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Research into mirror surface finishing by the ironing process
arbitrary figure errors are made from surface metrology data. This technology can be scaled from small optics, millimeters in diameter, to large optics, meters in diameter. A PACE production capability is first being developed for relatively small optics, up to 12 inch diameter, that can have anamorphic shape. The central feature of PACE is control of material removal regardless of surface shape. In addition, it is capable of high removal rates for a polishing process, one to two orders of magnitude larger than conventional pitch polishing. Thus, PACE can be used for figure generation as well as final figure correction. 6 Refs. Index Terms: Optical devices - manufacture; Plasmas - etching; Optical figuring; Aspheric optical surfaces; Plasma-assisted chemical etching; Chemical etching. 59, R. A. Jones, W. J. Rupp, "Rapid optical fabrication with C C O S , " Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing, Vol 1333, pp. 34-43. Int Soc for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA. In the next decades, we foresee the need for the fabrication of many large aspheric mirrors for space and astronomy applications. Itek Optical Systems has developed computer controlled optical surfacing for rapidly fabricating such optics. Recently, these operations have been improved with the development of a sheaf of new processes based on a greatly increased understanding of the physics of glass surfacing. These improvements have already produced a reduction of large optics surfacing time and the technology points towards further reduction. 7 Refs. Index Terms: Optical devices fabrication; Mirrors - space applications; Glass - surfaces; Astronomy; Lapping; Aspheric mirrors; Glass surfacing. 60. N. Kawai, K. Dohda, Z. Wang, K. Akiyama, "Research into mirror surface finishing by the ironing process,"
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 22(2), pp. 123-136. (Aug 1990). The object of this paper is to clarify the mechanism of mirror surface finishing by the ironing process. The mirror surface is in demand for electro-optical parts such as optical drums and magnetic discs, which hiterto have been finished by diamond bite cutting, lapping, etc. In the ironing process, the metal surface on the die side becomes a rubbed surface (Ra equals 0.05 lain for high-viscosity oil) which is markedly inferior to the die surface (Ra equals 0.006-0.011 ~tm); when oils of lower viscosity are used galling often occurs. The metal surface on the punch side becomes a near replica of the punch surface, the degree of replication increasing with larger reductions and lower viscosity oils or when the ironing is carried out dry. In these experiments, the metal surface was finished to Ra equals 0.004 ~tm under the following conditions: dry on the punch side; high-viscosity oil on the die side; and 50% reduction. 8 Refs. Index Terms: Electrooptical devices - surfaces; Surfaces - processing; Magnetic devices; Metal finishing; Lapping; Dies - applications; Mirror surface finishing; Ironing process; Electro-optical parts; Optical drums; Diamond bite cutting; Surface-flattening process. 61, S. C. Feng, T. H. Hopp, "Review of Current Geometric Tolerancing Theories and Inspection Data Analysis Algorithms," (Feb 1991). 24 pages. (NISTIR-4509). The report provides an overview of the state of the art in mechanical dimensioning and tolerancing theories and CMM inspection data analysis technology. It is expected that the information included in this review will benefit CMM software developers, CMM users, and researchers of new CMM technology. The document is the result of a survey of published geometric dimensioning and tolerancing theories and post-inspection data analysis algorithms. Both traditional and modern theories have been reviewed. Principles on which current national standards and international standards based have been stated. These geometric dimensioning and tolerancing principles are commonly used in mechanical design and part inspection. Post-inspection data analysis algorithms, used for extracting features and evaluating tolerances, have also been reviewed. The effects of using different fitting criteria are discussed. From the theory and algorithm review, the authors recommend directions for future development in these areas. The bibliography covers activities and accomplishments of the research in advancing inspection technology. Index Terms: Dimensional measurement; Tolerances - mechanical; Computer aided design; Computer aided manufacturing; Inspection; Algorithms; Reviews; Coordinate measuring machines. 62, E. Hinz, "Slide grinding - problems and their solutions. Part 3: chemical etching, polishing, and bright polishing," Galvanotechnik, 81(9), pp. 3123-3126. (Sep 1990). Part 3 of this series deals with processes in which a high rate of metal removal is achieved by use of chemical additives. This reduces the throughput time and so significantly increases the economic viability of the process. Also discussed, are two-stage processes in which an initial chemical, coarse-working stage, is followed by a special mechanical treatment which produces a highly polished surface. The various processes are illustrated with examples drawn from industrial practice. In German. Index Terms: Metal finishing; Etching; Polishing; Bright polishing. 63, S. Y. Chen, T. N. Farris, S. Chandrasekar, "Sliding microindentation fracture of brittle materials," Tribology Transactions, 34(2), pp. 161-168. (Apr 1991). The sliding indentation of ceramics by sharp rigid indenters is considered. A diamond conical indenter is used to scribe borosilicate and fused-silica glasses. The coefficient of friction and the median vent crack depth are measured. It is found that active lubricants are useful for controlling the friction and the vent crack depths. The principles of fracture are used to calculate stress intensity factors for surface-breaking cracks loaded by normal and frictional scribing forces. The implications of the results for the evolution of grinding-induced cracks in ceramics is discussed. 22 Refs. Index Terms: Glass friction; Ceramic materials - crack propagation; Materials testing - wear; Fracture mechanics - mathematical models; Grinding stresses; Brittle materials fracture; Sliding indentation testing; Sliding microindentation fracture; Grinding-induced crack propagation. 64, E. L. Church, P. Z. Takacs, "The specification of glancing incidence mirrors in terms of system performance," (Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, Sep 1990). (BNL-45579). Brookhaven National Laboratory is the site of the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS), which uses many high-performance mirrors for directing and focussing EUV and x-ray radiation. The authors have been involved with the measurement, testing and specification of these mirrors for a number of years, and this paper describes some of the interesting general issues that they have encountered. The issues discussed are metrology, statistical estimation, scattering, testing and specifications. 2 refs. Index Terms: Mirrors - specifications; NSLS - mirrors; Errors; Extreme ultraviolent radiation; Focusing; Optics; Performance; Probabilistic Estimation; Reflectivity; Scattering; Surface Properties; X radiation; Accelerators; Cyclic accelerators; Electromagnetic radiation; Ionizing radiations; Optical properties; Radiation sources; Radiations; Surface properties; Synchrontron radiation sources; Synchrontron: UItraviolent radiation.
