Qualitative determination of energy potential and methane generation from municipal solid waste (MSW) in Dhanbad (India)

Accepted Manuscript Qualitative determination of energy potential and methane generation from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Dhanbad (India)

Drake Mboowa, Shireen Quereshi, Chiranjit Bhattacharjee, Kukeera Tonny, Suman Dutta PII:

S0360-5442(17)30183-4

DOI:

10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.009

Reference:

EGY 10302

To appear in:

Energy

Received Date:

19 August 2016

Revised Date:

06 January 2017

Accepted Date:

02 February 2017

Please cite this article as: Drake Mboowa, Shireen Quereshi, Chiranjit Bhattacharjee, Kukeera Tonny, Suman Dutta, Qualitative determination of energy potential and methane generation from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Dhanbad (India), Energy (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.energy. 2017.02.009

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Highlights  characterization of municipal solid waste (MSW) of Dhanbad city is done  methane gas generation from landfill sites at Dhanbad city is estimated  energy recovery potential from MSW is studied  ANOVA study is done for composition of municipal solid waste at Dhanbad city

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Qualitative determination of energy potential and methane generation from Municipal Solid

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Waste (MSW) in Dhanbad (India)

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Drake Mboowaa, Shireen Quereshib, Chiranjit Bhattacharjeeb, Kukeera Tonnya, Suman Duttab*

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a Makerere

University, Department of Agricultural and Bio-Systems Engineering, P. O. Box 7062,

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Kampala, Uganda. b

Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, India

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Abstract

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Methane generation from waste landfills is one of the biggest contributors to global warming. The

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purpose of this study was twofold: (i) to investigate methane concentration from Municipal Solid

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Waste (MSW) at three landfills in Dhanbad city, India and (ii) to evaluate the amount of energy

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that could be recovered based on the MSW characteristics if it were to be incinerated. The waste

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samples were collected and analysed for composition, energy content, and methane concentration.

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Results from MSW characterisation revealed that the main component of Dhanbad MSW is

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organic waste, which made up to 75% of the waste by weight. Methane concentration and

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moisture content from Railway station (site 1) and Memco-more (site 2 and site 3) measured as

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140.53, 18.18 and 20.28 ppm methane/g waste and 25.49, 3.40 and 2.96% dry weight respectively.

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The calorific value for the waste samples ranged between 10.7 to 13.0 MJ/kg. These findings

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confirm that the methane generated at the sites can be used for energy recovery. Additionally, the

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energy content of the MSW suggests that it is a suitable feedstock that can be utilized for electricity

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generation through combustion.

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Key words: Dhanbad city; Municipal solid waste; Waste landfills; Methane generation; Energy

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content

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*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] (Suman Dutta)

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1. Introduction

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Global warming has been and is still a global concern whose reduction has been a subject of debate

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for the past decades. Globally, municipal solid waste (MSW), is one of the biggest contributors to

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global warming, with recent estimates at 16 % greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [1]. Among other

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ways, reduction of GHG emissions and hence global warming is through, quantification of methane

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emission from landfills. Various studies show that methane can be used as green energy source.

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Hydrogen is produced via steam reforming of methane (SRM) and high temperature water gas shift

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reaction [2]. Abánades et al. [3] mentioned three state-of-the-art methane pyrolysis processes such

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as direct thermal cracking, catalysed methane cracking, combined thermal and electrochemistry

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methods. In this study, accurate assessment of MSW composition, estimation of methane emissions

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by laboratory scale anaerobic digestion of organic waste as well as energy content of MSW were

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investigated in Dhanbad city, India.

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Dhanbad city, located in the eastern part of India has a population of 2.68 million people [4], and

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this population is estimated at 3.9% growth rate per annum. Such a growth rate has resulted in an

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increase in the amount of waste generated. Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation, collection,

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treatment, and disposal activities pose an environmental problem to the city. Currently, 440 tons of

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MSW are generated daily in the Municipal Corporation jurisdiction and the responsible agencies

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collect about 165 tons [5]. This represents approximately 37% of the total waste generated. The

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remaining uncollected waste is normally disposed of in unauthorized sites, leading to health and

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environmental problems. This calls for city authorities to develop an integrated approach for solid

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waste management through frequent waste collection, recycling and combustion in order to recover

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energy from this waste. Power generation from MSW is possible using an incineration plant [6].

