Research advances and direction of hydrocarbon accumulation in the superimposed basins, China: Take the Tarim Basin as an example

PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT Volume 39, Issue 6, December 2012 Online English edition of the Chinese language journal Cite this article as: PETROL. EXPLOR. DEVELOP., 2012, 39(6): 692–699.

RESEARCH PAPER

Research advances and direction of hydrocarbon accumulation in the superimposed basins, China: Take the Tarim Basin as an example PANG Xiongqi1,2,*, ZHOU Xinyuan3, YAN Shenghua4, WANG Zhaoming3, YANG Haijun3, JIANG Fujie1,2, SHEN Weibing1,2, GAO Shuai1,2 1. State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; 2. Research Center of Basin and Reservoir, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; 3. PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla 841000, China; 4. College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China

Abstract: The superimposed basins in the Tarim Basin are characterized by multiple source-reservoir-caprock combinations, multiple stages of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, and multi-cycle hydrocarbon accumulation. To develop and improve the reservoir forming theory of superimposed basins, this paper summarizes the progress in the study of superimposed basins and predicts its development direction. Four major progresses were made in the superimposed basin study: (1) widely-distributed of complex hydrocarbon reservoirs in superimposed basins were discovered; (2) the genesis models of complex hydrocarbon reservoirs were built; (3) the transformation mechanisms of complex hydrocarbon reservoirs were revealed; (4) the evaluation models for superimposed and transformed complex hydrocarbon reservoirs by tectonic events were proposed. Function elements jointly controlled the formation and distribution of hydrocarbon reservoirs, and the superimposition and overlapping of structures at later stage led to the adjustment, transformation and destruction of hydrocarbon reservoirs formed at early stage. The study direction of hydrocarbon accumulation in superimposed basins mainly includes three aspects: (1) the study on modes of controlling reservoir by multiple elements; (2) the study on composite hydrocarbon-accumulation mechanism; (3) the study on hydrocarbon reservoir adjustment and reconstruction mechanism and prediction models, which has more theoretical and practical significance for deep intervals in superimposed basins. Key words: superimposed basins; complex hydrocarbon reservoirs; multiple element combination; tectonic event; late hydrocarbon accumulation effect; facies-potential-source combination

Introduction Surrounded by the Siberian plate, Indian plate and Pacific plate, Chinese mainland is small in size and active in a long time span [1]. Due to the special geographical location and tectonic background, widely developed sedimentary basins are usually characterized by “superimposed” and “composite” sedimentary strata deposited in various geological periods [23]. Geologists have proposed a number of representative theories and research methods aiming at the special inner structure and polycyclic sedimentation of the basins [45]. Owing to their complex formation conditions and multi-stage evolution, superimposed basins have complex geological characteristics: (1) many regional unconformities formed as a result of multi-stage tectonic movement [14] ; (2) several sets of source-reservoir-cap assemblages developed; (3) multi-stage

and multi-zone hydrocarbon generation and expulsion took place; (4) polycyclic hydrocarbon accumulation occurred in complicated superimposed basins [56]; (5) multi-stage tectonic movement complicated the early formed reservoirs [78]. Many scholars at home and abroad have made researches into the formation conditions, evolution history, geological characteristics, and complex petroliferous properties [9] of oiland gas-bearing basins in western China [10]. However, the sophisticated reservoirs recently discovered in those basins have distinctive geological characteristics from those in the mono-basins, which can not be explained reasonably by the existing geological theories of oil and gas. In addition, a new round of oil and gas resource evaluation shows that the petroliferous basins in western China have huge prospecting potential. Therefore, the research on the formation, evolution and distribution of reservoirs in superimposed basins in western

Received date: 12 Apr. 2012; Revised date: 27 Sep. 2012. * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Foundation item: Supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program (973 Program), China (2006CB202308; 2011CB201100) Copyright © 2012, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina. Published by Elsevier BV. All rights reserved.

PANG Xiongqi et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2012, 39(6): 692–699

China is of profound theoretical and practical significance for the advancement and improvement in the theory of oil and gas accumulation in superimposed basins, the exploration of oil and gas in western China, as well as the growth of oil and gas reserves. Taking Tarim basin as an example, this paper elucidates the geological characteristics of oil and gas reservoirs in superimposed basins, analyzes the types and causes of the reservoirs, and points out the direction of oil and gas research in superimposed basins in the future.