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Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 22(2), pp. 123-136. (Aug 1990). The object of this paper is to clarify the mechanism of mirror surface finishing by the ironing process. The mirror surface is in demand for electro-optical parts such as optical drums and magnetic discs, which hiterto have been finished by diamond bite cutting, lapping, etc. In the ironing process, the metal surface on the die side becomes a rubbed surface (Ra equals 0.05 lain for high-viscosity oil) which is markedly inferior to the die surface (Ra equals 0.006-0.011 ~tm); when oils of lower viscosity are used galling often occurs. The metal surface on the punch side becomes a near replica of the punch surface, the degree of replication increasing with larger reductions and lower viscosity oils or when the ironing is carried out dry. In these experiments, the metal surface was finished to Ra equals 0.004 ~tm under the following conditions: dry on the punch side; high-viscosity oil on the die side; and 50% reduction. 8 Refs. Index Terms: Electrooptical devices - surfaces; Surfaces - processing; Magnetic devices; Metal finishing; Lapping; Dies - applications; Mirror surface finishing; Ironing process; Electro-optical parts; Optical drums; Diamond bite cutting; Surface-flattening process. 61, S. C. Feng, T. H. Hopp, "Review of Current Geometric Tolerancing Theories and Inspection Data Analysis Algorithms," (Feb 1991). 24 pages. (NISTIR-4509). The report provides an overview of the state of the art in mechanical dimensioning and tolerancing theories and CMM inspection data analysis technology. It is expected that the information included in this review will benefit CMM software developers, CMM users, and researchers of new CMM technology. The document is the result of a survey of published geometric dimensioning and tolerancing theories and post-inspection data analysis algorithms. Both traditional and modern theories have been reviewed. Principles on which current national standards and international standards based have been stated. These geometric dimensioning and tolerancing principles are commonly used in mechanical design and part inspection. Post-inspection data analysis algorithms, used for extracting features and evaluating tolerances, have also been reviewed. The effects of using different fitting criteria are discussed. From the theory and algorithm review, the authors recommend directions for future development in these areas. The bibliography covers activities and accomplishments of the research in advancing inspection technology. Index Terms: Dimensional measurement; Tolerances - mechanical; Computer aided design; Computer aided manufacturing; Inspection; Algorithms; Reviews; Coordinate measuring machines. 62, E. Hinz, "Slide grinding - problems and their solutions. Part 3: chemical etching, polishing, and bright polishing," Galvanotechnik, 81(9), pp. 3123-3126. (Sep 1990). Part 3 of this series deals with processes in which a high rate of metal removal is achieved by use of chemical additives. This reduces the throughput time and so significantly increases the economic viability of the process. Also discussed, are two-stage processes in which an initial chemical, coarse-working stage, is followed by a special mechanical treatment which produces a highly polished surface. The various processes are illustrated with examples drawn from industrial practice. In German. Index Terms: Metal finishing; Etching; Polishing; Bright polishing. 63, S. Y. Chen, T. N. Farris, S. Chandrasekar, "Sliding microindentation fracture of brittle materials," Tribology Transactions, 34(2), pp. 161-168. (Apr 1991). The sliding indentation of ceramics by sharp rigid indenters is considered. A diamond conical indenter is used to scribe borosilicate and fused-silica glasses. The coefficient of friction and the median vent crack depth are measured. It is found that active lubricants are useful for controlling the friction and the vent crack depths. The principles of fracture are used to calculate stress intensity factors for surface-breaking cracks loaded by normal and frictional scribing forces. The implications of the results for the evolution of grinding-induced cracks in ceramics is discussed. 22 Refs. Index Terms: Glass friction; Ceramic materials - crack propagation; Materials testing - wear; Fracture mechanics - mathematical models; Grinding stresses; Brittle materials fracture; Sliding indentation testing; Sliding microindentation fracture; Grinding-induced crack propagation. 64, E. L. Church, P. Z. Takacs, "The specification of glancing incidence mirrors in terms of system performance," (Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY, Sep 1990). (BNL-45579). Brookhaven National Laboratory is the site of the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS), which uses many high-performance mirrors for directing and focussing EUV and x-ray radiation. The authors have been involved with the measurement, testing and specification of these mirrors for a number of years, and this paper describes some of the interesting general issues that they have encountered. The issues discussed are metrology, statistical estimation, scattering, testing and specifications. 2 refs. Index Terms: Mirrors - specifications; NSLS - mirrors; Errors; Extreme ultraviolent radiation; Focusing; Optics; Performance; Probabilistic Estimation; Reflectivity; Scattering; Surface Properties; X radiation; Accelerators; Cyclic accelerators; Electromagnetic radiation; Ionizing radiations; Optical properties; Radiation sources; Radiations; Surface properties; Synchrontron radiation sources; Synchrontron: UItraviolent radiation.
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307