oyo State of Nigeria. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 105. Ay, P., Odediran, O. R. & Ogunaskin, D. A. (1983). IITA cassava now part of local farming system: Variety 30572 supplements local varieties and opens new production opportunities. Farming Systems Programme, IITA, Ibadan, 22.
IITA cassava stem supply system in Oyo State of Nigeria
317
Heys, G. (1980). Large-scale multiplication of cassava at IITA, Ibadan. In: Cassava production and extension in Central Africa. (Ezumah, H. C. (Ed.)), IITA, Ibadan, 191-201. Keyser, J. (1984). Yoruba names mirror cassava traits. HTA Research Briefs, 5(4), 3, 6 and 8. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) (1974-1976). Annual reports of the HTA, Ibadan, Nigeria. Ministry of Agriculture and National Resources (MANR) (1982). National Accelerated Food Production Programme (NAFPP): Oyo State cassava programme for 1981. Presented at the 6th NAFPP National Cassava Workshop, NRCRI, Umudike, Nigeria. Walker, P. T., Heydon, D. L. & Guthrie, E. J. (1985). Report of a survey of cassava yield losses caused by mealybug and greenmite in Africa, with special reference to Ghana. Tropical Development and Research Institute, London, 85.
Plantable Stem Supply System for IITA Cassava Varieties in Oyo State of Nigeria
Malachy O. Akoroda Agronomy Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
A. Ebun Oyinlola Crops Division, Oyo State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MANR), Ibadan, Nigeria
& Tesfaye Gebremeskel Socio-Economics Unit, Farming Systems Programme, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria (Received 2 September 1986; accepted 24 February 1987)
S UMMA R Y The overall system for supplying plantable stems of improved cassava varieties from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture ( HTA ) was surveyed for Oyo State where HTA is situated. This study examined the relation of spread of adoption of these varieties during the period of 1976 through 1985 to the supply of planting materials. Based on completed questionnaires, reconnaisance visits to 21 of the 24 local government areas of Oyo State, coupled with official documents and personal communications, the team found that: ( i ) effective distribution of plantable stems to the majority of cassava farmers did not begin until the second half of the 1976-1985 decade, (ii) the required capacity for, and rate of multiplication of HTA cassava varieties was grossly inadequate, ( iii ) the varieties are yet to be introduced to 305 Agricultural Systems 0308-521X/87/$03"50 © Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd, England, 1987. Printed in Great Britain
306
Malachy O. Akoroda, A. Ebun Oyinlola, Tesfaye Gebremeskel some localities due to a poor stem supply system for these cassava varieties and (iv) a large potential exists for further adoption of HTA varieties if farmers can obtain more plantable stems. This study identified the short
supply of plantable stems to farmers as the chief obstacle to a wider spread, adoption, and use of HTA improved cassava for meeting the food needs of cassava-dependent rural farm families in Oyo State. A greater catalytic role is recommended for HTA to ameliorate the stem supply situation.
INTRODUCTION There is a poor distribution and supply system for plantable stems of cassava in Oyo and other states of Nigeria. Government involvement in the production and extension of plantable stems of cassava is limited to the multiplication of stems in a few government farms at State level and at the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) and the National Seed Service (NSS) at Federal level. The pattern of spread of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) improved cassava varieties and the influence of the availability of plantable stems on their adoption in Oyo State constituted the focus of this study. In studying systems of this type in which accurate quantitative data on many variables are difficult to obtain, the only option is the use of estimates. These are employed in charting patterns that show the dependence of new technology impact on different, but associated, factors of the stem-supply system. Cassava is a vegetatively reproduced carbohydrate staple for about onethird of Nigeria's population particularly in the southern states. Its productivity in largely mixed crop cultivations has been low and unstable mainly due to varietal responses to the vagaries of weather, cultural practices, insect pests and foliar diseases. IITA's aim is to search for genotypes that sufficiently resist the effects of pests and diseases and give higher yields of better quality tubers. The Root and Tuber Improvement Programme (TRIP) of IITA is involved in genetic improvement through breeding as well as devising agronomic practices that can ensure high quality and stable yields of cassava. The release of improved cassava varieties from the breeding programmes of IITA is only the first phase of bringing this technology to farmers. However, the responsibility for the multiplication, spread and distribution of improved cultivars belongs to national (Nigerian) agencies. In 1974, IITA conducted yield trials with about 300 elite clones at Ibadan, Umudike, Warri and Mokwa, which are locations representative of Nigeria's cassava zone (IITA, 1974). Based on these trials, plantable stems of some of the most promising clones were selected and multiplied in 1975
