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Potential and utilization of renewable energy in the Southeastern region in the Republic of Macedonia
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016) 1550–1562
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser
Potential and utilization of renewable energy in the Southeastern region in the Republic of Macedonia Vladimir Mijakovski n, Tale Geramitcioski, Vangelce Mitrevski Faculty of Technical Sciences, University “Sv. Kliment Ohridski”, Str. Makedonska Falanga 33, 7000 Bitola, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 12 August 2015 Received in revised form 6 January 2016 Accepted 13 January 2016 Available online 4 February 2016
Life on Earth originated and survived millions of years as a result of the favorable climatic conditions. The climate can be considered as a renewable resource whose energy component is comprised from the solar energy, while the material component represents oceans as water tanks. Renewable energy sources (RES) can be divided into two main categories: traditional renewable energy sources such as biomass and large hydropower plants and the so called “new renewable energy sources” such as the solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, etc. This paper refers to the potential and utilization of RES in the southeastern planning region in the Republic of Macedonia. The main goal of the paper is to analyze possibilities of using the RES which naturally belong to the areas of the ten municipalities located in this part of the Republic of Macedonia. This is achieved by defining the existing potentials of RES in the region, the state of their current usage, balance and categorization based on quality, energy value, energy resources, etc. Methodology used in the research is also presented in the paper. & 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Renewable energy sources Potential Utilization Republic of Macedonia
Contents 1. 2. 3.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of data for the relevant RES in Southeastern planning region and potential for decreasing the CO2 emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1. Summary of the RES potential by municipalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2. Potential for reducing CO2 emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1. Hydro energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2. Biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3. Biogas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4. Geothermal energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5. Solar energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6. Wind energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix A. Hydro energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix B. Biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix C. Geothermal energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix D. Wind energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix E. Solar energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 389 70 339767; fax: þ389 47 203370. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Mijakovski).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.030 1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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1. Introduction The use of renewable energy sources is not new at all. In the history of mankind, renewable sources of energy had long been a unique opportunity for energy production. This situation changed with the industrial revolution when lignite and brown coal became increasingly important. Later, the significance of crude oil also increased. With the advantages like easy transportation and use as material for further processing, crude oil became one of the main energy sources of present time. Natural gas used for heating of premises and electricity generation also became an important energy source because of its wide availability and low investment costs in terms of facilities for conversion of energy. With the growing use of fossil fuels for energy production, the use of renewable energies became smaller in absolute and relative terms. Apart from a few exceptions, renewable energy is second in terms of overall energy production. According to the European Directive 2001/77/EC [1], the share of renewable energy in the total energy consumption by 2020 should be 20%, and by 2040 as much as 40%. The share of renewable energy in gross primary energy consumption in the EU in 2013 was 15.0% [2]. In the same direction is the EU Directive on phasing out of incandescent light bulbs and replacing them with energy saving bulbs by 2012 [3], which should achieve great savings on electricity and consequently, reduced CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. Republic of Macedonia, in accordance with the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) established by Eurostat (Statistical Ofiice of the European Union), is divided into eight non-administrative statistical planning regions, Fig. 1. Southeastern planning region lies on the end-southeastern part of the Republic of Macedonia and consists of Strumica – Radovish and Gevgelija – Valandovo valleys, i.e. valley of the river Strumica and lower part of the river Vardar. According to statistical data for 2013, 8.4% of the total population of the country live in this region.
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Region stretches on 10.9% of the total area of the country with population density of 63.3 inhabitants per km2. Ten municipalities form the region: Bogdanci, Bosilovo, Dojran, Gevgelija, Konche, Novo Selo, Radovish, Strumica, Valandovo and Vasilevo, Fig. 2. The rich hydrographic network, large number of sunny days, climate and favorable pedological conditions characterize the region as predominantly agricultural. Quality and volume production of early crops, fresh vegetables and fruits, as well as industrial crops, enables the development of can-processing industry of agricultural products, upon which this region is recognized. In recent years trend of growth in tourism, as an economic sector, represented by the proliferation of accommodation, tourists and overnight stays in the region is also noticeable. This is mostly due to revitalization and use of Dojran Lake as a tourist potential. Typical for the region is that in 2013 the activity rate and the employment rate was the highest compared to other regions and equaled 69.9% and 56.8%, respectively, whereas the unemployment rate, compared with other regions in the country, was the lowest and amounted to 18.8% [4].
2. Research methodology Goals set in [5], directly derive from national and European policy for intensive use of natural resources of the regions/ countries in the exploitation of renewable energy sources, also incorporated in the European Directive on the use of renewable energy sources [6], the Law on Energetics of the Republic of Macedonia, the National Strategy for the development of energy sector in the Republic of Macedonia [7] and [8], the National Strategy for utilization of the renewable energy sources in the Republic of Macedonia, [9] regulations for energy control [10] and [11], regulations for Energy Efficiency (EE) of buildings and so on. From the viewpoint of hierarchy, the European Directive 2009/28/
Fig. 1. Statistical-planning regions of the Republic of Macedonia, according to NUTS.
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Fig. 2. Municipalities of the Southeastern region.
