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Research on Relationship between Fire Engines and Fire Risk
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Procedia Engineering 45 (2012) 674 – 677
2012 International Symposium on Safety Science and Technology
Research on relationship between fire engines and fire risk YANG Juntao*, LIANG Jing Shanghai Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Public Security, 918 Minjing Road, Shanghai 200438, China
Abstract Fire engine is typical fire-fighting equipment, which also reflects the capacity of fire fighting. In this paper, the influence of fire engines on fire risk is analyzed qualitatively. Based on fire cases, the relationship model of quantitative property loss damaged by fire and the total number of fire engines needed to be dispatched is proposed, which could provide some reference and basis for the fire department to carry out fire-fighting equipment planning and preparatory scheme compilation.
© 2012 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the Beijing Institute of Technology. Keywords: fire engines; fire risk; burned area; relationship model.
1. Introduction Fire-fighting equipment is the material basis of the fire fighting and rescue, and also is an important part of the public fire protection infrastructure [1]. Urban fire-fighting equipment must be adapted to the needs of the general fire and rescue in the area of jurisdiction and the disposal of special fire and disasters fighting, in order to deal with kinds of complex and uncertain fire or other disasters. According to “the city fire station construction standards (Amendment)”[2], fire-fighting equipment mainly includes five aspects such as fire engine, fire extinguishing equipment, fireman personal protective equipment, rescue equipment and communication equipment. Fire extinguishing equipment is normally equipped with fire engines, so fire engine can completely cover fire extinguishing equipment. Fire-fighting equipment contains extensive and complex, in which fire engine is representative. It can reflect the fire forces fighting capacity in some extent [3]. Fire risk is the integration of the fire probability and the result. The consequences include the casualties and property loss. Fire engine affects the loss caused by fire in a certain extent. In this paper the relationship between fire engine and fire risk is mainly explored from qualitative and quantitative perspectives. 2. The influence of fire engine on fire risk Fire engine is an important part of the response of fire fighting and rescue force. All fire fighting action is based on fire truck. Without fire truck, it is impossible for fire brigade to carry out fire fighting and rescue activities. Normally for small scale fire, one or two fire engines can meet the demand, do not need special attention. But for serious fire causing life and property risk, fire truck response has the following effects: First of all, inadequate fire engines or poor performance may be insufficient to extinguish serious fire. Serious fire has higher requirements for number of fire engines and performance. If the fire engines cannot meet the requirements of the fire risk, significant loss of life and property will be brought. The following are some related cases:
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-21-65240126; fax: +86-21-35040421. E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-7058 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.221
YANG Juntao and LIANG Jing / Procedia Engineering 45 (2012) 674 – 677
675
(1) July 1, 2003, a very serious fire happened in Hai Cheng building materials market in Haicheng City, Liaoning Province [4]. Due to lack of water supply, the local fire brigade cannot control the fire although dispatched 7 fire engines. After 2 hours fighting, 5 fire engines with large tonnage were emergency transferred from Anshan City Fire Brigade to the scene for the battle. (2) October 6, 2003, a fire happened in Min Xiang electronics factory in Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province [5]. During the fire fighting, due to lack of high-power tank trucks, water supply was affected for large area fire. At the same time, because of aging and inadequate, fire engines cannot play a good performance in case of emergency. (3) August 4, 2005, a fire happened in wine storage of Sichuan gong que lao jiao Group Co., Ltd6]. Sichuan Fire Brigade not only dispatched 13 fire engines from Luzhou local fire brigade and industrial fire brigade to the scene, also 9 fire engines from 3 fire brigade such as Yibin, Zigong, Neijiang were transferred to reinforce. (4) November 8, 2005, a very serious fire happened in the warehouse of Changshou Chain Co., Ltd in Ankang City, Shanxi Province [7]. During the fire-fighting action, the fire brigade in jurisdictional area sent out the total 3 fire engines. Because the scale of the fire is large, one fire truck was transferred from the industrial fire brigade to put out the fire. It exposed that existing fire engines were in critical shortage. These cases are only a small part in similar ones. The cases illustrate that fire engines with insufficient number and poor performance cannot extinguish serious