HTA cassava stem supply system in Oyo State of Nigeria
307
(IITA, 1975). During 1976, clones TMS 30572, 30017, 30110, 30337 and 30555 were rapidly multiplied and distributed to selected farmers through the National Accelerated Food Production Programme (NAFPP) of Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Agriculture (IITA, 1976). Due to the nature of the crop, the quantities of plantable stem materials multiplied were limited. Heys (1980) wrote that 'In 1976, breeder's materials from two clones: 302211 and 30395 were field planted. These resulted in 575 mature plants of 30211 and 390 plants of 30395 in the first quarter of 1977. The demand for this material was such that IITA distributed all the hardwood, except for enough to plant 5000 two-node cuttings of each clone.' Subsequently, various techniques were developed and used to provide for rapid multiplication of top performing selections from multi-site trials (Heys, 1980). Thence, these improved cultivars diffused into the cassava culture of many states of Nigeria. In this paper, the system of supply of plantable stems to farmers of improved IITA cassava varieties is examined for Oyo State, where IITA is situated. This study constitutes part of the profile on the general impact of IITA cassava varieties on cassava area and the cassava economy of rural Nigeria.
METHODOLOGY Reconnaisance visits were made to 21 of 24 local government areas (LGA) of Oyo State of Nigeria during August-October 1985. With the assistance of officials of the State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MANR), questionnaires were completed for 102 farmers. In addition, 84 officials of M A N R also completed a second type of questionnaire, whilst 89 knowledgeable or experienced local residents completed a third type of questionnaire. Observations during field travel, discussions with farmers, traders, processors, and transporters of fresh cassava tubers or processed products proved highly informative and formed the basis for interpreting the collected data. Furthermore, various documented data on production and distribution of stems of IITA cassava were received from: (i) TRIP office at IITA, Ibadan; (ii) National Seed Service (NSS), Ibadan; (iii) TEXAGRI farms, Opeji, near Abeokuta; (iv) M A N R offices of Seed Multiplication Unit (SMU) at Ibadan, Ire and Ilesha; (v) Oyo State office for Schools Agricultural Programme (NAFPP) at Ibadan; and (vii) Project headquarters of Oyo North Agricultural Development Project (ONADEP) at Saki. Information gathered from these sources was jointly considered for salient trends that, in a general way, characterize the path of spread of
308
Malachy O. Akoroda, A. Ebun Oyinlola, Tesfaye Gebremeskel
plantable stems of cassava in the farming system of Oyo State. Because of the diversity of socio-cultural background among farmers, difficulties of travel in areas with a poor road network, a generally illiterate rural farming populace and limited survey funds and resources (time and material), the outcome of this study serves only two main objectives. First, to present a general view of the situation, and, secondly, to attempt some quantification of selected variables since there is little or no reliable data or information on such variables. With these constraints, the methods adopted are adequate and sufficient. A similar method of approach was employed by Walker et al. (1985) in a survey of cassava yield losses in Ghana under comparable study conditions. FINDINGS
Response from farmers Plantable stems of IITA cassava varieties were obtained by farmers through different sources: (1) Co-farmer (that is, from other neighbourhood farmers); (ii) State Ministry of Agriculture Farm Service Centres; (iii) IITA headquarters, Ibadan; (iv) the National Seed Service headquarters Ibadan; (v) many farms that sell stems and cuttings and (vi) travellers and relatives associated with, or in contact with, these sources. In most cases, adopting farmers obtained cuttings from a combination of these sources. During field visits the team observed many cases of transport of stems on head load, motor cycles and motor vehicles. Fifty-nine per cent of the 102 responding farmers have grown IITA cassava for 1-7 seasons with a mean of 2.6 seasons before 1985. However, farmers in Akinyele L G A (in which IITA is situated) have grown these varieties for an average 3.7 seasons. Proximity of these farmers to IITA headquarters and their earlier awareness and receipt of the availability of these varieties could account for their longer period of cultivation. Spread of IITA cassava stems from farmer to farmer was intense. This pattern accorded with the cultural mode of distributing any beneficial farm input. On the whole, each of the 60 (59%) of 102 responding farmers had sold or donated plantable stems to 14.4 other cassava growers within the last season. The amount so distributed was small, being only a fraction of what was multiplied by the farmer to meet his own needs. IITA cassava was intentionally multiplied by small farmers who received or bought insufficient quantities of stems for their full planting. In some cases, the varieties were separately planted along plot edges, to enable observation of growth characteristics and to allow protection of stems from people who pilfered them to initiate their own multiplication.