1 Major research progress in superimposed basin hydrocarbon accumulation in China 1.1

Characteristics of complex hydrocarbon reservoirs

Reservoirs formed earlier in complicated superimposed basins were commonly subject to adjustment, alteration and damage by later tectonic movements. They have a lot of unique features compared with original reservoirs formed in simple basins [11]. These features include component damage, transformation of scale, position adjustment and oil and gas re-accumulation. In this paper, complex reservoirs refer to reservoirs which are formed in superimposed basins, suffered late tectonic adjustment, alteration and destruction and differ significantly from original reservoirs. Based on the occurrence, composition, phase, scale and other characteristics of complex reservoirs [1218], this paper divides the complex reservoirs into six categories and twelve types (Table 1), which have the following distribution characteristics. Table 1 Classification of complex hydrocarbon reservoirs I

Original forming type

II

Trap adjustment type

1.1.1

Multiple layers vertically

Abundant in hydrocarbon resources, superimposed basins usually have multiple oil- and gas-bearing layers (from old formations to the new, from the clastic formation to the carbonate formation). In the Tazhong area of the Tarim Basin, for example, oil and gas are mainly discovered in the Cambrian to the Carboniferous[19]; clastic reservoirs mainly developed in the Silurian to the Carboniferous, oil and gas are mainly distributed in the Carboniferous Donghe sandstone and Silurian Kepingtage Formation. Carbonate reservoirs mainly occur from the Cambrian to the Ordovician, oil and gas mainly enrich in the Lianglitage and Yingshan formations of the upper Ordovician and the dolomite section of the upper Cambrian. 1.1.2

Multiple oil and gas zones horizontally

After being formed, reservoirs in superimposed basins experienced multi-stages of adjustment, transformation, destruction and re-accumulation, the location of oil and gas reservoirs moved consequently. Found in palaeohigh, slopes and depressions, oil and gas reservoirs are distributed in a variety of zones. At present, oil and gas reservoirs found in the Tarim Basin are mainly located in the Kuqa Depression and platform basin area, and oil and gas in the platform basin area mainly accumulate in the Tabei uplift, Northern depression, Tazhong uplift and Bachu uplift[2021].

Classification of complex hydrocarbon reservoirs in superimposed basins of western China Characteristics No structural change

Genetic mechanism and main control factors

Reservoirs formed in early stages own good preservation conditions, no structural change after reservoir formed, or very weak Kela2, Dina 2, Dabei3 structural change, they have not experienced significant change

Location change Location of reservoirs changed as the traps’ position varied Shape change

Shapes of the reservoirs changed as the traps did

External oil and Oil and gas from different sources accumulated in the same trap, gas interfusion changing the nature of primary oil and components III

IV

Composition variation type

Phase state transition type

Internal oil and gas loss

Scale transformation type

VI

Damaged type

When oil and gas from the same source migrated, original constitutive properties changed due to the differentiation of different components and the retention in conduit

Hudson, Tazhong1 Lunnan, Tahe, Lunxi Lunnan, Tahe, Tazhong82

Yingmai7, Yingmai2

Internal compo- Component variation caused by changes in reservoir nent variation conditions and medium environment

Lunxi, Tazhong Silurian

Liquid hydrocarLiquid hydrocarbon converted into gaseous hydrocarbon bon gasified

Hetian river, TazhongI

Gas hydrocarbon Gaseous hydrocarbon converted into liquid hydrocarbon liquefied

Kekeya

Mixture of liquid and gas V

Oil and gas field examples

Gaseous hydrocarbon and liquid hydrocarbon mixed, showing a miscibility state

Tazhong62

Scale decrease

Reservoir damaged, reserves decreased

Tazhong4

Scale increase

Several reservoirs damaged, oil and gas re-accumulated

Tazhong16

Reservoirs formed earlier were poor in preservation conditions

Silurian asphaltic sand

Reservoir damaged

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1.1.3

Multiple stages of generation and distribution

Several sets of hydrocarbon source rocks exist commonly in superimposed basins, which experienced different thermal evolution stages and multiple times of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion and formed multiphase hydrocarbon reservoirs. The stage of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion of source kitchen controls the stage of reservoir formation. Study shows that two sets of hydrocarbon source rocks have four main hydrocarbon generation and expulsion stages in the process of evolution in the Tarim Basin: early Caledonian ( -O), late Caledonian (S-D), late Hercynian (C-P) and Yanshan - Himalayan period (K-Q)[11]. But the expulsion history of the middle and lower Cambrian’s hydrocarbon source rocks is apparently different from that of the middle and upper Ordovician hydrocarbon source rocks, so are their contributions in the four major hydrocarbon generation and expulsion stages[2224]. 1.1.4