fire, which will extend the time needed to put out the fire, and result in greater loss. Secondly, the shortages of lifting fire engines result in inadequate fire fighting and rescue, which cannot deal with highrise building fire. In fire engines, lifting fire truck is an important equipment. Inadequate lifting fire engines will lead to that fire brigade could do nothing for the high-rise building fire [8]. For example, February 15, 2004, a catastrophic fire happened in Zhongbai Commerce Building in Jilin City, Jilin Province, which resulted in 54 killed and 7 injured. In the aspect of fire fighting, battle assessment and deep summary both brought out that there were no lifting fire engines such as Straight arm aerial ladder truck in Jilin City Fire Brigade, and existing fire equipments could not meet the need of fire fighting and rescue. October, 21, 2004, a serious fire happened in Transfer Commerce Building in Changshu City, Jiangsu Province, which caused direct property loss 17.088 million RMB. Summary found that local fire engines could not meet the need of fire fighting. With the lacks of high spray trucks to deal with large burning-area and three-dimensional floor, the spread of the fire could not be controlled effectively. In addition, in the recent fire, the fire engines of the fire brigade were unable for the fire spreading above 100 meters [9]. These cases show that if the local fire brigade has sufficient fire engines and some lifting fire engines, the loss will be greatly reduced in serious fire. 3. Relationship model of the property loss caused by fire and the total number of fire engines needed to be dispatched As the main part of fire fighting force battle fire engines can reduce the property loss caused by fire. In the above section, the influence of fire engines on the risk of heavy fire is analyzed qualitatively. And then, for the serious fire risk causing great property loss, we would focus on how many fire engines needed to be dispatched to meet the requirement. As the burned area represents the property loss in certain extent, so in this section, through the serious fire cases, the relationship between the burned are of different types of building fire and fire engines needed to be dispatched is analyzed, to quantitatively describe the relationship model of the property loss caused by fire and the total number of fire engines needed to be dispatched. 3.1. Basic data and instructions In this section the 585 serious fire cases from the years 1997 to 2008 are analyzed as the basic data [10-20]. In these cases there are 148 ones describe the information about the burned area and the total number of dispatched fire engines. Considering that we would like to discuss the rule of the burned are and the number of fire engines needed to be dispatched when great property loss is caused, the cases are screened based on the following principles: (1) Exclude the fire cases with heavy casualties. (2) Try to select the fire cases happened in types of buildings with great property loss, such as shopping malls, stores, markets, warehouses, factories and so on. Finally in this section 124 serious fire cases are chosen to do further research, which include 32 shopping mall type cases, 20 market type case, 31 warehouse type cases and 41 factory type cases.
676
YANG Juntao and LIANG Jing / Procedia Engineering 45 (2012) 674 – 677
3.2. Data analysis In order to study the relationship between burned area caused by heavy fire and the total number of fire engines needed to be dispatched, the correlation coefficients between burned area caused by different types of fire and the total number of dispatched fire engines are calculated by using the correlation coefficient formula, shown as Table 1. Table 1. The correlation coefficients between burned area caused by different types of fire and the total number of dispatched fire engines Type of building
correlation coefficient
shopping mall
0.6124
market
0.3965
warehouse
0.4401
factory
0.4257
all types
0.5153
From the above table we can see that the correlation coefficient between total number of dispatched fire engines and burned area caused by all types of fire is 0.5153, which shows there is positive correlation between them. When the burned are caused by serious fire is larger, the total number of dispatched fire engines increases. That means if the fire risk with potential significant property loss in city is greater, the number of fire engines equipped for the city should also increase, to meet the requirement of fire fighting. In addition from the table we can see that, the correlation coefficients between total number of dispatched fire engines and burned area with building types of shopping mall, market, warehouse and factory are relatively 0.6124, 0.3965, 0.4401 and 0.4257. Comparing with other buildings, the correlation coefficient between total number of dispatched fire engines and burned area with building type of shopping mall is larger, the relationship between the two close linear relationship. Therefore in this article the correlation between different burned area and total number of dispatched fire engines is acquired based on linear fitting for the serious fire with the type of shopping mall, shown as Fig 1.