IITA cassava stem supply system in Oyo State o f Nigeria
309
Reports from officials of agriculture Government agents had the advantage of greater mobility and higher educational levels relative to farmers which afforded them a better insight into the stem supply system of Oyo State. The continuous collection of information as an official duty necessitates much interaction between them and farmers. From 70 respondents, 52 cassava varieties were listed as being grown in the State. Duplicates and ecotypes had different names and could not be conclusively separated in all cases. The problem of differentiating cassava varieties by local names has received some study (Ay et al., 1983; Keyser, 1984) but remains unresolved. Field inspection of plants for each and every listed variety was not possible during the survey. Statements on scarcity or expensiveness of stems were made in 8 out of 187 comments reported by 84 officials on what adopting farmers say generally about IITA cassava varieties. With efficient field management, mature stems from a hectare of sole cassava can plant 10-15 ha equivalent to a multiplication ratio of 1:10-15 (Mrs A. F. Atolagbe, 1985 (NSS), pers. comm.). However, farmers generally achieve only about half of this potential. The exact ratio varies with the variety, cultural practices, cropping cycles, season, farm size and the length of stem cuttings planted. According to 32 of 84 respondents (38%), plantable stem losses are considerable when environmental conditions do not favour the immediate replanting of stems after harvest of roots. In all, officials reported various ratios from 1 to 10, with an average of 5.3 and a mode of 4. However, the actual amount of stems available for planting fluctuates, depending on the proportion of all plantable stems in the categories listed in Table 1. TABLE 1 Categories of Use or Loss of Plantable Stems of Cassava among Farmers of Oyo State as Reported by Officials of Agriculture, 1985
Category
Gifts to other farmer Losses from poor harvest, poor preparation of cuttings or failure to replant Too woody or immature stems Reserved for planting
% used or lost 10-30
20-30 10-20 31~50
310
Malachy O. Akoroda, A. Ebun Oyinlola, Tesfaye Gebrerneskel
The conception of officials perfectly agreed with responses from farmers on the extent of spread of stems among farmers. Of 26 informants replying, three reported only that 'many' or 'various' other farmers had obtained stems from donor farmers each season. Four officials provided the percentage of all cassava farmers receiving donation in their locality as 5, 8.3, 25 and 50% of 2000, 3000, 4000 and 2000 farm families, respectively. The remaining 19 informants reported from 1 to 37 receiving farmers with an average of about 14 other farmers receiving stems per donor farmer although 5-8 farmers was most frequent.
Observations from experienced local residents Retired civil servants resident in rural areas provided the team with much insight into numerous aspects of rural life and the role of cassava and IITA cassava varieties toward overall crop production. Interviews and pooled information from 89 questionnaires indicated (i) average farm size to be about 1 ha (1"3 ha) and (ii) the percentage of farmers growing IITA varieties to be around 20%. Response of 70 informants (79%) identified the relative importance of constraints to the spread and use of IITA cassava varieties and showed that the shortage of plantable stems was the biggest obstacle (Fig. 1). All in all, 51 of 89 respondents (62%) concurred that there will be a significant increase in the cultivated areas under IITA cassava varieties,
c.
Shortage of plantable stems
Yet I introd
77q
Fig. I.
15.'?% 26.0% 60.5 % Relative frequency of constraints to spread of IITA cassava varieties in Oyo State of Nigeria (1985) as reported by 70 persons with local experience.
IITA cassava stem supply system in Oyo State of Nigeria
311
when stems become more available. Respondents predicted a 2- to 4-fold increase. These speculations hinge on the ability of every source ofplantable stems to consistently meet planting requirements of both new and previous adopters.
