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Recursive algorithm for traffic distribution calculation for certain unreliable telephone exchanges
World Abstracts on Microelectronics and Reliability
Product design liability: An analysis of legal criteria. DRAPER B. GREGORY. J. Prod. Liability 1, 123 (2) (1977). "Members of the jury: you are asked to determine whether or not a product was defectively desioned. In doin O so, you shall focus your attention upon the product, and evaluate it in the light of the "State of the Art." The term "State of the Art" in an engineering sense, necessarily means that level of technology which existed at the time the product left the manufacturer. Technolofy is the extent to which science can be effectively used in practical applications; it necessarily includes (but is not limited to) design considerations such as (1) physiological and psycholooical human factors, (2) stress distribution analysis, (3) selection of materials, (4) service or field performance characteristics, (5)fabrication and manufacturin 9 techniques, (6) quality control and testing, and (7) statistical analysis exploring the probability of an undesirable occurrence caused by or in connection with the use of the product, as well as the consequences which could flow from such an occurrence. I f the evidence should show that the product design did not comply with the "'State of the Art," then such a design is defective." The above instruction reflects a social philosophy which lends itself to (1) criteria giving the manufacturing industry a definite and objective handle on what society expects of it in terms the engineering sector can relate to, (2) encouraging continued industry efforts toward improvement of products and their design, as well as (3) giving a claimant logical and objective criteria upon which to rely in the event of injury. On the behaviour of failure frequency bounds. C. SINGH. IEEE Trans. Reliab. R-26, (1) (April 1977). The behaviour of failure frequency bounds has been studied in this paper. The alternate bounds are indeed upper and lower bounds to the failure frequency. These bounds can diverge at intermediate steps though they finally converge to the exact value. The divergent behaviour is likely to occur when 2/# is relatively large. It is preferrable to use the margin between f~i n and f ~ x , rather than between f w and fLi as the criterion for truncating the computations. Calculating the probability of Boolean expression being 1. W. G. SCHNEEV~EISS. IEEE Trans. Reliab. R-26, (1) 16 (April 1977). A conceptually extremely simple way to calculate the probability of a Boolean expression being l is given. The method is useful for the evaluation of fault trees. TAU 1: Un outil pour le test des circuits integres Iogiques. J. Z1RPHILE, R. TULLOUE and J. CAILLAT. Revue Technique Thomson-CSF 9, (1) (March 1977). (In french.) The authors describe the principal characteristics of TAU 1, a program for aiding generation of the test sequence for sequential circuits. The novelty of the program resides in the technique for modelling the sequential structures that led to the formulation of a reliable high-performance synthesizing algorithm. TAU 1 is susceptible of handling virtually all test problems posed by current integrated circuits. Its use is illustrated by four examples ranging from a D-trigger to a microprocessor,
Computer aided synthesis of fault-trees. STEVEN A. LAPP and GARY J. POWERS. IEEE Trans. Reliab. R-26 (1) 2 (April 1977). An algorithm is presented for the synthesis of faulttrees. The fault-tree is deduced directly from a diagraph (directed graph) model of the system being analyzed. The digraph describes the normal failed, and conditional relationships which exist between variables and events in the system. A computer program which uses this algorithm is illustrated for a chemical processing system.