EC [6], imposes on Member States and candidate countries for EU membership a specific percentage and deadline to substitute the usable energy from classical sources – fossil fuels with energy generated from renewable sources until 2020. These regulations are incorporated into national laws, strategic documents, regulations, norms and standards in the field of energetics, i.e. energy derived from renewable sources. According to these guidelines, the first implementers are users/owners of public buildings, such as the state bodies and institutions, public enterprises and municipalities with all their infrastructure potential in the field of public buildings used for administrative and technical activities of the municipalities, public buildings in the educational network, social welfare, culture and sports. Methodology of research is based on the following steps:
Collecting information and the necessary data from the existing
locations of all identified renewable energy sources, defining their potential, the degree of involvement in the current process of energy supply to facilities/municipalities of the region as a target group; Analysis of the whole documentation, existing designs, elaborates, studies in the field of energy efficiency at the municipal level in Southeastern planning region; Review and analysis of existing databases in the agencies and institutions at state level in charge of documentation for energy potential of renewable energy sources, related to the Southeastern region and its ten municipalities; Analysis of collected data through systematization, sorting according to relevance and energy potentials, sorting according to probability of actual use of existing energy resources, deriving appropriate conclusions and possible proposals for solutions in certain municipalities, parts of municipalities or important buildings that are big energy consumers; Search, analysis and extraction of possible technical and technological solutions for the application of potential
renewable energy resource separately or in combination with one another; Assembling the results of research in a logical sequence with a defined degree of applicability and efficiency in terms of energy savings by including energy potential of renewable energy sources; Preparation of a study with accompanying graphics for the region as a whole and for the municipalities in the region separately; Preparation of an effective presentation of the research results, proposed technical and technological solutions and other indicators that determine the extent of applicability concerning the financial aspect;
Introducing the results and proposed solutions to the target groups: representatives of municipalities of the region, management staff of public institutions, experts, businessmen and other stakeholders.
3. Summary of data for the relevant RES in Southeastern planning region and potential for decreasing the CO2 emissions 3.1. Summary of the RES potential by municipalities Based on the analysis of the thoroughly processed data for the potential and current level of utilization of the renewable energy sources in the Southeastern region, current level of utilization and assessment of potential for further exploitation of RES for electricity production, according to the type of energy source, and for each municipality in the Southeastern region are shown in Table 1. Table 2 shows the current state and potential for production of thermal energy from renewable energy sources according to type of energy resource, and for each municipality in the Southeastern region.
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Table 1 Current status and potential for production of electricity from renewable energy sources for all municipalities in the Southeastern region. Name of the municipality
Bogdanci Bosilovo Valandovo Vasilevo Gevgelija Dojran Konche Novo Selo Radovish Strumica SE Region
Annual production of electricity (in GWh) SHPP (existing)
SHPP (potential)
Wind (existing)
Wind (potential)
Photovoltaic (existing)n
Photovoltaic (potential)nn
Biogas (existing)
Biogas (potential)
0 0 0 6.18 0 1.50 0 0 0.71 0.64 9.03
0 2.44 0.77 8.78 3.53 1.50 0 2.47 6.43 4.28 30.20
90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90
150 0 0 0 120 0 0 0 0 0 270
0 0.02 2.78 0 0 0 0.07 0.61 0.07 0 3.55
– – – – – – – – – – –
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.14 0.90 0.29 0.48 0.25 0.18 0.36 0.48 0.81 0.74 4.63
n The production of electricity from the existing photovoltaic power plants (PVPPs) is calculated according the Strategy [9], for average annual number of sunny hours of 1400. The existing PVPPs, and PVPPs under construction are taken into consideration. nn Due to the fulfillment of the upper limits set in the Decision of the Government [12], it is not possible to estimate the annual production of electricity from photovoltaic power plants because the potential of this energy resource is practically inexhaustible and its use is conditioned only by the reception capacity of the electricity system.
Table 2 Current state and potential for production of thermal energy from renewable energy sources for each municipality in the Southeastern region. Name of municipality
Bogdanci Bosilovo Valandovo Vasilevo Gevgelija Dojran Konche Novo Selo Radovish Strumica SE Region
Annual production of electricity (in GWh) Biomass (existing)n
Biomass (potential)nn
Solar (existing)nnn
Solar (potential)
Geothermal (existing)
Geothermal (potential)
– – – – – – – – – – –
1.84 2.91 4.91 6.41 6.86 1.24 2.59 2.47 8.12 4.87 42.22
– – – – – – – – – – –
0.86 1.24 1.17 1.1 2.38 0.34 0.35 1.07 2.73 5.25 16.49
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 131.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 65.70 197.10
0.00 5.26 0.00 0.00 432.66 10.25 0.00 0.00 1.93 170.91 621.00
n The current production of thermal energy from biomass waste is not possible to be determined due to lack of data as a result of the unorganized collection and use of biomass waste (waste from logging and wood processing and waste from agriculture). nn The estimated production of thermal energy from biomass waste includes waste from logging and processing of wood and waste from agriculture (pruning of vineyards). nnn Due to lack of data it is not possible to calculate the annual production of thermal energy from solar thermal systems.
The non-technical overview of RES potential in the Southeastern region, ranked in five categories, is given in Table 3. The categorization in Table 3 was made based on the participation of particular municipality in energy production potential for every RES type in the total potential for energy production of the same source at regional level: participation greater than 25% – very high potential; participation from 20% to 25% – great potential; participation from 15% to 20% – average potential; participation from 8% to 15% – small potential and participation less than 8% – insignificant potential. Latest data on total gross electricity production in October 2015 [13], shows that despite the highest potential of solar energy, production of electricity from this RES type, on country level, is insignificant, Fig. 3. The share of each type of renewable energy in all eight planning regions of the country, according to installed capacity, as of December 2015, is depicted in Fig. 4, [14–17]. All ten municipalities in the Southeastern region have energy potential from renewable energy sources, ranging in size and possible technologies for use of each RES. It should be noted that this region has the most diverse installations by type of RES
compared to other regions in the country. The only wind farm in Republic of Macedonia is also located in this region. There is great progress in the use of RES in the last 5 years, compared with the previous period [18]. 3.2. Potential for reducing CO2 emissions The possible potential for reducing CO2 emissions through utilization of RES is calculated and presented as an amount of CO2 that would not be emitted in the atmosphere in the case of electricity production from renewable energy sources compared with the electricity production in thermal power plants using lignite as fuel. In the second case, the potential for reducing CO2 emissions is calculated and shown as an amount of CO2 that would not be emitted in the atmosphere in a case of thermal energy production from RES compared to thermal energy production in boilers fueled by extra light household oil. The calculations are done according to conversion factors for different types of fossil fuels [10]. Potential for reducing CO2 emissions in the case of electricity and thermal energy production and from renewable energy sources compared with their production from fossil fuels (lignite
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Table 3 Potential for using RES in a region ranked by categories.
first implementers are users/owners of public buildings, such as: state authorities and institutions, public enterprises, public buildings in the educational network, social welfare and culture as well as the municipalities with their complete infrastructure potential of public facilities used for administrative and technical activities.