total number of fire engines needed to be dispatched
80
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
actual value Fitting curve
20
20
Y = 12.7+0.00241 * X
10 0
10 0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
2
Burned area/m
Fig.1. The relationship model of property loss caused by fire with the type of shopping mall and total number of fire engines needed to be dispatched
Of course the model in this paper is proposed based on the relative cases. For the burned are too small or too larger, there may be some error existing. At the same time, the number of dispatched fire engines from fire brigade in the cases is affected by the aggregate number of fire engines in local fire brigade, the restrictions of road and site near the fire building, etc., all of these need adequate data to analyze specifically.
YANG Juntao and LIANG Jing / Procedia Engineering 45 (2012) 674 – 677
677
However, this model reflects the different fire risk needs for fire engines in a certain extent, and quantitatively suggests the relationship between the two, which can provide some reference and basis for the fire department to carry out firefighting equipment planning and preparatory scheme compilation. 4. Conclusion In summary, in this paper we can get the following conclusions: (1) The influence of fire engine on fire risk is qualitatively analyzed. The lack of fire engines, poor performance and inadequate lifting fire engines all may result in not enough to put out serious fire. (2) Through research cases, positive correlation between total number of dispatched fire engines and burned fire area with all type buildings is proposed. And base on the correlation, the relationship model of property loss caused by fire with the type of shopping mall and total number of fire engines needed to be dispatched is acquired. Most of conclusions in this paper come from fire case data. The amount of the data determines the reliability of the conclusions in some extent. In further more data will be support to improve the relevant conclusions.
References [1] CHEN Jia-qiang, 2008. Fire equipment construction led by scientific outlook on development, Fire Science and Technology, Vol 27, No.4, p. 235-238. [2] People's Republic of China Ministry of Construction, the People's Republic of China National Development and Reform Commission, the city fire station construction standards (Amendment), 2011, Beijing, China Planning Press. [3] YAN You-gao, ZHANG Jie, WANG Yong-fu, 2009. Study on fire engines equipping of fire brigades[J], Fire Science and Technology, Vol 28, No.10, p. 765-768. [4] http://news.sina.com.cn/s/2003-07-02/10581262711.html. [5] http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2003-10-07/1707873411s.shtml. [6] http://www.sc119.gov.cn/get/ztbd/lzgjlj/. [7] http://www.jdzj.com/hot/article/2008-7-1/16850-1.htm. [8] LI Lai-bao,ZHOU Jun-liang, MA De-jian, 2011. Analysis of typical cases of high-rise building fire, Fire Science and Technology, Vol 30, No.3, p. 249253. [9] WEI Han-dong, ZHANG Zhi, Study of countermeasure on fire extinguishing of super high-rise building though CCTV conflagration, 2010, Fire Science and Technology, Vol 29, No.7, p. 606-612. [10] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 1998, Fire Statistics Yearbook 1998, Beijing, China's Public Security University Press. [11] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 1999, Fire Statistics Yearbook 1999, Beijing, China's Public Security University Press. [12] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2000, Fire Statistics Yearbook 2000, Beijing, China's Public Security University Press. [13] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2001, Fire in China Statistical Yearbook 2001, Beijing, China Personnel Press. [14] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2002, Fire in China Statistical Yearbook 2002, Beijing, China Personnel Press. [15] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2003, Fire in China Statistical Yearbook 2003, Beijing, China Personnel Press. [16] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2004, Fire of China Yearbook 2004, Beijing, China Personnel Press. [17] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2005, Fire of China Yearbook 2005, Beijing, China Personnel Press. [18] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2006, Fire of China Yearbook 2006, Beijing, China Personnel Press. [19] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2007, Fire of China Yearbook 2007, Beijing, China Personnel Press. [20] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2008, Fire of China Yearbook 2008, Beijing, China Personnel Press.