Dispersion of plantable stems Seven major sources multiplied and distributed plantable stems of IITA cassava varieties to farmers in Oyo State during 1976-1985 (Table 2). Some farmers in every LGA obtained some stems of IITA cassava (Table 3), although the number of bundles received and the number of farmers are unknown. In general, the bundles of stems received and the number of receptors was higher among farmers close to the major sources of stem supply. The total number of bundles produced by all sources over the 1976-1985 period (613 350 bundles) could directly plant some 1227 ha. This quantity is small compared to the aggregate demand of cassava growers which constitute a majority of about 1-4 m farm families in Oyo State. These stem dispersal efforts were also more concentrated in the second half of the decade (Table 2). It is important to note that, prior to 1976, advanced TABLE 2 Supply o f Plantable Stems of IITA I m p r o v e d Cassava Varieties Specifically Distributed by M a j o r Sources to Oyo State Cassava G r o w e r s D u r i n g 1976-1985
Year
HTA (*)
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
0.1 0-2 0.1 0.1 4.3 1.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5
Total
NSS (*)
. . .
? 0-3 1.8 6- ! 7.3
TEXAGRI (*)
. . .
SMU (ha)
. . . --? 3.3 10-9 7-8
. . .
SAP (ha)
.
NAFPP (ha)
ONADEP (ha)
.
. .
. .
? 38 35 11 11 7.4 5.1
---101 ? 403 419
. . 45 9 ? ? ? 9
--? 13 29 17
Estimated total number of bundles produced 100 200 100 100 45 800 19000 56900 17 700 237 300 236 150 613 350
Source: Available agency sales records with stated destinations of stems. * T h o u s a n d bundles; ? level o f p r o d u c t i o n not k n o w n ; - - no supply to Oyo State. F o r o r d i n a r y estimations, 1 h a o f sole m a t u r e cassava produces 500 bundles o f plantable stems. The total stem p r o d u c e d (613 350 bundles) can directly plant only a b o u t 1227 ha.
Malachy O. Akoroda, A. Ebun Oyinlola, Tesfaye Gebremeskel
312
TABLE 3 L o c a l i t i e s o f F a r m e r s in O y o S t a t e R e c e i v i n g P l a n t a b l e S t e m s o f I I T A C a s s a v a V a r i e t i e s from M a j o r Sources at Different Periods D u r i n g 1976-1985
LGA
HTA NSS (a) (b)
TEXAGRI SMU SAP NAFPP ONADEP Number of (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) major sources
*
*
2 Atakumosa
1 Akinyele
*
*
*
2
3 Ede
*
**
2
*
**
4 Ejigbo 5 Ibadan
*
* *
6 Ibarapa
*
*
*
*
*
*
7 Ifedapo 8 Ifelodun
* *
9 Ila
*
*
*
*
10 I l e s a
*
11 I r e p o
*
*
**
12 I r e p o d u n *
*
*
14 I s e y i n
*
*
*
15 I w o
*
*
*
* *
16 K a j o l a 17 L a g e l u
3
*
*
13 I r e w o l e
5
*
* *
4
*
**
* *
* *
*
**
*
*
*
*
5 *
6 3 4 6
*
4
*
*
*
**
2 5
*
*
6
*
**
* *
* *
4 *
5 5
18 O b o k u n
*
*
*
*
4
19 O d o - O t i n
*
*
*
**
4
*
*
20 O g b o m o s o
*
*
21 O l u y o l e 22 O r a n m i y a n
*
* *
23 O s o g b o
*
4
* *
* ***
4 4
*
*
*
*
4
24 O y o
*
*
*
*
*
***
6
LGA covered
13
20
13
6
24
22
3
E a c h * r e p r e s e n t s in: a S e v e r a l l o c a l i t i e s o f f a r m e r s r e c e i v i n g s t e m (1976-1985). b S e v e r a l l o c a l i t i e s f r o m w h i c h f a r m e r c a m e (1982-1985). c S e v e r a l t o w n s (1982-1985). d S i n g l e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n sites. e S e v e r a l s c h o o l s in d i f f e r e n t t o w n s (1984-1985). f
L o c a t i o n s w h e r e f a r m e r s p a r t i c i p a t e d in a g r o n o m i c t r i a l b a s e d o n T M S 30572 i n 1980--81
season. g M a n y a r e a s r e c e i v i n g all p l a n t a b l e s t e m s f r o m O N A D E P ,
S a k i (1983-1985).