4. Conclusion
Fig. 3. Total gross electricity production in the Republic of Macedonia, October 2015.
for electricity and extra light household oil for thermal energy) is depicted in Table 4. In the region with a potential for annual production of around 1084 GWh energy from renewable energy sources, the overall reduction of the CO2 emissions would be around 630 thousand tons, compared to the case when the same amount of energy is generated from fossil fuels (lignite for electricity and extra light household oil for thermal energy). Investing in alternative energy sources, in addition to the preservation of the environment, can reduce the dependence on imports of electricity in the Republic of Macedonia. On the other hand, as a candidate country for EU membership, Republic of Macedonia has an obligation towards the European Union to fulfill the Directive [6], for promoting and using energy from RES, in accordance with the objectives of the so-called group "20–20–20" that encourages achieving the following objectives until 2020: – 20% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the EU compared to the level in 1990. – Increasing the consumption of energy in the EU produced from renewable energy sources up to 20%. – 20% improvement of the energy efficiency in the EU. Hierarchically speaking, the European Directive 2009/28/EC is imposed to the EU member states and candidate countries for EU membership with a specific percentage and deadlines until 2020 in order to substitute used energy from classical sources (fossil fuels) with energy generated from RES. This Directive is incorporated into the national laws, strategic documents, regulations, norms and standards in the field of energy, i.e. energy obtained from renewable energy sources. According to these directives, the
From the previous analysis of the situation regarding potential and utilization of RES in ten municipalities comprising the Southeastern statistical-planning region of Republic of Macedonia [5], it can be concluded that the use of renewable energy sources can result in significant benefits for the municipalities, through: – Increased revenues in the municipal budget; – Reduced energy consumption from conventional fuels in the municipality; – Increased security of energy supply; – Increased employment; – Reduced emissions of harmful and greenhouse gases; – Increased share in the utilization of European funds allocated to RES; – Increased welfare and reduced health risk of the population. Detailed overview of potential of each RES type in the region is given, as follows: 4.1. Hydro energy The hydropower potential in the whole region is relatively limited [19]. Apart from the Vardar Valley that comprises construction of 10 hydropower plants along the river Vardar from Veles up to Gevgelija, four of which belong to the municipalities in the Southeastern region and have bigger installed capacity, other significant potential for using hydropower for electricity production does not exist. A number of sites for construction of small hydropower plants (SHPPs) are mapped (Fig. A.1 in Appendix). Although in an absolute value their installed capacity and annual energy production are not large, they can be a significant driver of local economy (the largest share in investment costs goes to actual construction with cca. 70% of total costs) and contribute to the employment of local population. Despite the six published international public calls for granting concessions for construction of
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Fig. 4. Share of installations according to RES type in all eight statistical-planning regions of the Republic of Macedonia.
more than 80 SHPPs nationwide, the number of published locations on the territory of the Southeastern planning region (a total of 4, all in the municipality of Radovish) is very small.
produce significant amounts of electricity. There is a considerable potential of waste from wood biomass, but it is used individually and without any organized strategy.
4.2. Biomass
4.3. Biogas
Regarding the use of biomass, the estimates are that except the opportunities for using waste from wood biomass, there is no real energy potential in usage of solid waste, livestock and waste from agricultural products. Therefore, biomass as energy source can be used only for heating of households, but is not sufficient to
According to the recommendations given in the literature [20], in order to achieve positive economic effect from processing waste into electricity, the optimal number of inhabitants where a waste to energy plant is to be located, is at least 250,000. Southeastern region has significantly smaller number of inhabitants. Similar
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Table 4 Potential for reducing CO2 emissions through utilization of RES. Type of RES
Annual production (GWh)
Production of electricity SSHP 36.23 Wind 360.00 PVP 3.55 Biogas 4.63 Total for electricity 404.41
Reducing CO2 emissions (thousand tons per year)
38.80 385.56 3.80 4.96 433.12
Production of thermal Biomass Solar thermal Geothermal Total for thermal energy
energy 42.22 16.49 621.00 679.71
12.26 4.79 180.34 197.39
ALL TOTAL
1084.12
630.51
conclusion can be drawn for the waste from livestock. Despite the availability of anaerobic digestion as a proven technology for commercial purposes, the digesters are still at a level of technical and commercial development. It is possible to use this resource in relatively small capacities.
4.4. Geothermal energy A special attention in exploiting the potential of geothermal energy should be paid in the municipalities of Gevgelija and Strumica where this potential is used exclusively for balneology purposes and in a smaller amount for low temperature heating of greenhouses for early vegetables due to low temperature gradient. In the municipalities of Dojran and Radovish there are also boreholes with geothermal waters with low temperature gradient that are not fully explored. In the future, intensifying the exploitation of known geothermal resources for energy purposes is expected, as well as detailed examination of known boreholes for complete identification of their energy potential.
