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Progress in energy utilization from refuse-derived fuel
07 Alternative
energy sources (others, including development,
economics)
reductions in capital costs, to increase longevity in harsh environments, or to enable generating efficiency to be increased. The technologies covered include wind, hydro, wave and tidal, waste and biomass combustion and gasification, geothermal, solar thermal, and solar photovoltaic. 02lOO525 Method and apparatus for conversion of waste plastics to oils Yamada. R. et al. Jun. Kokai Tokkvo Koho JP 2000 169,858 (Cl. CIOGl/lO), 20 Jun 2000, Appl. 1998/346,442, 7 Dee 1998. 9. (In Japanese) A method for conversion of waste plastics to oils comprises pyrolysing waste plastics containing polyvinyl chloride-series resins, by mixing Ca compounds into the recovered oil, and removing HCI generated by pyrolysis of PVC from the gas by reacting with the Ca compounds. 02lOO526 Method and apparatus for manufacture of gasoline, diesel oil and carbon black from waste tires Dong, G. er al. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,208,742 (Cl. CO8Jll/lO), 24 Feb 1999, Appl. 97,115,825, 18 Aug 1997. 7. (In Chinese) The process comprises pulverizing waste tyres, drying, pyrolysing at 370-500” for 5-20 min to obtain liquefied gas, gasoline, diesel oil and carbon black, feeding liquefied gas as heating source to pyrolysis reactor, screening to obtain carbon black; adsorbing with activated C or its fiber to remove water in the gasoline-diesel oil, and fractionating. The pyrolysis reactor consists of cylindrical body, feeder, heating gas inlet, ash outlet, oil outlet, carbon black outlet, tailing gas outlet, and screw bar. 02/00527 Method and apparatus for recovery of pyrolytic oil from wastes Matsuzawa, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2000 169,860 (Cl. CIOGl/lO), 20 Jun 2000, Appl. 1998/351,562, 10 Dee 1998. 6. (In Japanese) A method for recovery of pyrolytic oils from wastes, e.g. municipal refuse, comprises drving the waste by heating at ~120” in a drying apparatus for water removal, feeding the dried waste to a lowtemperature pyrolyser by heating at =120-350” to separate an oil containing cellulose as major component, and feeding the waste after the separation of cellulose-containing oil to a high-temperature pyrolyser by heating at =350-450” to separate an oil containing plastics as major components. 02/00526 Method for producing hydrocarbon oils from waste plastics by thermal decomposition Takahashi, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2000 178,564 (Cl. ClOGl/ lo), 27 Jun 2000, Appl. 1998/358,110, 16 Dee 1998. 4. (In Japanese) The method is carried out by cutting the waste plastics (e.g. PET, tape cassette) into small pieces, then charging the plastic pieces into a reaction tank for thermal decomposition and gasification, followed by condensing the gas in a cooler for liquefaction to obtain oil for recovery in a container. 02/00529 Method for reprocessing waste oils, base oils obtained according to said method and use thereof Pohler, J. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 00 27,957 (Cl. ClOM175/00), 18 May 2000, DE Appl. 19,852,007, 11 Nov 1998. 27. (In German) The invention relates to a method for reprocessing waste oils and producing high-grade base oils, whereby waste oil is treated by distillation, thin-film evaporation in a high vacuum, optional fractionation for separation into layers of different viscosities and subsequent extraction with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and/or N-formylmorpholine. The invention also relates to base oils that can be obtained by said method and to the use thereof. The inventive method is characterized in that approximately any waste oil can be used, including waste oils with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) or PCB substitutes with contents of up to 250 mg/kg. Furthermore, waste oils containing up to 5% vegetable oil can be present in the waste oil that is to be reprocessed without impairing the quality of the base oil. The undesirable constituents, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) or the substitutes thereof are removed in an almost quantitative manner. 02/00530 Problems of waste plastics recycling Murata, T. Gekkan Haikibutsu, 2000, 26, (4), 114-l 18. (In Japanese) A review with no references on waste plastics recycling using coke ovens to produce tar and light oils and other gaseous chemicals as another alternative. 02/00531 Process and installation for complete pollutionfree conversion of wastes into energy and fertilizers Winkelkoetter, P. Ger. Offen. DE 19,857,870 (Cl. C12P5/02), 21 Jun 2000, Appl. 19,857,870, 15 Dee 1998. 10. (In German) 54
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2002
