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Post awakening cortisol and melatonin secretion are not related
R. Reynolds / Psychoneuroendocrinology 61 (2015) 1–78
Discussion: Our findings suggest a role of CoP as a potential surrogate marker of subjective psychometric ratings in panic anxiety. A vasopressinergic activation during CCK-4 panic was demonstrated, which was closely linked to pituitary-adrenocortical release. Further studies are needed to replicate our results and to further clarify the role of CoP as a stress-sensitive hormone in different panic paradigms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.566
PO119 Hair cortisol concentrations in relation to ill-being and well-being in healthy young and old females Nina Smyth 1,∗ , Matilde Biachin 1 , Lisa Thorn 1 , Frank Hucklebridge 1 , Clemens Kirschbaum 2 , Tobias Stalder 2 , Angela Clow 1 1 2
University of Westminster, London, UK TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) provides a retrospective measure of integrated cortisol secretion and has been shown to be elevated in relation to chronic stress conditions. However associations in healthy participants with subjective ill-being are less clear and associations with well-being have not been explored. The current study examined HCC in relation to independent comprehensive factors of ill-being (stress, depression, anxiety) and well-being (subjective happiness, life satisfaction, psychological well-being) in healthy young and old females (n = 91; mean ± SD: 20 ± 2.3 years and n = 27; 79 ± 6.7 years respectively). Using mixed modelling regression a significant interaction between age group and the well-being factor on HCC emerged: higher well-being scores were associated with higher HCC in the old group but not the young group (F = 6.167; p = 0.15). This relationship was independent of ill-being and the number of hair washes per week. Ill-being was not associated with HCC and there was no interaction between ill-being and the age groups on HCC. The results were unchanged when subjective socioeconomic status, ethnicity, smoking status, self-reported health, medication use, taking oral contraceptives or hair treatments were separately included in the model. The data also confirmed evidence of increased total cortisol secretion with increased age. These findings suggest that HCC is able to distinguish different levels of well-being in healthy older females and may point to a beneficial role for increased HPA axis activation, within the normal range, in older females. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.567
PO120 Post awakening cortisol and melatonin secretion are not related Nina Smyth ∗ , Natasha Ramachandran, Lisa Thorn, Alison Eardley, Phil Evans, Angela Clow University of Westminster, London, UK Indices of post awakening cortisol secretion (PACS) provide an index of HPA axis function and are related to a wide range of psychosocial and health variables. Indices include the rise (cortisol awakening response: CAR) and overall concentrations (e.g. area under the cortisol curve with reference to ground: AUCg) in the first
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30–45 min following morning awakening. However the relationship between the PACS and post awakening melatonin secretion (PAMS) is unknown. Here we report salivary cortisol and melatonin concentrations from healthy females (N = 41) and males (N = 10), age 21.6 ± 5.0 years, on 2 days at 15-min intervals for 45-min postawakening. Perceived stress in the last month and well-being were also assessed. Awakening-time and sample timing accuracy were electronically-monitored to assess non-adherence. Data revealed the typical post-awakening CAR (p < .001), peaking at 45-min post awakening. In contrast there was no change in melatonin concentration across this time (p = .844) and neither the CAR nor AUCg were related to average melatonin (p = 0.709 and 0.906, respectively). Controlling for non-adherence using data from adherent sampling days only (i.e. first sample collected within 5-min of awakening as in Smyth et al., 2013; N = 61 days) cortisol AUCg was negatively associated with well-being (p = .035), independent of stress, awakening-time, gender and smoking. Melatonin secretion was not associated with well-being or perceived stress. We conclude that PACS and PAMS are unrelated and that PAMS does not contribute to the reported association between PACS (AUCg) and well-being in this study. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.568
PO121 The cortisol awakening response: Towards meaningful measurement Phil Evans ∗ , Nina Smyth, Lisa Thorn, Frank Hucklebridge, Angela Clow University of Westminster, London, UK The CAR is linked with a wide range of health outcomes but participant non-adherence to the time of saliva sampling leads to inaccurate assessment. To understand the impact of poor sample timing accuracy it is vital to understand fully the normal timecourse of increased post awakening cortisol secretion. Most studies collect samples at awakening, 15, 30 or 45 min later, designed to capture the base and peak of cortisol secretion, assuming by default a linear rise in concentration between samples. Here we report CAR data from 26 healthy males and females on 2 days at 5 min intervals for 60 min post-awakening. Awakening time and sample timing accuracy were electronically monitored to assess non-adherence. On the first and second day 16 and 14 participants were adherent i.e. first sample collected within 5 min of awakening (Smyth et al., 2013) with a mean delay of 1.6 ± 0.06 and 1.8 ± 0.8 min respectively. With accuracy assured, it was apparent that cortisol did not rise at 5 and 10 min after awakening (F = .007, df = 54, p = .932; F = 1.494, df = 56, p = .227) but there was a difference at 15 minutes (F = 8.412, df = 93, p = .005). Assumptions of a linear rise in cortisol from the moment of awakening are not tenable. The implication is that short sampling delays between awakening and the start of sampling (up to10 min) result in overestimation of CAR magnitude due to non-inclusion of this latent period in cortisol secretion. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.569