Procedia Engineering 45 (2012) 674 – 677
2012 International Symposium on Safety Science and Technology
Research on relationship between fire engines and fire risk YANG Juntao*, LIANG Jing Shanghai Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Public Security, 918 Minjing Road, Shanghai 200438, China
Abstract Fire engine is typical fire-fighting equipment, which also reflects the capacity of fire fighting. In this paper, the influence of fire engines on fire risk is analyzed qualitatively. Based on fire cases, the relationship model of quantitative property loss damaged by fire and the total number of fire engines needed to be dispatched is proposed, which could provide some reference and basis for the fire department to carry out fire-fighting equipment planning and preparatory scheme compilation.
© 2012 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the Beijing Institute of Technology. Keywords: fire engines; fire risk; burned area; relationship model.
1. Introduction Fire-fighting equipment is the material basis of the fire fighting and rescue, and also is an important part of the public fire protection infrastructure [1]. Urban fire-fighting equipment must be adapted to the needs of the general fire and rescue in the area of jurisdiction and the disposal of special fire and disasters fighting, in order to deal with kinds of complex and uncertain fire or other disasters. According to “the city fire station construction standards (Amendment)”[2], fire-fighting equipment mainly includes five aspects such as fire engine, fire extinguishing equipment, fireman personal protective equipment, rescue equipment and communication equipment. Fire extinguishing equipment is normally equipped with fire engines, so fire engine can completely cover fire extinguishing equipment. Fire-fighting equipment contains extensive and complex, in which fire engine is representative. It can reflect the fire forces fighting capacity in some extent [3]. Fire risk is the integration of the fire probability and the result. The consequences include the casualties and property loss. Fire engine affects the loss caused by fire in a certain extent. In this paper the relationship between fire engine and fire risk is mainly explored from qualitative and quantitative perspectives. 2. The influence of fire engine on fire risk Fire engine is an important part of the response of fire fighting and rescue force. All fire fighting action is based on fire truck. Without fire truck, it is impossible for fire brigade to carry out fire fighting and rescue activities. Normally for small scale fire, one or two fire engines can meet the demand, do not need special attention. But for serious fire causing life and property risk, fire truck response has the following effects: First of all, inadequate fire engines or poor performance may be insufficient to extinguish serious fire. Serious fire has higher requirements for number of fire engines and performance. If the fire engines cannot meet the requirements of the fire risk, significant loss of life and property will be brought. The following are some related cases:
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-21-65240126; fax: +86-21-35040421. E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-7058 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.221
YANG Juntao and LIANG Jing / Procedia Engineering 45 (2012) 674 – 677
675
(1) July 1, 2003, a very serious fire happened in Hai Cheng building materials market in Haicheng City, Liaoning Province [4]. Due to lack of water supply, the local fire brigade cannot control the fire although dispatched 7 fire engines. After 2 hours fighting, 5 fire engines with large tonnage were emergency transferred from Anshan City Fire Brigade to the scene for the battle. (2) October 6, 2003, a fire happened in Min Xiang electronics factory in Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province [5]. During the fire fighting, due to lack of high-power tank trucks, water supply was affected for large area fire. At the same time, because of aging and inadequate, fire engines cannot play a good performance in case of emergency. (3) August 4, 2005, a fire happened in