Biogenic wastes such as biomass, garbage, wood wastes, garden/food wastes, hydrocarbons and organic compounds, are converted into energy sources, e.g. biogas, Hz, MeOH and electricity, and fertilizers, without pyrolysis, combustion or burning. The wastes are subjected to mixing, comminution, dewatering under pressure for separation of The liquids are subjected to anaerobic liquids, and pelleting. fermentation, generating biogas (CHI) and liquid fertilizers. The pellets are subjected to gasification with superheated steam (75082o”C), forming Hz, CO and COz. The Hz is used for power generation in fuel cells or turbines, and/or the synthesis gas is used for MeOH production. The process is conducted in a closed, integrated and selfsufficient system. 02/00532 Progress in energy utilization from refuse-derived fuel Yang, X. et al. Sel. Pap. Eng. Chem. Metall. (China), 1999, 158-170. Generating gas with low, medium or high thermal value by gasification and electricity by combustion are two important paths for energy utilization of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and volume reduction of municipal solid wastes (MSW). The RDF production processes and the chemical composition characteristics of RDF are introduced, and the behaviours of pyrolysis, gasification and combustion of RDF are reviewed with 21 references. Hazardous gases released during combustion of RDF are also addressed. 02/00533 Pyrolytic gasification characteristics of waste tires and waste synthetic resins Roh, N. et al. Chawon Rissaikuring, 2000, 9, (1) 27-35. (In Korean) Characteristics of pyrolytic gasification were examined for the waste tyre and 7 types of waste synthetic resin, using a bench scale experimental facility. The product gas temperature of waste tyres was 150-300” and the temperature profile in the combustion zone of the lower reactor part tended to be clearly distinguished from that in the gasification zone of the upper part. However, in the case of waste synthetic resins, there were no clear distinction and temperature fluctuation was severe, depending on the reaction time. Product gas quantity, which depends on that of supplied (1st) air, was found to be 105-135% of the 1st air amount at the steady state. The concentration of noncombustible components in product gas was 80-90 volume% and the high heating value of the product gas calculated from gas compositions was 1500-3000 kcal/Nm’ for waste tyre, and 300-2900 kcal/Nm3 for waste synthetic resins, respectively. Heating value of product gas and combustible gas concentration were increased in proportion to 1st air amount when 1st air amount is below 0.35 Nm3/ min. 02/00534 Reactors for thermal and thermocatalytic transformation of wastes Pilawski, M. er al. Ekol. Tech., 1999, 7, (2), 55-63. (In Polish) Energy recycling of wastes (ERW) is understood as a process in which the recovered energy used for production of object, delivered to damp. Within this process from wastes is produced useful energy, fuels and/or materials, the usage of which leads to energy savings. Universal method of energy recycling of wastes (ERW) is based on the use of liquid metallic reactor (LMR), in which thermal processing of wastes takes place in the reaction space above the layer of liquid metal in temperature regulator by, e.g. wire current intensity. The usage of metals with low melting temperature and high evaporation temperature (tin, lead, iron) give possibilities of thermal wastes processing in a wide range of temperature, each time adjusted to the kind and properties of utilized materials, with very high efficiency. 02/00535 Taxing COz and subsidising biomass: analysed in a macroeconomic and sectoral model Jacobsen, H.K. Biomass Bioenergy, 2000, 18, (2), 113-124. The combination of taxes and subsidies as an instrument to enable a reduction in COz emission is analysed. The objective of the study is to compare recycling of a COz tax revenue as a subsidy for biomass use as opposed to traditional recycling such as reduced income or corporate taxation. A model of Denmark’s energy supply sector is used to analyse the effect of a COz tax combined with using the tax revenue for biomass subsidies. The energy supply model is linked to a macroeconomic model such that the macroeconomic consequences of tax policies can be analysed along with the consequences for specific sectors such as agriculture. Electricity and heat are produced at beat and power plants utilizing fuels which minimize total fuel cost, while the authorities regulate capacity expansion technologies. The effect of fuel taxes and subsidies on fuels is very sensitive to the fuel substitution possibilities of the power plants and also to the extent to which expansion technologies were regulated. It is shown how a relatively small CO1 tax of US$lS/tCOz and subsidies for biomass can produce significant shifts in the fuel input-mix, when the expansion of production capacity is regulated to ensure a flexible fuel mix. The main finding is that recycling to biomass use will reduce the level of COz tax necessary to
