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Present amount of steam-power in Birmingham
Iron from ,/2nthracite.~Slone Coal Iron.
~155
lroa from .~nlhracite. In Mr. 13yetis lecture, on Galvanism~ when under the head of Electromagnetism, he exhibited a bar of cast-iron, eighteen inches long', and about half an inch square, which was made at the Yniscedwyn Iron Works, by the hot blast with anthracite. T h i s bar, previous to the lecture~ Mr. Byers placed within a helix of coated copper wire, about 100 f e e t long~ and through which he passed two shocks from a small battery; the bar was subj e c t to the action of the battery about two or three seconds, and when withdrawn fi'om the helix, it was found 1o be permanently magnetised, exactly as if it had been a bar of cast-steel. Mr. B. stated he was not aware that cast-iro~ was affected in this manner, but it was known that common wroughtiron would not retain a charge of electricity so as to become permanently magnetic. Mr. B. therefore, concludes this iron (as now manufactured at Ytfiscedwyn) is similar to cast-steel, as [hr as its magnetic properties are considered.--~lerthyr Guardian. MiningJournal
Stone Coal Iron. What we call stone coal, (the learned name anthracite) from the G r e e k word anthrax~ which means charcoal. W e understand that a short account is about to he puhlisimd tespecling ~he newly incented mode ofmanulCactur. ing iron with that coal; in the mean time we can inibrm our readers, on good authority, that from repeated experiments made in the presence of numerous persons, it is found that a rail of a certain size, made in the old precess~ breaks under the weight of twelve tons~ and a rail of precisely the same shape and dimensions, made of stone coal iron, broke under fourteen tons and a h;dIi this is of importance in railroads. T h e stone coal iron is extremely pure, devoid of phosphorus, sulphur~ and all other obnoxious substances, and bears a close resemblance, in quality, to foreign iron made of charcoal. One ton of iron is produced from a ton and a half of stone coal in the furnace, and eight hundred weight of small refuse coal for the heating apparatus, whereas two and a half tons of bituminous coal, are required to make a ton of pig-iron, and seven tons to make a ton of bar-iron. Of course the quantity varies according to the quality of the coal; but, the above will be tbund a thir average.--Merth~lr Guardian. Ibid,
Present amount of ,Ytearn-power in Birmingham. T h e nmnber of steam-engines actually working at the present time in Birmingham, is one hundred and sixty-nine, amounting in the a g g r e g a t e to caust;e soda, of the kind prepared for chemical purposes. About 40 grains of" Indian ink may be dissolved in a pint ofthe solution. This will make an ink su~clently black for ordinary writing, but it is evident it may he very easily made d~rker, or lighter, at pleasure. The Indi.n ink should be of the best quality. Care should be taken that it b, uni, formly good throughout the stick. An inferior kind, bard, gritty, and possessed of little colouring power, is sometimes imposed upon the purchaser, by the deceptive practice of attaching a little bit of good ink at each end of the stick. A good mode of examination is to break the stick in two: this defeats the above trick, and exposes the fracture; that of good ink isbrillianh angular, and clean; the bad, dull and earthy.
186
lProg'ress of Physical Science.
two thousand seven hundred horses-power. T h e y are distributed as follows: Horses.po',ver.
In grinding flour working metals , pumping w a t e r glass-grinding workiug wood , , - - m a k i n g and glazing paper grinding clay . ...- grinding eolours and chemicals sundries
.
275 1770 279 87 97 44 37 61 50 ~"/00
[Birmingham Philosophical Institution.
Report of Committee, 1836.] ~3Iag.Pop, Science,
l~rogrcss
of Physical
Science.
On the Physical Caus~,s of the principal Phenomena of Iteat. .//y JoItN BAr,TO~', ESq. It has ahv,qys appeared to me that the cnrpuscul'w hypothesis is capable) with some modification, of affording a more c.mplete and satisfactory e/~planation of the phonomena of heat and light than the undulatory hypothesis. On the present occasion I propose, without entering into any controversial discussion~to show in what manner the principal phenomena of heat may be deduced from the action of two forces. An attractive force between the particles of heat and fl~ose of solid matter, and a repulsive ibrce between the particles of heat themselves. I assume that the particles of heat are very small in comparison of the particles of solid matter, arid (hat these last are very small in comparison of the intervals by which they are separated from each other. T h e phenomena also require that the repulsive fi)rceshould decrease more rapidly than the attractive force. T h e s e premises being admitted, the following consequences may, i f l d o not mistake, be deduced fi'om them. Fovbrevity's sake I omit the demonstrations, presuming that they will be readily supplied by those versed in mathemalics. l . If a particle of heat approach a particle of solid matter, it will either fall to the surface and remain there, or will describe acurvilinear orbit thereabout. According to the direction and velocity of its approach, this orbit will either be confined within a certain limit, like an ellipse, or will go off to an infinite distance, like an hyperbola. To avoid circumlocution, I will take leave to call these two classes of curves respectively, ellipsoidal and hyperboloidal curves. A particle of heat reposing on the surf~ce of a particle of solid mat~,er, o r revolving about it in an ellipsoidal curve, will have no tendency to fly off, or to pass inlo a contiguous body~ unless disturbed by some interior fbrce. It is there(ore latent. It must not be supposed fl~at latent heat exists only in fluid or gaseous bodies. T h e phmno~ena of softness and malleability must be considered as resulting from the p r e s e n c e of a portion of heat in this state. Nay 9 it