wine storage of Sichuan gong que lao jiao Group Co., Ltd6]. Sichuan Fire Brigade not only dispatched 13 fire engines from Luzhou local fire brigade and industrial fire brigade to the scene, also 9 fire engines from 3 fire brigade such as Yibin, Zigong, Neijiang were transferred to reinforce. (4) November 8, 2005, a very serious fire happened in the warehouse of Changshou Chain Co., Ltd in Ankang City, Shanxi Province [7]. During the fire-fighting action, the fire brigade in jurisdictional area sent out the total 3 fire engines. Because the scale of the fire is large, one fire truck was transferred from the industrial fire brigade to put out the fire. It exposed that existing fire engines were in critical shortage. These cases are only a small part in similar ones. The cases illustrate that fire engines with insufficient number and poor performance cannot extinguish serious fire, which will extend the time needed to put out the fire, and result in greater loss. Secondly, the shortages of lifting fire engines result in inadequate fire fighting and rescue, which cannot deal with highrise building fire. In fire engines, lifting fire truck is an important equipment. Inadequate lifting fire engines will lead to that fire brigade could do nothing for the high-rise building fire [8]. For example, February 15, 2004, a catastrophic fire happened in Zhongbai Commerce Building in Jilin City, Jilin Province, which resulted in 54 killed and 7 injured. In the aspect of fire fighting, battle assessment and deep summary both brought out that there were no lifting fire engines such as Straight arm aerial ladder truck in Jilin City Fire Brigade, and existing fire equipments could not meet the need of fire fighting and rescue. October, 21, 2004, a serious fire happened in Transfer Commerce Building in Changshu City, Jiangsu Province, which caused direct property loss 17.088 million RMB. Summary found that local fire engines could not meet the need of fire fighting. With the lacks of high spray trucks to deal with large burning-area and three-dimensional floor, the spread of the fire could not be controlled effectively. In addition, in the recent fire, the fire engines of the fire brigade were unable for the fire spreading above 100 meters [9]. These cases show that if the local fire brigade has sufficient fire engines and some lifting fire engines, the loss will be greatly reduced in serious fire. 3. Relationship model of the property loss caused by fire and the total number of fire engines needed to be dispatched As the main part of fire fighting force battle fire engines can reduce the property loss caused by fire. In the above section, the influence of fire engines on the risk of heavy fire is analyzed qualitatively. And then, for the serious fire risk causing great property loss, we would focus on how many fire engines needed to be dispatched to meet the requirement. As the burned area represents the property loss in certain extent, so in this section, through the serious fire cases, the relationship between the burned are of different types of building fire and fire engines needed to be dispatched is analyzed, to quantitatively describe the relationship model of the property loss caused by fire and the total number of fire engines needed to be dispatched. 3.1. Basic data and instructions In this section the 585 serious fire cases from the years 1997 to 2008 are analyzed as the basic data [10-20]. In these cases there are 148 ones describe the information about the burned area and the total number of dispatched fire engines. Considering that we would like to discuss the rule of the burned are and the number of fire engines needed to be dispatched when great property loss is caused, the cases are screened based on the following principles: (1) Exclude the fire cases with heavy casualties. (2) Try to select the fire cases happened in types of buildings with great property loss, such as shopping malls, stores, markets, warehouses, factories and so on. Finally in this section 124 serious fire cases are chosen to do further research, which include 32 shopping mall type cases, 20 market type case, 31 warehouse type cases and 41 factory type cases.