4.5. Solar energy The lack of electricity production from photovoltaic power plants (PVPPs) is evident for all ten municipalities. In Valandovo, Strumica, Radovish. Novo Selo and Konche there are many already completed or under construction PVPPs. Except the PVPP in Valandovo, all the other PVPPs have very low installed capacity, i.e. they have an installed power capacity smaller than 50 kW. Considering that the entire region has a large number of sunny hours and most of the year the temperature is relatively high, the absence of PVPPs is explained only with the limitation of installed capacity imposed by the decision of the Government. Currently, it is not possible to acquire a status of preferential producer of electricity from photovoltaic power plants because of reaching the maximum allowed installed capacity nationwide [12] and [21]. On the other hand, the continuing decline of the price of the solar energy systems (for production of thermal energy and electricity) should contribute to massive use of smaller systems of this kind in the near future.
4.6. Wind energy Wind energy is already exploited in the municipality of Bogdanci [22]. In Gevgelija there are good conditions for using wind energy, dictated by the nature and the geostrategic coordinates of the municipality in the area of mountain Kozhuf and near the village of Davidovo [23]. In the rest of the municipalities, the potential of wind energy is insignificant. After the completion of second phase, the first wind park in Macedonia built in Bogdanci will have an installed capacity of 50 MW. A handicap for greater use of renewable energy sources in near future is the limitation of total installed capacity of wind power which up to December 31, 2016 should be 65 MW. An increasing use of wind energy is possible by applying hybrid systems – small wind aggregates in combination with other renewable energy sources (e.g. photovoltaic panels or geothermal heat pump), especially in households or small public objects. As a general conclusion can be stressed the fact that the existing potential of renewable energy sources, even though they cannot increase significantly the amount of domestic production of electricity from renewable sources, through its support in households' heating, hot water generation from RES, assistance in mitigating, reduced energy consumption can drastically improve the living standard of population in the region and act as a strong stimulation for the socio-economic development of local municipalities and the region as a whole. The obligations of Macedonia as a country including local governments as a third authority which in accordance to the decentralized position of the country’s structures related to EU Directive 2010/36 and Strategy for utilization of the renewable energy sources in the Republic of Macedonia by 2020 [9], will be fully completed through the use of established potentials presented in this paper. Examples throughout the Southeastern planning region show that investing in solar, hydropower, geothermal and wind energy as well as biomass energy, except the benefits for investors, brings a number of benefits for local communities, too. Republic of Macedonia, as a country – candidate for EU membership is up to date with trends in Europe and constantly harmonizes its legislation with the European. The main regulation which regulates the RES market was adopted, as well as the feedin tariffs and other subsidies for all those who invest in this sector. Municipalities of the Southeastern region, as local authorities have open arms to invest and to attract investors who will expand the use of renewable energy sources in their local communities. However, despite all these development activities, there are still many barriers that prevent full expansion in utilizing RES.
Acknowledgments This research was funded by the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) through cross border cooperation (CBC) programme between Republic of Macedonia and Republic of Bulgaria as part of the project “Towards the future”, Ref. no. 2007CB16IPO007-2012-3-086. The usual disclaimers apply.
Appendix A. Hydro energy (see appendix Fig. A1 and A2)
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Fig. A.1. Potential locations for construction of mini and micro HPP in the Southeastern planning region as defined by the “Study for possible small and micro HPP in SR Macedonia” developed by the Republic committee for energy of SR Macedonia in 1982.
Fig. A.2. Potential locations for construction of HPP in the project “Vardar valley” out of which 4 HPP are located in the Southeastern region (HPP “Gradec”, HPP “Miletkovo”, HPP “Gjavato” and HPP “Gevgelija”).
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Appendix B. Biomass (see appendix Fig. B1 and B2)
Fig. B.1. Types of wood in the Southeastern planning region.
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Fig. B.2. Commercial units within the Public Enterprise “Macedonian woods” on the territory of Southeastern planning region.
Appendix C. Geothermal energy (see appendix fig. C1)
Fig. C.1. Main geothermal fields in the Southeastern planning region.
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Appendix D. Wind energy (see appendix fig. D1)
Fig. D.1. Map of locations suitable for building of wind farms on the territory of Southeastern planning region. (10 – Bogdanci; 7 – Davidovo; 12 – Kozhuv, Flora).
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Appendix E. Solar energy (see appendix fig. E1)
Fig. E.1. Global irradiation and solar electricity potential from optimally – inclined photovoltaic modules in the Southeastern planning region.
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References [1] Directive 2001/77/EC is replaced by Directive 2009/28/EC, by which Member States and candidate countries for EU membership are imposed with a specific percentage and deadline to 2020 to substitute the usable energy from classical sources-fossil fuels with energy from renewable sources. [2] Web site of Eurostat (Statistical Office of EU) 〈http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/ tgm/table.do?tab ¼ table&init¼ 1&plugin ¼ 1&language¼ en&pcode¼ t2020_ 31〉, [accessed 05.01.2016]. [3] Directive 2009/125/EC and EU Regulation No. 1194/2012. [4] Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Macedonia, State Statistical Office, Skopje; 2014. [5] Study on the potential and utilization of renewable energy sources in the cross-border region, (South-East region in the Republic of Macedonia and South-West region in the Republic of Bulgaria), part of the Project “Towards the future”, Ref. no. 2007CB16IPO007-2012-3-086, IPA Cross-border programme CCI number 2007CB16IPO007, Macedonian part of the study is prepared by Ekspo scenario llc – Skopje, for the Center for development of Southeastern planning region – Strumica. [6] Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council from 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. [7] Strategy for the development of energy sector in the Republic of Macedonia for the period 2008–2020 with vision up to 2030, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (MANU), Skopje; January 2009. [8] Programme for realization of the strategy for development of energy sector in the Republic of Macedonia for the period 2012–2016, Skopje; June 2012. [9] Strategy for utilization of the renewable energy sources in the Republic of Macedonia by 2020, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (MANU), Skopje; June 2010.