~155
lroa from .~nlhracite. In Mr. 13yetis lecture, on Galvanism~ when under the head of Electromagnetism, he exhibited a bar of cast-iron, eighteen inches long', and about half an inch square, which was made at the Yniscedwyn Iron Works, by the hot blast with anthracite. T h i s bar, previous to the lecture~ Mr. Byers placed within a helix of coated copper wire, about 100 f e e t long~ and through which he passed two shocks from a small battery; the bar was subj e c t to the action of the battery about two or three seconds, and when withdrawn fi'om the helix, it was found 1o be permanently magnetised, exactly as if it had been a bar of cast-steel. Mr. B. stated he was not aware that cast-iro~ was affected in this manner, but it was known that common wroughtiron would not retain a charge of electricity so as to become permanently magnetic. Mr. B. therefore, concludes this iron (as now manufactured at Ytfiscedwyn) is similar to cast-steel, as [hr as its magnetic properties are considered.--~lerthyr Guardian. MiningJournal
Stone Coal Iron. What we call stone coal, (the learned name anthracite) from the G r e e k word anthrax~ which means charcoal. W e understand that a short account is about to he puhlisimd tespecling ~he newly incented mode ofmanulCactur. ing iron with that coal; in the mean time we can inibrm our readers, on good authority, that from repeated experiments made in the presence of numerous persons, it is found that a rail of a certain size, made in the old precess~ breaks under the weight of twelve tons~ and a rail of precisely the same shape and dimensions, made of stone coal iron, broke under fourteen tons and a h;dIi this is of importance in railroads. T h e stone coal iron is extremely pure, devoid of phosphorus, sulphur~ and all other obnoxious substances, and bears a close resemblance, in quality, to foreign iron made of charcoal. One ton of iron is produced from a ton and a half of stone coal in the furnace, and eight hundred weight of small refuse coal for the heating apparatus, whereas two and a half tons of bituminous coal, are required to make a ton of pig-iron, and seven tons to make a ton of bar-iron. Of course the quantity varies according to the quality of the coal; but, the above will be tbund a thir average.--Merth~lr Guardian. Ibid,
Present amount of ,Ytearn-power in Birmingham. T h e nmnber of steam-engines actually working at the present time in Birmingham, is one hundred and sixty-nine, amounting in the a g g r e g a t e to caust;e soda, of the kind prepared for chemical purposes. About 40 grains of" Indian ink may be dissolved in a pint ofthe solution. This will make an ink su~clently black for ordinary writing, but it is evident it may he very easily made d~rker, or lighter, at pleasure. The Indi.n ink should be of the best quality. Care should be taken that it b, uni, formly good throughout the stick. An inferior kind, bard, gritty, and possessed of little colouring power, is sometimes imposed upon the purchaser, by the deceptive practice of attaching a little bit of good ink at each end of the stick. A good mode of examination is to break the stick in two: this defeats the above trick, and exposes the fracture; that of good ink isbrillianh angular, and clean; the bad, dull and earthy.
186
lProg'ress of Physical Science.
two thousand seven hundred horses-power. T h e y are distributed as follows: Horses.po',ver.
In grinding flour working metals , pumping w a t e r glass-grinding workiug wood , , - - m a k i n g and glazing paper grinding clay . ...- grinding eolours and chemicals sundries
.
275 1770 279 87 97 44 37 61 50 ~"/00
[Birmingham Philosophical Institution.
Report of Committee, 1836.] ~3Iag.Pop, Science,
l~rogrcss
of Physical
Science.
On the Physical Caus~,s of the principal Phenomena of Iteat. .//y JoItN BAr,TO~', ESq. It has ahv,qys appeared to me that the cnrpuscul'w hypothesis is capable) with some modification, of affording a more c.mplete and satisfactory e/~planation of the phonomena of heat and light than the undulatory hypothesis. On the present occasion I propose, without entering into any controversial discussion~to show in what manner the principal phenomena of heat may be deduced from the action of two forces. An attractive force between the particles of heat and fl~ose of solid matter, and a repulsive ibrce between the particles of heat themselves. I assume that the particles of heat are very small in comparison of the particles of solid matter, arid (hat these last are very small in comparison of the intervals by which they are separated from each other. T h e phenomena also require that the repulsive fi)rceshould decrease more rapidly than the attractive force. T h e s e premises being admitted, the following consequences may, i f l d o not mistake, be deduced fi'om them. Fovbrevity's sake I omit the demonstrations, presuming that they will be readily supplied by those versed in mathemalics. l . If a particle of heat approach a particle of solid matter, it will either fall to the surface and remain there, or will describe acurvilinear orbit thereabout. According to the direction and velocity of its approach, this orbit will either be confined within a certain limit, like an ellipse, or will go off to an infinite distance, like an hyperbola. To avoid circumlocution, I will take leave to call these two classes of curves respectively, ellipsoidal and hyperboloidal curves. A particle of heat reposing on the surf~ce of a particle of solid mat~,er, o r revolving about it in an ellipsoidal curve, will have no tendency to fly off, or to pass inlo a contiguous body~ unless disturbed by some interior fbrce. It is there(ore latent. It must not be supposed fl~at latent heat exists only in fluid or gaseous bodies. T h e phmno~ena of softness and malleability must be considered as resulting from the p r e s e n c e of a portion of heat in this state. Nay 9 it