IITA cassava stem supply system in Oyo State o f Nigeria
313
selections of elite clones which were utilized in extension studies in some areas continued in cultivation. Thus, when the team visited Olorunda (Oyo LGA) in January, 1986, the IITA variety being grown there was different from any of those commonly cultivated by the majority of farmers adopting IITA cassava. This variety was traced to trials of Dr A. U. Patel, a professor of Agricultural Extension at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Growth in plantable stem supply Annual planting of IITA cassava varieties for stem production was small in 1976 and remained so until 1980-1981 season. Between 1976 and 1981, there was no major source of plantable stem besides IITA headquarters. During those five years, techniques for rapid multiplication of vegetative planting materials (stems, two-node cutting plantlets, rooted shoot tips) were developed such that normal rates of multiplication could be improved 6-7 times (Heys, 1980).
250
2OO
fl "~ 150 e-
J
0 c-
F50
1976
I
I
1978
I
I
1980
I
I
1982
I
I
1984
I
I
1986
Year of cultivation
Fig. 2. Pattern of growth in the availability of plantable stems of IITA improved cassava varieties in Oyo State of Nigeria during 1976-1985. (The lower curve is based on actual survey records, but the upper curve indicates a more probable stem supply situation. The shaded area represents the probable margins of underestimation.)
314
Malachy O. Akoroda, A. Ebun Oyinlola, Tesfaye Gebremeskel
Estimates based on Table 2 were used to construct a probable pattern of growth in the availability of plantable stems of IITA cassava varieties (Fig. 2). Growth of stem supply was exponential and has not reached the peak because these varieties are yet to be introduced to many areas. Until all cassava growing areas in Oyo State receive sufficient stems to meet the needs of farmers a continued growth in supply may be envisaged. Figure 2 only depicits a general pattern. The data in Table 2 are incomplete, and represent gross underestimates, as indicated by discussions with informants. Officials of the various supply agencies attributed the scanty data situation to difficulties associated with irregular and improper record keeping, arising from rapid changes in position of staff and of duty schedules.
G E N E R A L DISCUSSION A N D CONCLUSIONS The supply of plantable stems of improved IITA cassava varieties has not received adequate attention. Thus, the varieties, though satisfactory in some respects for farmer use, have not yet been introduced into some LGAs of Oyo State (IITA's host state), l0 years after their release. IITA has not fully realized its ultimate goal of improving the food and income of rural farmers growing cassava in the state. The 1985 survey (Akoroda, et al., 1985) estimated that the 20% of cassava land in Oyo State under IITA cassava appeared to belong more to medium-to-large farmers than to the majority of smallholder farmers cultivating less than 4 ha per farm family, although a chi-square test of association of adoption and farm size was not significant. There are established linkages between IITA and various institutions for multiplying the varieties. This, however, is only a first step to bringing improved farm inputs to the smallholder farmer, the target of IITA's mandate. Whereas IITA does not directly engage in the extension of the improved cassava varieties to farmers, the impact and performance of IITA's work will, to a large extent, depend on the degree of adoption. cultivation and use of these varieties by farmers and the rural majority of African people who eat cassava. Techniques for rapid multiplication of cassava planting materials have been perfected but farmers have not been shown what to do. Each variety requires characterization and precautions regarding its strengths and weakness. This type of information instructs farmers on how to handle particular varieties to maximum advantage. No leaflet, pamphlet, booklet or any instructional document of this type has been prepared by IITA or the Oyo State Ministry of Agriculture to acquaint farmers with the feasible methods of cassava stem multiplication. Generally, most farmers do not know where to obtain certified plantable
HTA cassava stem supply system in Oyo State o f Nigeria
315
stems of IITA cassava varieties. Although agencies of NSS and M A N R are expected to provide certified stems, their present operations are limited and favour the provision of seeds of pulses and grains. It is evident that the incapability of national agencies to multiply and distribute sufficient stems has restrained the benefits realizable from IITA's improved cassava varieties. These is still a wide scope for improving the situation. Distribution of foundation stock to LGA farms would be essential for rapid achievement of grassroots dispersal of stems. Akin to this is the complete coverage of all LGA's achieved by the SAP (Table 3). From each participating school, stem cuttings eventually reached many farmers and the demonstrations in school farms afforded teachers and students the opportunity of observing the performance of the new varieties relative to traditional varieties. The high demand for stems is discordant with the low efficiency of stem utilization by farmers. Methods for improved stem storage and appropriate preparations of stems into plantable-sized cuttings ought to be considered as part of the varietal release package for a clonally reproduced crop. This is more expedient since farmer practices give low stem multiplication ratios (3to 5-fold increases per season) compared with efficient multiplication systems with 10-15 to over 60-fold increase). Consequently, high
8
7
6
5
4
5
.......... 2 I
Strengih of Iinkoges 0
Fig. 3. A proposed hierarchical flow of delivery of plantable stems of improved cassava varieties from IITA. The flowchart initially emphasizes strategic distribution of breeder stock of stems to only agents with facilities for multiplying released varieties prior to grassroot dispersal and adoption at village-farm level. These agents are principally the National Seeds Service (NSS), state ministries of agriculture, and the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI). (S= school, M = m e d i u m farmers, O=outgrowers, C = c o m m u n i t y contact farmers, P = peasants, U = farmers' unions, F = village farmer).