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Regrettably, for such approaches to work, basic data on the characteristics of the waste produced is

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central.

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The landfills in Dhanbad are mainly non-engineered low-lying open dumps that have neither

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bottom liners nor leachate collection and treatment systems. Compaction and leveling of waste and

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final covering by earth are not done, and these sites lack a landfill gas monitoring and collection

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equipment [7,8]. Such a waste management system is a threat as it results in higher methane

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emissions if the gas is not flared or recovered [9]. It also gives rise to serious environmental

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degradation accruing from air pollution, surface, and underground water pollution [10].

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Since methane gas liberated from landfills account for the anthropogenic sources in the world,

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therefore, estimation of methane gas generation is vital to provide a basis for evaluation and

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formulation of energy recovery counter measures. This way, reduction in the atmospheric

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concentration of methane can be reduced. International procedures based on models such as First

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order model [11], Mass balance model [12], LandGEM [13], EPER model France (ADEME) etc.

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have already been put into place by the United Nations to ensure qualitative estimation of methane

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emission from landfills. These models require harmonization since they provide results with huge

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differences, hence doubting their accuracy [14]. The amount (mass) and rates of methane

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generation depend on many factors that are difficult to quantify and these vary from site to site [9].

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Onsite measurement tools that quantify methane gas generation are expensive and scarce in

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developing countries. Most studies use models based on the available data and provide erroneous

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results. Hence, the objectives of this study is to qualitatively determine the methane gas generation

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from selected waste landfills in Dhanbad City using a gas chromatography equipped with a Flame

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Ionization Detector (GC-FID) method and to evaluate the amount of energy that could be

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recovered from MSW based on the local characteristics if it were to be combusted..

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2. Materials and methodology

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2.1 Study area

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Dhanbad is the largest city in Jharkhand state and covers a total area of 2041.62 km2. It is bounded

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by latitude 86°07´ and 86°50´ E and longitude 24°37´ and 24°02´N (Fig. 1). The area experiences

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five climate seasons namely spring, summer, monsoon, autumn, and winter season. The

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temperatures normally range from 2°C to 40°C but can stretch to 47°C in summer and −4°C in

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winter. The city lacks a defined landfill site and hence waste is dumped in non-engineered low-

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lying landfills. There are no scavenger activities at these sites and they lack a leachate treatment

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plant.

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This study was conducted on three main landfill sites, with two sites located in Memco-more, a

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suburb of Dhanbad city, and another site at Dhanbad railway station (Fig. 2). The site at the railway

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station mainly comprised of organic waste since it was next to a very busy market, while sites in

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Memco-more mainly comprised of inorganic materials since most of the waste disposed of at those

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sites was mainly from residential areas.

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2.2 Determining the physical composition of the waste

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This consisted of sample collection, sorting of various materials and laboratory analysis to

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determine MSW composition. The method of sampling was based on ASTM D5231 [15] and

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followed a procedure as described by Abdalqader & Hamad [16].

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We collected 10 waste samples from site 1 (Railway station), site 2 and site 3 (Memco-more) were

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randomly in summer (September to October) and autumn season (November to December) when

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the average temperature was 35-30°C. For each sample, sorting was done and waste was separated

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into organics, hard plastics, metals, papers, soft plastics (polythene), glass, textiles & leather and

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others. It was then weighted and the amount of different waste fractions were recorded. The

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organic fraction was then thoroughly mixed and spread out by hand on a 5 by 2 m grid, from which

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10 samples of 1 kg each were randomly picked per grid. These 10 samples were then thoroughly

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mixed and a final 1 kg sample was drawn and taken to the laboratory for anaerobic digestion,

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proximate and ultimate analysis. This exercise was repeated for all the 30 randomly collected

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samples from sites 1,2 and 3 on each sampling day and average values were taken.