energy sources (others, including development,
economics)
reductions in capital costs, to increase longevity in harsh environments, or to enable generating efficiency to be increased. The technologies covered include wind, hydro, wave and tidal, waste and biomass combustion and gasification, geothermal, solar thermal, and solar photovoltaic. 02lOO525 Method and apparatus for conversion of waste plastics to oils Yamada. R. et al. Jun. Kokai Tokkvo Koho JP 2000 169,858 (Cl. CIOGl/lO), 20 Jun 2000, Appl. 1998/346,442, 7 Dee 1998. 9. (In Japanese) A method for conversion of waste plastics to oils comprises pyrolysing waste plastics containing polyvinyl chloride-series resins, by mixing Ca compounds into the recovered oil, and removing HCI generated by pyrolysis of PVC from the gas by reacting with the Ca compounds. 02lOO526 Method and apparatus for manufacture of gasoline, diesel oil and carbon black from waste tires Dong, G. er al. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,208,742 (Cl. CO8Jll/lO), 24 Feb 1999, Appl. 97,115,825, 18 Aug 1997. 7. (In Chinese) The process comprises pulverizing waste tyres, drying, pyrolysing at 370-500” for 5-20 min to obtain liquefied gas, gasoline, diesel oil and carbon black, feeding liquefied gas as heating source to pyrolysis reactor, screening to obtain carbon black; adsorbing with activated C or its fiber to remove water in the gasoline-diesel oil, and fractionating. The pyrolysis reactor consists of cylindrical body, feeder, heating gas inlet, ash outlet, oil outlet, carbon black outlet, tailing gas outlet, and screw bar. 02/00527 Method and apparatus for recovery of pyrolytic oil from wastes Matsuzawa, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2000 169,860 (Cl. CIOGl/lO), 20 Jun 2000, Appl. 1998/351,562, 10 Dee 1998. 6. (In Japanese) A method for recovery of pyrolytic oils from wastes, e.g. municipal refuse, comprises drving the waste by heating at ~120” in a drying apparatus for water removal, feeding the dried waste to a lowtemperature pyrolyser by heating at =120-350” to separate an oil containing cellulose as major component, and feeding the waste after the separation of cellulose-containing oil to a high-temperature pyrolyser by heating at =350-450” to separate an oil containing plastics as major components. 02/00526 Method for producing hydrocarbon oils from waste plastics by thermal decomposition Takahashi, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2000 178,564 (Cl. ClOGl/ lo), 27 Jun 2000, Appl. 1998/358,110, 16 Dee 1998. 4. (In Japanese) The method is carried out by cutting the waste plastics (e.g. PET, tape cassette) into small pieces, then charging the plastic pieces into a reaction tank for thermal decomposition and gasification, followed by condensing the gas in a cooler for liquefaction to obtain oil for recovery in a container. 02/00529 Method for reprocessing waste oils, base oils obtained according to said method and use thereof Pohler, J. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 00 27,957 (Cl. ClOM175/00), 18 May 2000, DE Appl. 19,852,007, 11 Nov 1998. 27. (In German) The invention relates to a method for reprocessing waste oils and producing high-grade base oils, whereby waste oil is treated by distillation, thin-film evaporation in a high vacuum, optional fractionation for separation into layers of different viscosities and subsequent extraction with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and/or N-formylmorpholine. The invention also relates to base oils that can be obtained by said method and to the use thereof. The inventive method is characterized in that approximately any waste oil can be used, including waste oils with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) or PCB substitutes with contents of up to 250 mg/kg. Furthermore, waste oils containing up to 5% vegetable oil can be present in the waste oil that is to be reprocessed without impairing the quality of the base oil. The undesirable constituents, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) or the substitutes thereof are removed in an almost quantitative manner. 02/00530 Problems of waste plastics recycling Murata, T. Gekkan Haikibutsu, 2000, 26, (4), 114-l 18. (In Japanese) A review with no references on waste plastics recycling using coke ovens to produce tar and light oils and other gaseous chemicals as another alternative. 02/00531 Process and installation for complete pollutionfree conversion of wastes into energy and fertilizers Winkelkoetter, P. Ger. Offen. DE 19,857,870 (Cl. C12P5/02), 21 Jun 2000, Appl. 19,857,870, 15 Dee 1998. 10. (In German) 54
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2002