[10] Regulations on Energy Control ("Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia", no. 94/2013). [11] Decision for electricity production feed-in tariffs, Official gazette of RM, No. 56/13. [12] Decision for the total installed capacity of the authorized producers of electricity generated from each renewable energy source separately (“Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia”, no. 56/13). [13] News release: electricity, natural gas, coal and petroleum products, preliminary data, October 2015, State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia; 2015. [14] Review of electricity producers from renewable energy sources – small hydropower plants, Energy agency of RM-Skopje; December 2015. [15] Review of electricity producers from renewable energy sources – photovoltaic power plants, Energy agency of RM-Skopje; December 2015. [16] Review of electricity producers from renewable energy sources – biogas thermal power plants, Energy agency of RM; December 2015. [17] Review of electricity producers from renewable energy sources – wind power plants, Energy agency of RM; December 2015. [18] Mijakovski V, Mijakovski N. Review of current position and perspectives of renewable energy in the Republic of Macedonia with focus on electricity production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011;15:5068–80. [19] Study for potential mini and micro hydropower plants in SR Macedonia, Republic committee for energy of SR Macedonia; 1982. [20] Landfill gas recovery and use throughout South East Europe, Final technical report, EnEffect, Sofia; July 2013. [21] Energy balance of the Republic of Macedonia for the period 2013–2017, Official gazette of RM, No. 170/2012. [22] Wind farm – project, JSC “Macedonian power plants”, Skopje; 2012. [23] Wind Energy Resource Atlas and Site Screening of the Republic of Macedonia, AWSTruewind LLC, USA; June 2005.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser
Potential and utilization of renewable energy in the Southeastern region in the Republic of Macedonia Vladimir Mijakovski n, Tale Geramitcioski, Vangelce Mitrevski Faculty of Technical Sciences, University “Sv. Kliment Ohridski”, Str. Makedonska Falanga 33, 7000 Bitola, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 12 August 2015 Received in revised form 6 January 2016 Accepted 13 January 2016 Available online 4 February 2016
Life on Earth originated and survived millions of years as a result of the favorable climatic conditions. The climate can be considered as a renewable resource whose energy component is comprised from the solar energy, while the material component represents oceans as water tanks. Renewable energy sources (RES) can be divided into two main categories: traditional renewable energy sources such as biomass and large hydropower plants and the so called “new renewable energy sources” such as the solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, etc. This paper refers to the potential and utilization of RES in the southeastern planning region in the Republic of Macedonia. The main goal of the paper is to analyze possibilities of using the RES which naturally belong to the areas of the ten municipalities located in this part of the Republic of Macedonia. This is achieved by defining the existing potentials of RES in the region, the state of their current usage, balance and categorization based on quality, energy value, energy resources, etc. Methodology used in the research is also presented in the paper. & 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Renewable energy sources Potential Utilization Republic of Macedonia
Contents 1. 2. 3.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of data for the relevant RES in Southeastern planning region and potential for decreasing the CO2 emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1. Summary of the RES potential by municipalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2. Potential for reducing CO2 emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1. Hydro energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2. Biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3. Biogas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4. Geothermal energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5. Solar energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6. Wind energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix A. Hydro energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix B. Biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix C. Geothermal energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix D. Wind energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix E. Solar energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 389 70 339767; fax: þ389 47 203370. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Mijakovski).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.030 1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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1. Introduction The use of renewable energy sources is not new at all. In the history of mankind, renewable sources of energy had long been a unique opportunity for energy production. This situation changed with the industrial revolution when lignite and brown coal became increasingly important. Later, the significance of crude oil also increased. With the advantages like easy transportation and use as material for further processing, crude oil became one of the main energy sources of present time. Natural gas used for heating of premises and electricity generation also became an important energy source because of its wide availability and low investment costs in terms of facilities for conversion of energy. With the growing use of fossil fuels for energy production, the use of renewable energies became smaller in absolute and relative terms. Apart from a few exceptions, renewable energy is second in terms of overall energy production. According to the European Directive 2001/77/EC [1], the share of renewable energy in the total energy consumption by 2020 should be 20%, and by 2040 as much as 40%. The share of renewable energy in gross primary energy consumption in the EU in 2013 was 15.0% [2]. In the same direction is the EU Directive on phasing out of incandescent light bulbs and replacing them with energy saving bulbs by 2012 [3], which should achieve great savings on electricity and consequently, reduced CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. Republic of Macedonia, in accordance with the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) established by Eurostat (Statistical Ofiice of the European Union), is divided into eight non-administrative statistical planning regions, Fig. 1. Southeastern planning region lies on the end-southeastern part of the Republic of Macedonia and consists of Strumica – Radovish and Gevgelija – Valandovo valleys, i.e. valley of the river Strumica and lower part of the river Vardar. According to statistical data for 2013, 8.4% of the total population of the country live in this region.
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Region stretches on 10.9% of the total area of the country with population density of 63.3 inhabitants per km2. Ten municipalities form the region: Bogdanci, Bosilovo, Dojran, Gevgelija, Konche, Novo Selo, Radovish, Strumica, Valandovo and Vasilevo, Fig. 2. The rich hydrographic network, large number of sunny days, climate and favorable pedological conditions characterize the region as predominantly agricultural. Quality and volume production of early crops, fresh vegetables and fruits, as well as industrial crops, enables the development of can-processing industry of agricultural products, upon which this region is recognized. In recent years trend of growth in tourism, as an economic sector, represented by the proliferation of accommodation, tourists and overnight stays in the region is also noticeable. This is mostly due to revitalization and use of Dojran Lake as a tourist potential. Typical for the region is that in 2013 the activity rate and the employment rate was the highest compared to other regions and equaled 69.9% and 56.8%, respectively, whereas the unemployment rate, compared with other regions in the country, was the lowest and amounted to 18.8% [4].