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For energy analysis, 500 g of unsorted MSW was collected and taken to the laboratory. This

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procedure was done in triplicates for all the landfills that are described in this study and was

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repeated once a week for four months. Therefore, for all the sampling day 16 samples were

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collected for energy analysis per site.

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2.3 Formation of methane in anaerobic condition

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From each of the three landfills, 10 organic waste samples were prepared to produce gas at

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anaerobic conditions. About 30 g of organic waste sample from each of the three sites were

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transferred into 250 ml plastic bottles (digester), 50 ml of distilled water gently added and the

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bottle tightly capped. The samples were left to stand at room temperature (32°C ± 3°C) and

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analyzed after 10 days of digestion. Gas samples of 10 µl were collected from the digester using a

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syringe and immediately injected to Gas chromatography (GC) analyser for composition analysis.

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This experiment was done in triplicates for each sample and average values noted.

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2.4 Methane estimation by Gas Chromatography (GC) method

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The gas produced by anaerobic digestion was analyzed for methane gas using Varian CP-3800

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Gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID). The column was

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WCOT fused silica (50 m x 0.25 mm ID). Coating CP-SIL 8CB (5% phenyl; 95% di-methyl

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polysiloxane), D.F 0.12. The carrier and make up gas was high purity gas nitrogen at 1 ml/min.

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The column oven was programmed at an initial temperature of 50°C held at 3 minutes, then

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50°C to 200°C at a rate of 20°C/min. The oven was then held at 200°C for 3 minutes. The

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injector was set at 200°C; split ratio of 1:10. The FID detector was set at 240°C at a range of

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10. The flow rate was set at 1 ml/min.

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The GC was calibrated with the known concentration of pure methane. The methane gas peaks

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were formed and the area under their graphs noted. A calibration curve was plotted as the

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concentration of methane (ppm) vs. area under the curve (mV.s). The actual amounts of methane

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gas emitted by the organic waste samples were measured using this calibration curve.

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2.5 Proximate analysis and ultimate analysis of organic waste

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Proximate analysis was done on the organic waste samples to determine the gross component of

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moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content. The moisture content was determined in

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accordance with ASTM E1756-08 standard [17]. Organic waste sample of 5 g was placed in an

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oven at 105°C for 2 hours. The sample was then cooled in a desiccator and reweighed. The

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difference in weight difference denoted the moisture content expressed as a percentage. The

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volatile matter was determined following the ASTM standard E-872 [18]. The aforementioned

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organic sample used for moisture determination was covered in a crucible and heated in a furnace

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for 2 hours. The crucible was later taken out of the furnace and cooled in a desiccator and

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reweighed. The weight difference was taken as volatile matter. Ash content was determined by

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placing the remaining organic sample from volatile matter calculations in the furnace at 575°C for

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an hour for combustion following a procedure as described by ASTM D1102, 2013 [19]. All

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carbon was burnt, and the sample was cooled in a desiccator and then reweighed. The weight

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difference was taken as the ash content. Fixed carbon in fuel was determined by the subtraction 100

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from the moisture, volatile matter, and ash contents. Proximate analysis was done in triplicates and

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the average value was taken.

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FC= 100 - M - VM - ASH

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Where: FC - Fixed carbon, M - Moisture, VM -Volatile matter and ASH – remaining ash

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Ultimate analysis was done on a using the CHNS analyser (type: Vario micro cube) which employs

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classic oxidation, decomposition, and reduction technique. Organic sample of 0.5 g was dried at

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105°C for 3 hours, cooled in the desiccators, and then grounded to powder form by using pestle and

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mortal and later formed into pellets. The pellets were then put in the CHNS analyser to determine

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the percentage composition of C, H, N and S. Oxygen (O) was calculated by difference from C, H,

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N and S as described by Lee and Hauffman [20].