Multiple types of hydrocarbon reservoirs

Multiple types of traps in superimposed basins in turn control the types of hydrocarbon reservoirs. For example, the various types of traps in the Tazhong palaeohigh gave rise to various reservoir types, such as structural, lithologic and composite hydrocarbon reservoirs etc (Figure 1). Among them, structural trap reservoirs are mostly fault anticline, anticline and overlap reservoirs, lithologic reservoirs are mainly reef and karst cave reservoirs [25]. 1.1.5

Multiple phase states of fluid

Reservoir fluid in superimposed basins appears in multiple phase states. In the Ordovician of the Tarim Basin, for exam-

Fig. 1

ple, its oil and gas shows are diverse in state, normal black oil, condensate oil, volatile oil, heavy oil, bitumen and natural gas which include dry gas and moisture coexist. Even in the same reservoir, it is common that a variety of oil and gas phases coexist, making hydrocarbon properties very complex [26] (Figure 2). 1.2

Genesis models of complex hydrocarbon reservoirs

Different functional elements (which can give essential objective description and quantitative characterization of reservoir) work together to control the formation and distribution of different types of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Combination of functional elements, caprock (C), favorable sedimentary facies (D), palaeohigh (M), source rock (S) (T-CDMS) controls the formation and distribution of structural hydrocarbon reservoirs, a further study found that the combination of functional elements of T-CMSF, T-CDPS respectively control the formation and distribution of the buried hill reservoirs and lithologic reservoirs (F stands for the fault, P the low potential zone), the principle is the same as the structural hydrocarbon reservoir[27]. 1.2.1

Genetic model of structural oil-gas reservoirs

Formation and distribution of structural reservoirs in superimposed basins are mainly controlled by four functional elements: hydrocarbon source kitchen, paleo-high, regional cap rocks and favorable depositional facies (Figure 3). These four elements are indispensable and independent to each other for reservoir formation[28]. Their respective critical conditions control not only the boundary and scope of hydrocarbon accumulation, but also the hydrocarbon accumulation probability

Plane distribution of different types of reservoirs in Tazhong palaeo-uplift

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O3s — Sangtamu Formation of the Upper Ordovician; O3l — Lianglitage Formation of the Upper Ordovician; O1 — Lower Ordovician

Fig. 2

Distribution of carbonate oil and gas characteristics in the Ordovician, Tazhong area

Fig. 3 Vertical combination of functional elements controls the hydrocarbon accumulation model

in the boundary range. The basic understanding is that, in the first place, 95 percent of reservoirs are distributed in hydrocarbon expulsion radius range of the hydrocarbon source[2931]. The farther the reservoirs are from the centre of hydrocarbon source, the smaller is the probability of hydrocarbon accumulation[32]. In the second place, 95 percent of reservoirs are distributed in structural highs above paleo-high foot. The farther the reservoirs are from the structural high, the smaller is the probability of hydrocarbon accumulation. In the third place, 95 percent of reservoirs are distributed in sedimentary formations, where the particle size of sandstone ranges from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. Reservoirs found in the strata where the particle size is bigger than 0.5 mm or less than 0.1 mm are fewer in number and smaller in reserves. In the fourth place, 95 percent of reservoirs are found in the underlying strata below the cap rocks that are between thickness of 25 m and 650 m. Far less reservoirs and reserves are found under the effective cap rocks thicker than 650 m or thinner than 25 m[33]. At the same time, these four functional elements work together to determine the formation and distribution of reservoirs. Their vertical combination decides favorable horizon position, their plane combination defines favorable area range (Figure 4), and their configuration on geologic history determines favorable oil and gas accumulation period (Figure 5).

1- Scope controlled by one functional element; 2- Scope controlled by two functional elements; 3- Scope controlled by three functional elements; 4- Scope controlled by four functional elements

Fig. 4 Plane combination of functional elements defines hydrocarbon accumulation area

1-The first phase of accumulation; 2-The second phase of accumulation; 3-The third phase of accumulation;

Fig. 5 Effect of time configuration of functional elements on hydrocarbon accumulation

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1.2.2 Methods to predict distribution of structural reservoirs

nozoic continental basin, with obvious cycle and stage, representing different structure properties and basin prototypes at different geologic history stages.