2. Research methodology Goals set in [5], directly derive from national and European policy for intensive use of natural resources of the regions/ countries in the exploitation of renewable energy sources, also incorporated in the European Directive on the use of renewable energy sources [6], the Law on Energetics of the Republic of Macedonia, the National Strategy for the development of energy sector in the Republic of Macedonia [7] and [8], the National Strategy for utilization of the renewable energy sources in the Republic of Macedonia, [9] regulations for energy control [10] and [11], regulations for Energy Efficiency (EE) of buildings and so on. From the viewpoint of hierarchy, the European Directive 2009/28/
Fig. 1. Statistical-planning regions of the Republic of Macedonia, according to NUTS.
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Fig. 2. Municipalities of the Southeastern region.
EC [6], imposes on Member States and candidate countries for EU membership a specific percentage and deadline to substitute the usable energy from classical sources – fossil fuels with energy generated from renewable sources until 2020. These regulations are incorporated into national laws, strategic documents, regulations, norms and standards in the field of energetics, i.e. energy derived from renewable sources. According to these guidelines, the first implementers are users/owners of public buildings, such as the state bodies and institutions, public enterprises and municipalities with all their infrastructure potential in the field of public buildings used for administrative and technical activities of the municipalities, public buildings in the educational network, social welfare, culture and sports. Methodology of research is based on the following steps:
Collecting information and the necessary data from the existing
locations of all identified renewable energy sources, defining their potential, the degree of involvement in the current process of energy supply to facilities/municipalities of the region as a target group; Analysis of the whole documentation, existing designs, elaborates, studies in the field of energy efficiency at the municipal level in Southeastern planning region; Review and analysis of existing databases in the agencies and institutions at state level in charge of documentation for energy potential of renewable energy sources, related to the Southeastern region and its ten municipalities; Analysis of collected data through systematization, sorting according to relevance and energy potentials, sorting according to probability of actual use of existing energy resources, deriving appropriate conclusions and possible proposals for solutions in certain municipalities, parts of municipalities or important buildings that are big energy consumers; Search, analysis and extraction of possible technical and technological solutions for the application of potential
renewable energy resource separately or in combination with one another; Assembling the results of research in a logical sequence with a defined degree of applicability and efficiency in terms of energy savings by including energy potential of renewable energy sources; Preparation of a study with accompanying graphics for the region as a whole and for the municipalities in the region separately; Preparation of an effective presentation of the research results, proposed technical and technological solutions and other indicators that determine the extent of applicability concerning the financial aspect;
Introducing the results and proposed solutions to the target groups: representatives of municipalities of the region, management staff of public institutions, experts, businessmen and other stakeholders.
3. Summary of data for the relevant RES in Southeastern planning region and potential for decreasing the CO2 emissions 3.1. Summary of the RES potential by municipalities Based on the analysis of the thoroughly processed data for the potential and current level of utilization of the renewable energy sources in the Southeastern region, current level of utilization and assessment of potential for further exploitation of RES for electricity production, according to the type of energy source, and for each municipality in the Southeastern region are shown in Table 1. Table 2 shows the current state and potential for production of thermal energy from renewable energy sources according to type of energy resource, and for each municipality in the Southeastern region.
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Table 1 Current status and potential for production of electricity from renewable energy sources for all municipalities in the Southeastern region. Name of the municipality
Bogdanci Bosilovo Valandovo Vasilevo Gevgelija Dojran Konche Novo Selo Radovish Strumica SE Region
Annual production of electricity (in GWh) SHPP (existing)
SHPP (potential)
Wind (existing)
Wind (potential)
Photovoltaic (existing)n
Photovoltaic (potential)nn
Biogas (existing)
Biogas (potential)
0 0 0 6.18 0 1.50 0 0 0.71 0.64 9.03
0 2.44 0.77 8.78 3.53 1.50 0 2.47 6.43 4.28 30.20
90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90
150 0 0 0 120 0 0 0 0 0 270
0 0.02 2.78 0 0 0 0.07 0.61 0.07 0 3.55
– – – – – – – – – – –
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.14 0.90 0.29 0.48 0.25 0.18 0.36 0.48 0.81 0.74 4.63
n The production of electricity from the existing photovoltaic power plants (PVPPs) is calculated according the Strategy [9], for average annual number of sunny hours of 1400. The existing PVPPs, and PVPPs under construction are taken into consideration. nn Due to the fulfillment of the upper limits set in the Decision of the Government [12], it is not possible to estimate the annual production of electricity from photovoltaic power plants because the potential of this energy resource is practically inexhaustible and its use is conditioned only by the reception capacity of the electricity system.
Table 2 Current state and potential for production of thermal energy from renewable energy sources for each municipality in the Southeastern region. Name of municipality
Bogdanci Bosilovo Valandovo Vasilevo Gevgelija Dojran Konche Novo Selo Radovish Strumica SE Region
Annual production of electricity (in GWh) Biomass (existing)n
Biomass (potential)nn
Solar (existing)nnn
Solar (potential)
Geothermal (existing)
Geothermal (potential)
– – – – – – – – – – –
1.84 2.91 4.91 6.41 6.86 1.24 2.59 2.47 8.12 4.87 42.22
– – – – – – – – – – –
0.86 1.24 1.17 1.1 2.38 0.34 0.35 1.07 2.73 5.25 16.49
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 131.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 65.70 197.10
0.00 5.26 0.00 0.00 432.66 10.25 0.00 0.00 1.93 170.91 621.00
n The current production of thermal energy from biomass waste is not possible to be determined due to lack of data as a result of the unorganized collection and use of biomass waste (waste from logging and wood processing and waste from agriculture). nn The estimated production of thermal energy from biomass waste includes waste from logging and processing of wood and waste from agriculture (pruning of vineyards). nnn Due to lack of data it is not possible to calculate the annual production of thermal energy from solar thermal systems.