645
Holographic methods of checking automatic production processes. J. STEVFEN. Feinwk-Tech. Messtech. 95 (4) 141 (1977). (Ingerman.) Present-day, automatic machining and assembly processes for mass production call for new, nondestructive methods allowing for real time workpiece checking as well as identification and registration. Conventional, nondestructive checking methods using microscopes and profile projectors, or automatic scanning systems are slow compared with workpiece production and hence provide no more than random sampling. Coherent optical systems and holographic correlation methods in particular have helped solve such problems in many cases. The author describes holographic correlation methods for a variety of practical checking problems in micromechanics, dealing with their limits and the ways in which they are employed. The fundamentals leading to the results obtained were worked out at the Institute of Applied Physics of the University of Berne, in conjunction with, and on behalf of, LASAG AG. Strict liability or breach of warranty. The patently dangerous doctrine overruled. TOM GREEN. J. Prod. Liability 1 (2) 115 (1977). A political battle is currently raging in this country over which segment of the society should bear the economic loss occasioned by the manufacture and use of dangerous or defective products. The stimulus of this controversy is the continuing liberalization of the laws governing product liability cases. The social policy inherent in this area of tort law is the production of safe products and protection of the injured consumer's right to a just recovery for his injuries. Many courts have refused to expand methods of recovering for injuries sustained from defective products, on the grounds that requiring production of safer products is properly a function of the legislature. These courts, however, are rapidly becoming the minority with the advent of strict liability principles and Restatement of Torts, (Second) §402A. Fault substitutes: The true bases for strict liability. ELIZABETH R. HERBERT and PATR1CIA RILEY GRIFFIN. J. Prod. Liability 1 (2) 81 (1977). Strict liability is commonly characterized as the imposition of liability without fault. It is submitted that although strict liability does not require proof of legal fault, i.e,, negligence, it does require the presence of certain elements referred to herein as "fault substitutes." The presence of one or more fault substitutes will justify the imposition of strict liability. Strict liability will not be imposed in the absence of fault substitutes. This situation is best illustrated by the blood serum hepatitis cases. Recursive algorithm for traffic distribution calculation for certain unreliable telephone exchanges. H. LIVNI and T. BAR-NEss. IEEE Trans. Reliab. R-26, (1) 61 (April 1977). One often wishes to calculate the probability function of the number of available trunks for service in a full-availability, blocking telephone exchange, with unreliable trunks. A recursive algorithm for calculating this function is presented. It takes about 1/40 computation time (when the exchange has 50 trunks) than does the brute force method of calculation. Phased mission analysis: a review of new developments and an application. G. R. BURDICK, J. B. FUSSELL, D. M. RASMUSON and J. R. WILSON. IEEE Trans. Reliab. R-26, (1) 43 (April 1977). Both exact and apI~roximate methods for obtaining the unreliability of a nonrepairable system undergoing a phased mission are presented. The techniques are applied to an emergency core cooling system for a boiling water reactor. The estimates for the example agree well with the exact solution. The accuracy and ease of implementation are compared for both methods.
Product design liability: An analysis of legal criteria. DRAPER B. GREGORY. J. Prod. Liability 1, 123 (2) (1977). "Members of the jury: you are asked to determine whether or not a product was defectively desioned. In doin O so, you shall focus your attention upon the product, and evaluate it in the light of the "State of the Art." The term "State of the Art" in an engineering sense, necessarily means that level of technology which existed at the time the product left the manufacturer. Technolofy is the extent to which science can be effectively used in practical applications; it necessarily includes (but is not limited to) design considerations such as (1) physiological and psycholooical human factors, (2) stress distribution analysis, (3) selection of materials, (4) service or field performance characteristics, (5)fabrication and manufacturin 9 techniques, (6) quality control and testing, and (7) statistical analysis exploring the probability of an undesirable occurrence caused by or in connection with the use of the product, as well as the consequences which could flow from such an occurrence. I f the evidence should show that the product design did not comply with the "'State of the Art," then such a design is defective." The above instruction reflects a social philosophy which lends itself to (1) criteria giving the manufacturing industry a definite and objective handle on what society expects of it in terms the engineering sector can relate to, (2) encouraging continued industry efforts toward improvement of products and their design, as well as (3) giving a claimant logical and objective criteria upon which to rely in the event of injury. On the behaviour of failure frequency bounds. C. SINGH. IEEE Trans. Reliab. R-26, (1) (April 1977). The behaviour of failure frequency bounds has been studied in this paper. The alternate bounds are indeed upper and lower bounds to the failure frequency. These bounds can diverge at intermediate steps though they finally converge to the exact value. The divergent behaviour is likely to occur when 2/# is relatively large. It is preferrable to use the margin between f~i n and f ~ x , rather than between f w and fLi as the criterion for truncating the computations. Calculating the probability of Boolean expression being 1. W. G. SCHNEEV~EISS. IEEE Trans. Reliab. R-26, (1) 16 (April 1977). A conceptually extremely simple way to calculate the probability of a Boolean expression being l is given. The method is useful for the evaluation of fault trees. TAU 1: Un outil pour le test des circuits integres Iogiques. J. Z1RPHILE, R. TULLOUE and J. CAILLAT. Revue Technique Thomson-CSF 9, (1) (March 1977). (In french.) The authors describe the principal characteristics of TAU 1, a program for aiding generation of the test sequence for sequential circuits. The novelty of the program resides in the technique for modelling the sequential structures that led to the formulation of a reliable high-performance synthesizing algorithm. TAU 1 is susceptible of handling virtually all test problems posed by current integrated circuits. Its use is illustrated by four examples ranging from a D-trigger to a microprocessor,
Computer aided synthesis of fault-trees. STEVEN A. LAPP and GARY J. POWERS. IEEE Trans. Reliab. R-26 (1) 2 (April 1977). An algorithm is presented for the synthesis of faulttrees. The fault-tree is deduced directly from a diagraph (directed graph) model of the system being analyzed. The digraph describes the normal failed, and conditional relationships which exist between variables and events in the system. A computer program which uses this algorithm is illustrated for a chemical processing system.