Discussion: Our findings suggest a role of CoP as a potential surrogate marker of subjective psychometric ratings in panic anxiety. A vasopressinergic activation during CCK-4 panic was demonstrated, which was closely linked to pituitary-adrenocortical release. Further studies are needed to replicate our results and to further clarify the role of CoP as a stress-sensitive hormone in different panic paradigms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.566
PO119 Hair cortisol concentrations in relation to ill-being and well-being in healthy young and old females Nina Smyth 1,∗ , Matilde Biachin 1 , Lisa Thorn 1 , Frank Hucklebridge 1 , Clemens Kirschbaum 2 , Tobias Stalder 2 , Angela Clow 1 1 2
University of Westminster, London, UK TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) provides a retrospective measure of integrated cortisol secretion and has been shown to be elevated in relation to chronic stress conditions. However associations in healthy participants with subjective ill-being are less clear and associations with well-being have not been explored. The current study examined HCC in relation to independent comprehensive factors of ill-being (stress, depression, anxiety) and well-being (subjective happiness, life satisfaction, psychological well-being) in healthy young and old females (n = 91; mean ± SD: 20 ± 2.3 years and n = 27; 79 ± 6.7 years respectively). Using mixed modelling regression a significant interaction between age group and the well-being factor on HCC emerged: higher well-being scores were associated with higher HCC in the old group but not the young group (F = 6.167; p = 0.15). This relationship was independent of ill-being and the number of hair washes per week. Ill-being was not associated with HCC and there was no interaction between ill-being and the age groups on HCC. The results were unchanged when subjective socioeconomic status, ethnicity, smoking status, self-reported health, medication use, taking oral contraceptives or hair treatments were separately included in the model. The data also confirmed evidence of increased total cortisol secretion with increased age. These findings suggest that HCC is able to distinguish different levels of well-being in healthy older females and may point to a beneficial role for increased HPA axis activation, within the normal range, in older females. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.567
PO120 Post awakening cortisol and melatonin secretion are not related Nina Smyth ∗ , Natasha Ramachandran, Lisa Thorn, Alison Eardley, Phil Evans, Angela Clow University of Westminster, London, UK Indices of post awakening cortisol secretion (PACS) provide an index of HPA axis function and are related to a wide range of psychosocial and health variables. Indices include the rise (cortisol awakening response: CAR) and overall concentrations (e.g. area under the cortisol curve with reference to ground: AUCg) in the first
65
30–45 min following morning awakening. However the relationship between the PACS and post awakening melatonin secretion (PAMS) is unknown. Here we report salivary cortisol and melatonin concentrations from healthy females (N = 41) and males (N = 10), age 21.6 ± 5.0 years, on 2 days at 15-min intervals for 45-min postawakening. Perceived stress in the last month and well-being were also assessed. Awakening-time and sample timing accuracy were electronically-monitored to assess non-adherence. Data revealed the typical post-awakening CAR (p < .001), peaking at 45-min post awakening. In contrast there was no change in melatonin concentration across this time (p = .844) and neither the CAR nor AUCg were related to average melatonin (p = 0.709 and 0.906, respectively). Controlling for non-adherence using data from adherent sampling days only (i.e. first sample collected within 5-min of awakening as in Smyth et al., 2013; N = 61 days) cortisol AUCg was negatively associated with well-being (p = .035), independent of stress, awakening-time, gender and smoking. Melatonin secretion was not associated with well-being or perceived stress. We conclude that PACS and PAMS are unrelated and that PAMS does not contribute to the reported association between PACS (AUCg) and well-being in this study. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.568
PO121 The cortisol awakening response: Towards meaningful measurement Phil Evans ∗ , Nina Smyth, Lisa Thorn, Frank Hucklebridge, Angela Clow University of Westminster, London, UK The CAR is linked with a wide range of health outcomes but participant non-adherence to the time of saliva sampling leads to inaccurate assessment. To understand the impact of poor sample timing accuracy it is vital to understand fully the normal timecourse of increased post awakening cortisol secretion. Most studies collect samples at awakening, 15, 30 or 45 min later, designed to capture the base and peak of cortisol secretion, assuming by default a linear rise in concentration between samples. Here we report CAR data from 26 healthy males and females on 2 days at 5 min intervals for 60 min post-awakening. Awakening time and sample timing accuracy were electronically monitored to assess non-adherence. On the first and second day 16 and 14 participants were adherent i.e. first sample collected within 5 min of awakening (Smyth et al., 2013) with a mean delay of 1.6 ± 0.06 and 1.8 ± 0.8 min respectively. With accuracy assured, it was apparent that cortisol did not rise at 5 and 10 min after awakening (F = .007, df = 54, p = .932; F = 1.494, df = 56, p = .227) but there was a difference at 15 minutes (F = 8.412, df = 93, p = .005). Assumptions of a linear rise in cortisol from the moment of awakening are not tenable. The implication is that short sampling delays between awakening and the start of sampling (up to10 min) result in overestimation of CAR magnitude due to non-inclusion of this latent period in cortisol secretion. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.569