The non-technical overview of RES potential in the Southeastern region, ranked in five categories, is given in Table 3. The categorization in Table 3 was made based on the participation of particular municipality in energy production potential for every RES type in the total potential for energy production of the same source at regional level: participation greater than 25% – very high potential; participation from 20% to 25% – great potential; participation from 15% to 20% – average potential; participation from 8% to 15% – small potential and participation less than 8% – insignificant potential. Latest data on total gross electricity production in October 2015 [13], shows that despite the highest potential of solar energy, production of electricity from this RES type, on country level, is insignificant, Fig. 3. The share of each type of renewable energy in all eight planning regions of the country, according to installed capacity, as of December 2015, is depicted in Fig. 4, [14–17]. All ten municipalities in the Southeastern region have energy potential from renewable energy sources, ranging in size and possible technologies for use of each RES. It should be noted that this region has the most diverse installations by type of RES
compared to other regions in the country. The only wind farm in Republic of Macedonia is also located in this region. There is great progress in the use of RES in the last 5 years, compared with the previous period [18]. 3.2. Potential for reducing CO2 emissions The possible potential for reducing CO2 emissions through utilization of RES is calculated and presented as an amount of CO2 that would not be emitted in the atmosphere in the case of electricity production from renewable energy sources compared with the electricity production in thermal power plants using lignite as fuel. In the second case, the potential for reducing CO2 emissions is calculated and shown as an amount of CO2 that would not be emitted in the atmosphere in a case of thermal energy production from RES compared to thermal energy production in boilers fueled by extra light household oil. The calculations are done according to conversion factors for different types of fossil fuels [10]. Potential for reducing CO2 emissions in the case of electricity and thermal energy production and from renewable energy sources compared with their production from fossil fuels (lignite
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Table 3 Potential for using RES in a region ranked by categories.
first implementers are users/owners of public buildings, such as: state authorities and institutions, public enterprises, public buildings in the educational network, social welfare and culture as well as the municipalities with their complete infrastructure potential of public facilities used for administrative and technical activities.
4. Conclusion
Fig. 3. Total gross electricity production in the Republic of Macedonia, October 2015.
for electricity and extra light household oil for thermal energy) is depicted in Table 4. In the region with a potential for annual production of around 1084 GWh energy from renewable energy sources, the overall reduction of the CO2 emissions would be around 630 thousand tons, compared to the case when the same amount of energy is generated from fossil fuels (lignite for electricity and extra light household oil for thermal energy). Investing in alternative energy sources, in addition to the preservation of the environment, can reduce the dependence on imports of electricity in the Republic of Macedonia. On the other hand, as a candidate country for EU membership, Republic of Macedonia has an obligation towards the European Union to fulfill the Directive [6], for promoting and using energy from RES, in accordance with the objectives of the so-called group "20–20–20" that encourages achieving the following objectives until 2020: – 20% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the EU compared to the level in 1990. – Increasing the consumption of energy in the EU produced from renewable energy sources up to 20%. – 20% improvement of the energy efficiency in the EU. Hierarchically speaking, the European Directive 2009/28/EC is imposed to the EU member states and candidate countries for EU membership with a specific percentage and deadlines until 2020 in order to substitute used energy from classical sources (fossil fuels) with energy generated from RES. This Directive is incorporated into the national laws, strategic documents, regulations, norms and standards in the field of energy, i.e. energy obtained from renewable energy sources. According to these directives, the
From the previous analysis of the situation regarding potential and utilization of RES in ten municipalities comprising the Southeastern statistical-planning region of Republic of Macedonia [5], it can be concluded that the use of renewable energy sources can result in significant benefits for the municipalities, through: – Increased revenues in the municipal budget; – Reduced energy consumption from conventional fuels in the municipality; – Increased security of energy supply; – Increased employment; – Reduced emissions of harmful and greenhouse gases; – Increased share in the utilization of European funds allocated to RES; – Increased welfare and reduced health risk of the population. Detailed overview of potential of each RES type in the region is given, as follows: 4.1. Hydro energy The hydropower potential in the whole region is relatively limited [19]. Apart from the Vardar Valley that comprises construction of 10 hydropower plants along the river Vardar from Veles up to Gevgelija, four of which belong to the municipalities in the Southeastern region and have bigger installed capacity, other significant potential for using hydropower for electricity production does not exist. A number of sites for construction of small hydropower plants (SHPPs) are mapped (Fig. A.1 in Appendix). Although in an absolute value their installed capacity and annual energy production are not large, they can be a significant driver of local economy (the largest share in investment costs goes to actual construction with cca. 70% of total costs) and contribute to the employment of local population. Despite the six published international public calls for granting concessions for construction of
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Fig. 4. Share of installations according to RES type in all eight statistical-planning regions of the Republic of Macedonia.
more than 80 SHPPs nationwide, the number of published locations on the territory of the Southeastern planning region (a total of 4, all in the municipality of Radovish) is very small.
produce significant amounts of electricity. There is a considerable potential of waste from wood biomass, but it is used individually and without any organized strategy.