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2.6 Calorific value determination

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The calorific value of the MSW was determined using GallenKamp autobomb. An amount of 100 g

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MSW was collected from each landfill site, dried and ground into small particles. 1 g of these

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particles was weighed, sieved and compressed formed into pellets. The pellets were placed in the

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sample pan of the bomb calorimeter one at a time and the energy content of the sample was

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determined following the procedure by Jesup in 1960 [21]. This experiment was done in triplicates

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for each landfill site and average values were taken.

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3. Results and discussion

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The results obtained through this study are given in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. The collected data was

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analyzed using R statistical software. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used at 95%

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confidence interval to check whether there was any statistical difference in the results obtained

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from the three landfills.

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3.1 Physical composition of waste

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The mean percentage of waste composition (by weight) for the Dhanbad city as obtained from

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three landfills (Table 1) revealed that the most dominant waste fraction is the organic waste

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(75%). The other fractions weighed as, hard plastics (7.7%), metals (0.3%), papers (0.6%), soft

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plastics (13%), glass (0.5%), textiles and leather (2.4%) and others (0.5%). These results are far

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different from those reported for other Indian cities like Kolkata [22], Varanasi city [23] and

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Aurangabad City [24]. Therefore, studies that assume average values of waste composition for

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Indian cities may result into erroneous results. This is because waste composition depends on a

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wide range of factors such as food habits, cultural traditions, lifestyles, climate, and income, etc.

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[8].

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Two-way ANOVA showed a significant difference (P<0.001) in organics, hard and soft

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plastics among the different sites whereas no significant difference (P>0.05) between sites 2 &

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3 was showed. Tukey test revealed that organic fraction of site 1 was significantly greater

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(P<0.001) than that of site 2 & 3, while site 2 and 3 was significantly greater (P<0.001) in hard

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and soft plastics as compared to site1. Two-way ANOVA revealed that there was no significant

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difference (P>0.005) in metals, others, and glass; however, a significant difference (P<0.05)

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was showed for textiles and leather. Further analysis with the Tukey test revealed that site 2

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had more leather and textiles followed by site 3 and lastly site 1.

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Railway station, site 1 had more organics (92%) followed by Memco-more, site 3 (69%) and then

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Memco-more, site 2 (64%). This can be attributed to the food consumption and social activity at

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the railway station. For example, there are many restaurants where the majority of the people and

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workers have their meals and refreshments. There is also a big market where agricultural products

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are sold, and these contribute to the high percentage of organic waste. This is contrary to Memco-

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more site 2 and 3 which are situated in areas which are sparsely populated and there are little

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activities that contribute to organic waste. Metals, papers, glass, textiles & leather and others had

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the small fractions.

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Site 2 and 3 had more plastics, metal, paper, textiles & leather, and others as compared to site 1.

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The high percentage of plastic can be explained by increasing the number of packaging factories

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in Dhanbad city and the cost of packaging with plastics being cheaper than with paper, textiles of

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organic materials. The high percentage of recyclable materials at the landfill sites 2 and 3

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revealed that there is a need to set up recycling facilities at these landfill sites. The recovery

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process can be considered as one of the suitable methods to handle and reduce the high volume

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of plastic and other recyclable materials [25]. There is not much difference between the amount

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of paper waste in site 2 and site 3, but the percentage is higher than that of site 1. This may be

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attributed to the increase in the number of schools, offices, and commercial areas that are

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neighboring those sites. The large variation in the amount of textiles & leather with site 2 having

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a higher percentage followed by site 3 and then site 1, is largely due to the growing population

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around site 2. As the population increases, more textile & leather materials will be on demand for

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wearing and other purposes related to human nature.

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3.2 Proximate and ultimate analyses of organic waste

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Two-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference (P<0.001) in MC, ASH, VM, and FC

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obtained from the three landfill sites. Tukey test showed that MC from site 1 (Table 2) was

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significantly greater (P<0.001) than that of site 2 & 3. However, there was no significant

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difference (P>0.05) in MC, ASH, VM, and FC obtained from site 2&3.