Figure 6 shows the flow of favorable reservoir prediction by means of multiple element combination model, which includes five steps in detail: (1) carry out petroliferous basin analysis, then figure out the basic geological conditions for oil-gas reservoirs formation (cap rock, favorable sedimentary faces, palaeohigh, source rock) and their distribution range, and the favor reservoir scope defined by each element; (2) find out the main accumulation stages of petroliferous basins through petroleum geology condition analysis and fluid inclusion temperature inversion; (3) through studies and statistics analysis of the reservoir distribution features, build geological model of four major elements in controlling reservoir, and then work out the reservoir scope and probability of each target layer under the control of every geological factors during every main accumulation stage; (4) aiming at a certain target, predict favorable accumulation areas at different accumulation stages. Through superposition and composite of the favorable accumulation areas of the same target layer during different accumulation stages, eventually delineate the most favorable, favorable, average and unfavorable accumulation zones; (5) aiming at a certain basin, predict the most favorable exploration zone in different target layers. Through the superposition and composite of the most advantageous accumulation zones, the most promising structural units are defined eventually. This method not only realizes the transformation from analysis of single reservoir controlling factor to the comprehensive study of multiple reservoir controlling factors, but also achieves the shift from factor correlation analysis to the study of combined elements controlling reservoir model, and brings about the leap from qualitative prediction of reservoir distribution to quantitative prediction.

Structures in superimposed basins change in three basic forms: folding, denudation and faulting of formation [3738]. All these three kinds of geological actions can lead to reservoir adjustment, transformation and destruction after hydro formation of carbon reservoirs, turning the original hydrocarbon reservoirs into complex reservoirs[38]. The role of folding in reservoir damage mainly displays in the creation of internal cracks, which allow the oil and gas leakage. The damage of denudation to reservoir mainly shows in the thinning of overlying strata and destruction of overlying cap. The damage of faulting to reservoir mainly manifests in the formation of dislocation and a large number of relevant cracks in surrounding area.

1.3 Transformation mechanism of complex hydrocarbon reservoirs

1.4 Evaluation model of the complex reservoir undergoing structural superimposed deformation

The tectonic evolution of superimposed basin often exhibits the overlap of early palaeozoic Marine carbonate basin, late Paleozoic sea continental (containing coal) basin and the Ce-

The oil and gas reservoirs undergoing structural superimposed deformation will lose oil and gas inevitably. If a reservoir experienced the damage by multiphase structural changes

Fig. 6

1.3.1 Six mechanisms of structural change causing reservoir reconstruction Numerous complex mechanisms can lead to the damage and reconstruction of reservoirs in superimposed basins, which can be divided into many types: the first type is physical damage, including oil and gas spillage due to shrinkage of trap volume, oil and gas seepage because of trap damage, oil and gas diffusion owing to internal and external hydrocarbon concentration difference; the second type is chemical damage effect, including hydrocarbon oxidation caused by washing effects of surface water biodegradation due to the action of bacteria, hydrocarbon cracking caused by buried depth increase and temperature rise. See literature [17, 3436] for details. 1.3.2 Three models for reservoir reconstruction caused by structural change

Flow of structural reservoir prediction with multiple element combination model

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after formation, then the lost hydrocarbon every time of structural change is related to the intensity of tectonic event and the remaining reserves in the original reservoir: Pi=1Qi/Q0= 1  f c (1  k1 )(1  k2 )(1  ki ) (1)