4.2. Biomass
4.3. Biogas
Regarding the use of biomass, the estimates are that except the opportunities for using waste from wood biomass, there is no real energy potential in usage of solid waste, livestock and waste from agricultural products. Therefore, biomass as energy source can be used only for heating of households, but is not sufficient to
According to the recommendations given in the literature [20], in order to achieve positive economic effect from processing waste into electricity, the optimal number of inhabitants where a waste to energy plant is to be located, is at least 250,000. Southeastern region has significantly smaller number of inhabitants. Similar
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Table 4 Potential for reducing CO2 emissions through utilization of RES. Type of RES
Annual production (GWh)
Production of electricity SSHP 36.23 Wind 360.00 PVP 3.55 Biogas 4.63 Total for electricity 404.41
Reducing CO2 emissions (thousand tons per year)
38.80 385.56 3.80 4.96 433.12
Production of thermal Biomass Solar thermal Geothermal Total for thermal energy
energy 42.22 16.49 621.00 679.71
12.26 4.79 180.34 197.39
ALL TOTAL
1084.12
630.51
conclusion can be drawn for the waste from livestock. Despite the availability of anaerobic digestion as a proven technology for commercial purposes, the digesters are still at a level of technical and commercial development. It is possible to use this resource in relatively small capacities.
4.4. Geothermal energy A special attention in exploiting the potential of geothermal energy should be paid in the municipalities of Gevgelija and Strumica where this potential is used exclusively for balneology purposes and in a smaller amount for low temperature heating of greenhouses for early vegetables due to low temperature gradient. In the municipalities of Dojran and Radovish there are also boreholes with geothermal waters with low temperature gradient that are not fully explored. In the future, intensifying the exploitation of known geothermal resources for energy purposes is expected, as well as detailed examination of known boreholes for complete identification of their energy potential.
4.5. Solar energy The lack of electricity production from photovoltaic power plants (PVPPs) is evident for all ten municipalities. In Valandovo, Strumica, Radovish. Novo Selo and Konche there are many already completed or under construction PVPPs. Except the PVPP in Valandovo, all the other PVPPs have very low installed capacity, i.e. they have an installed power capacity smaller than 50 kW. Considering that the entire region has a large number of sunny hours and most of the year the temperature is relatively high, the absence of PVPPs is explained only with the limitation of installed capacity imposed by the decision of the Government. Currently, it is not possible to acquire a status of preferential producer of electricity from photovoltaic power plants because of reaching the maximum allowed installed capacity nationwide [12] and [21]. On the other hand, the continuing decline of the price of the solar energy systems (for production of thermal energy and electricity) should contribute to massive use of smaller systems of this kind in the near future.
4.6. Wind energy Wind energy is already exploited in the municipality of Bogdanci [22]. In Gevgelija there are good conditions for using wind energy, dictated by the nature and the geostrategic coordinates of the municipality in the area of mountain Kozhuf and near the village of Davidovo [23]. In the rest of the municipalities, the potential of wind energy is insignificant. After the completion of second phase, the first wind park in Macedonia built in Bogdanci will have an installed capacity of 50 MW. A handicap for greater use of renewable energy sources in near future is the limitation of total installed capacity of wind power which up to December 31, 2016 should be 65 MW. An increasing use of wind energy is possible by applying hybrid systems – small wind aggregates in combination with other renewable energy sources (e.g. photovoltaic panels or geothermal heat pump), especially in households or small public objects. As a general conclusion can be stressed the fact that the existing potential of renewable energy sources, even though they cannot increase significantly the amount of domestic production of electricity from renewable sources, through its support in households' heating, hot water generation from RES, assistance in mitigating, reduced energy consumption can drastically improve the living standard of population in the region and act as a strong stimulation for the socio-economic development of local municipalities and the region as a whole. The obligations of Macedonia as a country including local governments as a third authority which in accordance to the decentralized position of the country’s structures related to EU Directive 2010/36 and Strategy for utilization of the renewable energy sources in the Republic of Macedonia by 2020 [9], will be fully completed through the use of established potentials presented in this paper. Examples throughout the Southeastern planning region show that investing in solar, hydropower, geothermal and wind energy as well as biomass energy, except the benefits for investors, brings a number of benefits for local communities, too. Republic of Macedonia, as a country – candidate for EU membership is up to date with trends in Europe and constantly harmonizes its legislation with the European. The main regulation which regulates the RES market was adopted, as well as the feedin tariffs and other subsidies for all those who invest in this sector. Municipalities of the Southeastern region, as local authorities have open arms to invest and to attract investors who will expand the use of renewable energy sources in their local communities. However, despite all these development activities, there are still many barriers that prevent full expansion in utilizing RES.
Acknowledgments This research was funded by the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) through cross border cooperation (CBC) programme between Republic of Macedonia and Republic of Bulgaria as part of the project “Towards the future”, Ref. no. 2007CB16IPO007-2012-3-086. The usual disclaimers apply.
Appendix A. Hydro energy (see appendix Fig. A1 and A2)
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Fig. A.1. Potential locations for construction of mini and micro HPP in the Southeastern planning region as defined by the “Study for possible small and micro HPP in SR Macedonia” developed by the Republic committee for energy of SR Macedonia in 1982.
Fig. A.2. Potential locations for construction of HPP in the project “Vardar valley” out of which 4 HPP are located in the Southeastern region (HPP “Gradec”, HPP “Miletkovo”, HPP “Gjavato” and HPP “Gevgelija”).
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Appendix B. Biomass (see appendix Fig. B1 and B2)
Fig. B.1. Types of wood in the Southeastern planning region.
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Fig. B.2. Commercial units within the Public Enterprise “Macedonian woods” on the territory of Southeastern planning region.
Appendix C. Geothermal energy (see appendix fig. C1)
Fig. C.1. Main geothermal fields in the Southeastern planning region.
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Appendix D. Wind energy (see appendix fig. D1)
Fig. D.1. Map of locations suitable for building of wind farms on the territory of Southeastern planning region. (10 – Bogdanci; 7 – Davidovo; 12 – Kozhuv, Flora).
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Appendix E. Solar energy (see appendix fig. E1)
Fig. E.1. Global irradiation and solar electricity potential from optimally – inclined photovoltaic modules in the Southeastern planning region.
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