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Moisture content on a dry basis for the three landfill sites was approximately 10% dry weight. The

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results were low as the study was carried out in summer and early autumn when the temperatures

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(40 – 45°C) were high. This observation was similar in other studies as reported by some other

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researchers [26-28]. Moisture content was high at Railway station, site 1 as compared to Memco-

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more, site 2 and 3. This is attributed to the presence of a higher percentage of agricultural and food

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waste and presence of a stream of water that passes through it at Railway station, site 1.

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Municipal solid waste of site 2 and 3 presented high volatile solids of 54.82% dry weight, fixed

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carbon of 11.69% dry weight and ash content of 30.31% dry weight, as compared to site 1 with

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volatile solids of 45.28% dry weight, fixed carbon of 4.53% dry weight and ash content of 24.71%

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dry weight. This high volatile matter from the landfill sites showed that the amount of organic

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matters was high since it ranged from 69 to 92% of the total waste from the three landfill sites. This

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high volatile solid is an indicator that high heat energy can be produced from such waste. Site 2 and

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3 had more fixed carbon as compared to site 1 and this implied that fuels from site 2 and 3 require

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longer retention time in the combustion chamber for complete combustion as compared with fuel

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from site 1 [29].

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The volatile matter ranged between 56.22 and 45.28 for the three sites wt. % dry basis, while

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Ash ranged between 24.71 to 31.69 wt. % dry basis and the fixed carbon ranged between 4.53 to

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11.89 wt. % dry basis. Site 1 had higher moisture content because it is located next to a drainage

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channel and one of the streams contributing to the flow of that channel passes through it, as

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opposed to site 2 and 3 which are located on a dry free land. Usually, the low moisture content is

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expected during summer, and it is the season in which this study was carried out.

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The ash content from the three landfill sites ranged between 24-29 wt.% dry basis. In comparison

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with the standard ash content (5-15 wt.% dry basis) as reported by US.EPA [30] recommended for

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incineration, this was quite high. High ash content was attributed to the high amount of inert

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materials found in the municipal solid waste sample.

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The ultimate analysis results showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in the elemental

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composition of organic waste in all landfills (Table 3). The average carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,

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sulphur and oxygen of the municipal solid waste constituted approximately 31.3, 3.9, 1.2, 0.2 and

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24.3%, respectively. The hydrogen, sulphur, and nitrogen amounts were low while there was little

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high oxygen and carbon amounts. The high carbon was attributed to a large amount of organic

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matter in the organic waste. These results and findings are in agreement and comparison with those

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from other sources as reported by some researcher [31,32] at Phetchaburi province in Thailand and

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Panjab (India). However, they were also quite different from those reported by Chiang Mai Green

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Energy Co., Ltd. at Chiang Mai University in 2012 [33] (Table 3).

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3.3 Calorific Value of MSW

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Based on laboratory analysis result, the calorific value on the dry basis was found to be of highest

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value approximately 13.0 MJ/kg at site 3 followed by site 2 (12.2 MJ/kg), and lastly, site 1 (10.7

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MJ/kg). According to GIZ and PCD (2011) [34], solid waste with a calorific value of 11-17 MJ/kg

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or more is highly recommended for use as refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Therefore, waste from all the

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landfill sites qualify to be used as fuel. The calorific value was relatively high because of the

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presence of less amount of inert materials in the municipal solid waste. Such calorific value result

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also compares with the value of 11MJ/Kg, obtained from UK municipal solid waste [35].

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3.4 Methane gas estimation

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Methane concentration for the three landfill sites was analyzed by Gas Chromatograph in Parts

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per million (ppm). The average methane concentration values were observed highest at site 1 as

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140.53 ppm methane/g waste while site 2 and site 3 measured 18.18 ppm methane/g waste and

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20.28 ppm methane/g waste respectively. These values are sufficient for utilisation in electricity

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production through combustion processes that use the Organic Rankine Cycle or through the use of

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a biogas generator [36]. Two-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference (P<0.001) in

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methane concentration obtained from the three landfill sites. Further analysis of this difference

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using the Tukey test revealed that the methane concentration from site 1 was significantly

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greater (P<0.001) than that of site 2 & 3. However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05)

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in the methane quantities from site 2&3 (Table 4).