645
Holographic methods of checking automatic production processes. J. STEVFEN. Feinwk-Tech. Messtech. 95 (4) 141 (1977). (Ingerman.) Present-day, automatic machining and assembly processes for mass production call for new, nondestructive methods allowing for real time workpiece checking as well as identification and registration. Conventional, nondestructive checking methods using microscopes and profile projectors, or automatic scanning systems are slow compared with workpiece production and hence provide no more than random sampling. Coherent optical systems and holographic correlation methods in particular have helped solve such problems in many cases. The author describes holographic correlation methods for a variety of practical checking problems in micromechanics, dealing with their limits and the ways in which they are employed. The fundamentals leading to the results obtained were worked out at the Institute of Applied Physics of the University of Berne, in conjunction with, and on behalf of, LASAG AG. Strict liability or breach of warranty. The patently dangerous doctrine overruled. TOM GREEN. J. Prod. Liability 1 (2) 115 (1977). A political battle is currently raging in this country over which segment of the society should bear the economic loss occasioned by the manufacture and use of dangerous or defective products. The stimulus of this controversy is the continuing liberalization of the laws governing product liability cases. The social policy inherent in this area of tort law is the production of safe products and protection of the injured consumer's right to a just recovery for his injuries. Many courts have refused to expand methods of recovering for injuries sustained from defective products, on the grounds that requiring production of safer products is properly a function of the legislature. These courts, however, are rapidly becoming the minority with the advent of strict liability principles and Restatement of Torts, (Second) §402A. Fault substitutes: The true bases for strict liability. ELIZABETH R. HERBERT and PATR1CIA RILEY GRIFFIN. J. Prod. Liability 1 (2) 81 (1977). Strict liability is commonly characterized as the imposition of liability without fault. It is submitted that although strict liability does not require proof of legal fault, i.e,, negligence, it does require the presence of certain elements referred to herein as "fault substitutes." The presence of one or more fault substitutes will justify the imposition of strict liability. Strict liability will not be imposed in the absence of fault substitutes. This situation is best illustrated by the blood serum hepatitis cases. Recursive algorithm for traffic distribution calculation for certain unreliable telephone exchanges. H. LIVNI and T. BAR-NEss. IEEE Trans. Reliab. R-26, (1) 61 (April 1977). One often wishes to calculate the probability function of the number of available trunks for service in a full-availability, blocking telephone exchange, with unreliable trunks. A recursive algorithm for calculating this function is presented. It takes about 1/40 computation time (when the exchange has 50 trunks) than does the brute force method of calculation. Phased mission analysis: a review of new developments and an application. G. R. BURDICK, J. B. FUSSELL, D. M. RASMUSON and J. R. WILSON. IEEE Trans. Reliab. R-26, (1) 43 (April 1977). Both exact and apI~roximate methods for obtaining the unreliability of a nonrepairable system undergoing a phased mission are presented. The techniques are applied to an emergency core cooling system for a boiling water reactor. The estimates for the example agree well with the exact solution. The accuracy and ease of implementation are compared for both methods.