where, Pi—ratio of lost hydrocarbon after the reservoir subject to I times of structure change, f; Q0—geological reserves of original oil and gas reservoir, 104 t; Qi—the remaining reserves in the reservoir after i times of structure change, 104 t; fc—the ability of overlying regional cap to seal oil and gas, dimensionless; ki—the intensity of the ith time of structure change after the formation of the original oil and gas reservoir, dimensionless. Multi-stage tectonic events after the formation of original reservoirs control the potential of the remaining resource and its eventual distribution. If it is possible to restore the eroded thickness of multiple unconformities developed in the overlying strata by each tectonic event after the reservoir accumulation, the intensity of each tectonic event (ki) at any point of the plane can be identified. As a result, the damage of oil and gas (pi) at any point of the plane is likely to be identified and the residual resources after each tectonic event can be calculated: Q1, the residual resources after the first tectonic event is: Q1=Q0(1k1)fc (2) Q2, the residual resources after the second superimposed tectonic event is˖ (3) Q2=Q0(1k1)(1k2)fc Qi, the residual resources after the ith superimposed tectonic event is˖ Qi=Q0(1k1)(1k2)…(1ki)fc (4) We can see from the remaining resources formula after geological process superposition mentioned above that: (1) hydrocarbon quantity loss caused by tectonic change is affected by four major elements, namely structural change times, structural change strength, sealing ability of cap, and hydrocarbon quantity accumulated before structural changes. The more frequent the structural change and the stronger the structural change strength, the more the loss of oil and gas; the better the sealing ability of cap, the less the loss of oil and gas. (2) Late structure changes have the biggest effect on reservoirs formed earlier. The stronger structure changes, the bigger oil-gas loss is. (3) The damaged degree of reservoirs depends on the structure change times, comprehensive sealing ability of the first set of regional cap rock overlying the primary reservoirs, and comprehensive strength of multi-stage structure changes. The lost hydrocarbon amounts by tectonic movements in Tazhong, Tarim Basin, was evaluated by this model. The results show that four stages of hydrocarbon accumulation and dissipation happened in the Tazhong uplift, i.e. the Cambrian-Ordovician, the Silurian-Devonian, the Carboniferous-Triassic, and the Jurassic to the present respectively. The aggregation hydrocarbon amounts provided specifically to the paleo-uplift at every stage and the amount of lost hydrocarbon after the adjustment and damage in the later stage can be

found in relevant literatures[38].

2 Research direction of superimposed basin hydrocarbon accumulation 2.1

The multi-factor pool-controlling models

Although we have got some understandings about the geotectonic background and the genetic mechanism of the western superimposed basin with rich deep structures, some basic structure problems still are waiting to be answered; at the same time, tectonic movement and evolution are the most important factors that control the development of basins. So the reconstruction and superimposition of multi-stage tectonic event is the precondition to analyze the hydrocarbon accumulation condition of the deep basin. It is necessary to do the research on the hydrocarbon accumulation model jointly controlled by multi-factors in superimposed basins, to get a better idea of how all the geologic factors worked together in the course of formation, evolution and distribution of reservoirs, then figure out the current hydrocarbon distribution pattern. 2.2 Combination mechanism of hydrocarbon accumulation

The reservoir accumulation in the superimposed basin is usually the combined superposition and composition of shallow and deep reservoir formation, including the superposition and compound during the multi-source, multi-stage, multidriving force reservoir forming process of the deep buried process, involving very complex geological conditions. Apart from the reservoir-forming factors, the hydrocarbon accumulation is also controlled by the cracking hydrocarbon kitchen and the secondary porosity zone. Therefore, it is of profound significance to get a clear idea of the mechanism of the hydrocarbon accumulation and the enrichment regularity in superimposed basins, to guide the oil and gas exploration and improve the exploration effectiveness deep in the basins. 2.3 Study of reconstruction and adjustment mechanism and prediction model of oil and gas reservoir

The formation of oil and gas reservoir in superimposed basins experienced a complex process from shallow to deep, from early stage to late stage to the present, with long-term, multiphase tectonic movement and diagenesis evolution, multiple source, multistage and various accumulation mechanism overlapped, leading to the very complex generation, migration, accumulation and dispersion of oil and gas. Therefore, carrying out the research on the reform and adjustment mechanism and prediction model of oil and gas reservoir has a profound significance for revealing geological historical evolution, figuring out the structure change and the scale of transformation after the formation of oil and gas reservoir and establishing pertinent prediction model, improving oil and gas exploration success ratio, and getting better understanding of the geological process of reservoir transformation and adjustment.

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3

Conclusions

perimposed basins and reservoiring of hydrocarbons(Part Ċ):

Unique hydrocarbon accumulation conditions of superimposed basin give rise to extensive complex reservoirs, which commonly underwent multi-phase geological adjustment, alteration, and damage. Presently, the study on oil/gas reservoirs in superimposed basins, China, has made progress in four aspects, i.e., geologic features, genetic model, transformation mechanism, and quantitative evaluation model of oil and gas reservoir. The remaining resources of complex reservoirs are controlled by original oil and gas reserves, the number and strength of later tectonic events, the sealing ability of cap rocks, and so on. The study of complex reservoir formation and evolution history is helpful for the quantitative evaluation of current remaining resources. The current situation shows the study of reservoir accumulation in superimposed basins is directed to reservoir models controlled by multiple factors, oil and gas composite accumulation mechanism, adjustment and transformation mechanism and prediction model of oil and gas reservoirs, which has great theoretical and realistic significance for the deep formation in superimposed basins.

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