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This was attributed to a high percentage of moisture content and organic materials observed at site

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1 as compared to site 2 and site 3. Gurijala and Suflita [37] also reported that higher methane

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emission was quantified at higher moisture contents in landfill areas, while Kazuyuki & Katsuyuki

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[38] reported that organic matter application had an effect on methane emission from some

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Japanese paddy fields, with high organic matter application producing more methane gas and vice

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versa. However, the methane quantities concentration is also affected by ash content. Site 1 with

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lower fractions of ash content, has the highest values of methane concentration and vice versa for

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site 2 & 3. This observation agrees with many studies of biochar and charcoal [39,40].

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4. Conclusions

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The analysis of the physical composition of municipal solid waste generated in Dhanbad city

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showed that on average it mostly comprises of organic waste. Based on the results, there is a

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correlation between moisture content, composition of the organic waste and the quantity of

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methane gas emissions. The more the moisture content and organic waste composition and less the

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ash content, the higher the methane gas produced, hence Railway station site 1 produced more

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methane concentration than Memco-more site 2 & 3. Since methane gas is one of the major

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contributors to global warming, mitigation steps must be undertaken to trap it and be used a source

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of green energy. The concentration of methane at tall the three sites suggest that the landfills can be

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utilized for energy production; however, more research needs to be carried out concerning techno-

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economic evaluation. The low moisture content indicated that the sampled waste was suitable for

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combustion, other than composting and other biological waste management methods, hence

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suitable for energy production. The average energy content in municipal solid waste from the three

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landfills was approximately 11.97 MJ/kg. This compares to about 69.4% of energy from pure

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biomass and about 31.3% of the energy of bituminous coal. An integrated solid waste management

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scheme for Dhanbad city is recommended so as to harness energy from solid waste as a

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supplementary energy to the existing national grid and natural gas industry. This can help to reduce

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the over-dependence on fossil fuel and also the production of clean energy which is healthier to the

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environment as well as providing jobs to the local who will be engaged in collection, sorting,

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recycling and composting of the municipal solid waste. Further studies are recommended for the

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same study during the winter, monsoon, spring and fall seasons to come up with a general

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conclusion on the viability of such a project. More research and data is required so as to design and

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construct engineered landfill site for Dhanbad city as a way of managing the waste generated in the

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city.

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5. Acknowledgement

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The authors thank Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-Aligned and Other Developing

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Countries (NAM S&T Centre) for initiating the collaboration and sponsoring the research. They

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also thank the Department of Chemical Engineering, India Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad

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for the provision of laboratory services.

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6. References

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Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge

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University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY; 2014.

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[2] LeValley TL, Richard AR, Fan M. Development of catalysts for hydrogen production through

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the integration of steam reforming of methane and high temperature water gas shift. Energy

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[3] Abánades A, Rubbia C, Salmieri D. Technological challenges for industrial development of hydrogen production based on methane cracking. Energy 2012; 46: 359-63

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[4] Census 2011, India, http://www.censusindia.gov.in.

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[5] City Development Plan, Dhanbad, 2007, Final report by Dhanbad Municipal Corporation.

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[29] Pichtel J. Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial. (2nd ed.). Florida: CRC Press; 2014. [30] United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA)., 2014. Municipal Solid Waste: Ash Generated from the MSW Combustion Process.

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recovery options in Phetchaburi, Thailand.” PhD diss., Asian Institute of Technology, 2014. [32] Sethi S, Kothiyal NC, Nema AK, Kaushik MK. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in Jalandhar City, Panjab, India. J Hazard Toxic Radioact Waste 2009; 1:97-106. [33] Chiang Mai University. Waste Separation and Analysis. Chiang Mai Green Energy Co. Ltd; 2012.