316
Malachy O. Akoroda, A. Ebun Oyinlola, Tesfaye Gebremeskel
expectations of rapid adoption of the varieties and widespread contribution to cassava area are least likely to be achieved in situations with insufficient planting materials or of slow multiplication techniques. The over 30 000 ha of cassava land under IITA improved cassava varieties in Oyo State (Akoroda et al., 1985) could be expected to expand if better plantable stem supply systems are developed and encouraged. Although IITA need not deal directly with farmers, some general assistance is necessary, as shown by experience. IITAs success in alleviating hunger through increased crop yields will be measured by the impact of released cassava varieties on local farm output. There is need, therefore, to encourage local authorities to act in consonance with the aims oflITA. IITA's catalytic role of prompting and assisting national and state agencies will pay off, when local organizations increasingly adopt and execute a more spatially distributed network of stem multiplication sites, preferably at LGA level. Farmer instructional information and other relevant extension aids should be provided by IITA or developed in co-operation with national and state agencies. A carefully monitored and supported system of stem supply is needed, as proposed in Fig. 3. The flowchart should, as much as possible, be followed from IITA to farmer to enable effective transfer of usable farm inputs. In this way, more farmers can promptly obtain planting materials of IITA improved cassava varieties.
A C K N O W L E D G E M ENTS The authors are grateful to Chief (Dr) S. K. Hahn, Director of Root and Tuber Improvement Programme (TRIP) of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, for commissioning this study. The assistance of the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MANR) Oyo State, Ibadan; National Seed Service (NSS), Ibadan; TEXGARI farms, Opeji, Abeokuta--in the survey are acknowledged. We appreciate the constant co-operation of Mr Adebayo Adeyemo of MANR, Ibadan.
REFERENCES Akoroda, M. O., Gebremeskel, T. & Oyinlola, A. E. (1985). Impact of HTA cassava varieties in Oyo State of Nigeria. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 105. Ay, P., Odediran, O. R. & Ogunaskin, D. A. (1983). IITA cassava now part of local farming system: Variety 30572 supplements local varieties and opens new production opportunities. Farming Systems Programme, IITA, Ibadan, 22.
IITA cassava stem supply system in Oyo State of Nigeria
317
Heys, G. (1980). Large-scale multiplication of cassava at IITA, Ibadan. In: Cassava production and extension in Central Africa. (Ezumah, H. C. (Ed.)), IITA, Ibadan, 191-201. Keyser, J. (1984). Yoruba names mirror cassava traits. HTA Research Briefs, 5(4), 3, 6 and 8. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) (1974-1976). Annual reports of the HTA, Ibadan, Nigeria. Ministry of Agriculture and National Resources (MANR) (1982). National Accelerated Food Production Programme (NAFPP): Oyo State cassava programme for 1981. Presented at the 6th NAFPP National Cassava Workshop, NRCRI, Umudike, Nigeria. Walker, P. T., Heydon, D. L. & Guthrie, E. J. (1985). Report of a survey of cassava yield losses caused by mealybug and greenmite in Africa, with special reference to Ghana. Tropical Development and Research Institute, London, 85.