Biogenic wastes such as biomass, garbage, wood wastes, garden/food wastes, hydrocarbons and organic compounds, are converted into energy sources, e.g. biogas, Hz, MeOH and electricity, and fertilizers, without pyrolysis, combustion or burning. The wastes are subjected to mixing, comminution, dewatering under pressure for separation of The liquids are subjected to anaerobic liquids, and pelleting. fermentation, generating biogas (CHI) and liquid fertilizers. The pellets are subjected to gasification with superheated steam (75082o”C), forming Hz, CO and COz. The Hz is used for power generation in fuel cells or turbines, and/or the synthesis gas is used for MeOH production. The process is conducted in a closed, integrated and selfsufficient system. 02/00532 Progress in energy utilization from refuse-derived fuel Yang, X. et al. Sel. Pap. Eng. Chem. Metall. (China), 1999, 158-170. Generating gas with low, medium or high thermal value by gasification and electricity by combustion are two important paths for energy utilization of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and volume reduction of municipal solid wastes (MSW). The RDF production processes and the chemical composition characteristics of RDF are introduced, and the behaviours of pyrolysis, gasification and combustion of RDF are reviewed with 21 references. Hazardous gases released during combustion of RDF are also addressed. 02/00533 Pyrolytic gasification characteristics of waste tires and waste synthetic resins Roh, N. et al. Chawon Rissaikuring, 2000, 9, (1) 27-35. (In Korean) Characteristics of pyrolytic gasification were examined for the waste tyre and 7 types of waste synthetic resin, using a bench scale experimental facility. The product gas temperature of waste tyres was 150-300” and the temperature profile in the combustion zone of the lower reactor part tended to be clearly distinguished from that in the gasification zone of the upper part. However, in the case of waste synthetic resins, there were no clear distinction and temperature fluctuation was severe, depending on the reaction time. Product gas quantity, which depends on that of supplied (1st) air, was found to be 105-135% of the 1st air amount at the steady state. The concentration of noncombustible components in product gas was 80-90 volume% and the high heating value of the product gas calculated from gas compositions was 1500-3000 kcal/Nm’ for waste tyre, and 300-2900 kcal/Nm3 for waste synthetic resins, respectively. Heating value of product gas and combustible gas concentration were increased in proportion to 1st air amount when 1st air amount is below 0.35 Nm3/ min. 02/00534 Reactors for thermal and thermocatalytic transformation of wastes Pilawski, M. er al. Ekol. Tech., 1999, 7, (2), 55-63. (In Polish) Energy recycling of wastes (ERW) is understood as a process in which the recovered energy used for production of object, delivered to damp. Within this process from wastes is produced useful energy, fuels and/or materials, the usage of which leads to energy savings. Universal method of energy recycling of wastes (ERW) is based on the use of liquid metallic reactor (LMR), in which thermal processing of wastes takes place in the reaction space above the layer of liquid metal in temperature regulator by, e.g. wire current intensity. The usage of metals with low melting temperature and high evaporation temperature (tin, lead, iron) give possibilities of thermal wastes processing in a wide range of temperature, each time adjusted to the kind and properties of utilized materials, with very high efficiency. 02/00535 Taxing COz and subsidising biomass: analysed in a macroeconomic and sectoral model Jacobsen, H.K. Biomass Bioenergy, 2000, 18, (2), 113-124. The combination of taxes and subsidies as an instrument to enable a reduction in COz emission is analysed. The objective of the study is to compare recycling of a COz tax revenue as a subsidy for biomass use as opposed to traditional recycling such as reduced income or corporate taxation. A model of Denmark’s energy supply sector is used to analyse the effect of a COz tax combined with using the tax revenue for biomass subsidies. The energy supply model is linked to a macroeconomic model such that the macroeconomic consequences of tax policies can be analysed along with the consequences for specific sectors such as agriculture. Electricity and heat are produced at beat and power plants utilizing fuels which minimize total fuel cost, while the authorities regulate capacity expansion technologies. The effect of fuel taxes and subsidies on fuels is very sensitive to the fuel substitution possibilities of the power plants and also to the extent to which expansion technologies were regulated. It is shown how a relatively small CO1 tax of US$lS/tCOz and subsidies for biomass can produce significant shifts in the fuel input-mix, when the expansion of production capacity is regulated to ensure a flexible fuel mix. The main finding is that recycling to biomass use will reduce the level of COz tax necessary to