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solid waste incinerator," Waste Management, vol. 11 (1991) pp. 249-61. [36] Lee TH, Huang SR, Chen CH. The experimental study on biogas power generation enhanced by using waste heat to preheat inlet gases. Renewable Energy 2013; 50:342-47. [37] Gurijala KR, Suflita JM. Environmental factors influencing methanogenesis from refuse in landfill samples, samples, Environ Sc & Tech 1993; 27: 1176–81. [38] Kazuyuki Y, Katsuyuki M. Effect of organic matter application on methane emission from some Japanese paddy fields. Soil Sc & Plant Nutr 2012; 36: 599-10.

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List of Figures:

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408

Fig.1: Location of Dhanbad city (Google map)

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Fig. 2: Location of three sites and our institute (Google map)

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Fig. 3: Calorific Value of MSW collected from three different sites

411 412

List of Tables:

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Table 1: Composition of MSW from Dhanbad by percentage weight (Mean ± standard deviation)

414

Table 2: Results of proximate analysis of different waste samples (organic fractions) from three

415

landfill sites

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Table 3: Results of ultimate analysis of municipal solid waste (Mean ± Standard deviation)

417

Table 4: Methane generation from solid waste collected from three different sites

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Table 1: Composition of MSW from Dhanbad by percentage weight (Mean ± standard deviation)

Area

Organic %

Hard Plastics %

Metals %

Papers %

Soft plastics %

Glass %

Railway station, site 1 Memcomore, site 2 Memco more, site 3 Average

92.0 0.0

±

0.9 0.3

±

0.1 0.4

±

0.3 0.8

±

5.1 0.4

±

64.0 0.0

±

10.6 ± 0.6

0.5 0.9

±

0.7 0.9

±

69.1 0.0

±

11.5 ± 0.8

0.3 0.9

±

0.7 0.9

±

7.7

0.3

75

0.6

Other %

0.4 ± 0.2

Textiles & Leather % 0.9 ± 0.1

19.1 ± 0.5

0.3 ± 0.6

4.1 0.9

±

0.6 ± 0.8

14.9 ± 0.5

0.7 ± 1.1

2.3 0.8

±

0.5 ± 0.8

13

0.5

2.4

0.3 ± 0.7

0.5

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Table 2: Results of proximate analysis of different waste samples (organic fractions) from three landfill sites

Moisture content

Ash

Volatile matter

Fixed carbon

(wt % DB)

(wt % DB)

(wt % DB)

(wt % DB)

Railway station, site 1 25.49

24.71

45.28

4.53

Memco more, site 2

3.40

31.69

53.41

11.49

Memco more, site 3

2.96

28.92

56.22

11.89

Area

DB – Dry basis.

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Table 3: Results of ultimate analysis of municipal solid waste (Mean ± Standard deviation)

Area

N (%, DB)

C (%, DB)

H (%, DB)

S (%, DB)

O (%, DB)

Railway station, site 1

1.4 ± 0.1

27.1 ± 0.4

3.4 ± 0.3

0.3 ± 0.0

17.6 ± 0.0

Memco-more, site 2

1.1 ± 0.1

32.2 ± 0.0

3.8 ± 0.8

0.1 ± 0.0

27.7 ± 0.0

Memco-more, site 3

1.2 ± 0.0

34.6 ± 1.8

4.6 ± 0.1

0.2 ± 0.0

27.5 ± 0.0

Suthapanich W., 2014 [31]

0.92

47.94

6.9

0.16

26.77

Sethi et al., 2009 [32]

1.16

28.2

3.77

0.63

18.4

Chiang Mai University, 2012

0.58

55.35

8.13

0.43

18.19

[33] DB – Dry basis.

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Table 4: Methane generation from solid waste collected from three different sites

Concetration Area

(ppm methane/g waste)

Railway station (site 1)

140.53

Memco more (site 2)

18.18

Memco more (site 3)

20.28