676
YANG Juntao and LIANG Jing / Procedia Engineering 45 (2012) 674 – 677
3.2. Data analysis In order to study the relationship between burned area caused by heavy fire and the total number of fire engines needed to be dispatched, the correlation coefficients between burned area caused by different types of fire and the total number of dispatched fire engines are calculated by using the correlation coefficient formula, shown as Table 1. Table 1. The correlation coefficients between burned area caused by different types of fire and the total number of dispatched fire engines Type of building
correlation coefficient
shopping mall
0.6124
market
0.3965
warehouse
0.4401
factory
0.4257
all types
0.5153
From the above table we can see that the correlation coefficient between total number of dispatched fire engines and burned area caused by all types of fire is 0.5153, which shows there is positive correlation between them. When the burned are caused by serious fire is larger, the total number of dispatched fire engines increases. That means if the fire risk with potential significant property loss in city is greater, the number of fire engines equipped for the city should also increase, to meet the requirement of fire fighting. In addition from the table we can see that, the correlation coefficients between total number of dispatched fire engines and burned area with building types of shopping mall, market, warehouse and factory are relatively 0.6124, 0.3965, 0.4401 and 0.4257. Comparing with other buildings, the correlation coefficient between total number of dispatched fire engines and burned area with building type of shopping mall is larger, the relationship between the two close linear relationship. Therefore in this article the correlation between different burned area and total number of dispatched fire engines is acquired based on linear fitting for the serious fire with the type of shopping mall, shown as Fig 1.
total number of fire engines needed to be dispatched
80
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
actual value Fitting curve
20
20
Y = 12.7+0.00241 * X
10 0
10 0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
2
Burned area/m
Fig.1. The relationship model of property loss caused by fire with the type of shopping mall and total number of fire engines needed to be dispatched
Of course the model in this paper is proposed based on the relative cases. For the burned are too small or too larger, there may be some error existing. At the same time, the number of dispatched fire engines from fire brigade in the cases is affected by the aggregate number of fire engines in local fire brigade, the restrictions of road and site near the fire building, etc., all of these need adequate data to analyze specifically.
YANG Juntao and LIANG Jing / Procedia Engineering 45 (2012) 674 – 677
677
However, this model reflects the different fire risk needs for fire engines in a certain extent, and quantitatively suggests the relationship between the two, which can provide some reference and basis for the fire department to carry out firefighting equipment planning and preparatory scheme compilation. 4. Conclusion In summary, in this paper we can get the following conclusions: (1) The influence of fire engine on fire risk is qualitatively analyzed. The lack of fire engines, poor performance and inadequate lifting fire engines all may result in not enough to put out serious fire. (2) Through research cases, positive correlation between total number of dispatched fire engines and burned fire area with all type buildings is proposed. And base on the correlation, the relationship model of property loss caused by fire with the type of shopping mall and total number of fire engines needed to be dispatched is acquired. Most of conclusions in this paper come from fire case data. The amount of the data determines the reliability of the conclusions in some extent. In further more data will be support to improve the relevant conclusions.
References [1] CHEN Jia-qiang, 2008. Fire equipment construction led by scientific outlook on development, Fire Science and Technology, Vol 27, No.4, p. 235-238. [2] People's Republic of China Ministry of Construction, the People's Republic of China National Development and Reform Commission, the city fire station construction standards (Amendment), 2011, Beijing, China Planning Press. [3] YAN You-gao, ZHANG Jie, WANG Yong-fu, 2009. Study on fire engines equipping of fire brigades[J], Fire Science and Technology, Vol 28, No.10, p. 765-768. [4] http://news.sina.com.cn/s/2003-07-02/10581262711.html. [5] http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2003-10-07/1707873411s.shtml. [6] http://www.sc119.gov.cn/get/ztbd/lzgjlj/. [7] http://www.jdzj.com/hot/article/2008-7-1/16850-1.htm. [8] LI Lai-bao,ZHOU Jun-liang, MA De-jian, 2011. Analysis of typical cases of high-rise building fire, Fire Science and Technology, Vol 30, No.3, p. 249253. [9] WEI Han-dong, ZHANG Zhi, Study of countermeasure on fire extinguishing of super high-rise building though CCTV conflagration, 2010, Fire Science and Technology, Vol 29, No.7, p. 606-612. [10] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 1998, Fire Statistics Yearbook 1998, Beijing, China's Public Security University Press. [11] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 1999, Fire Statistics Yearbook 1999, Beijing, China's Public Security University Press. [12] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2000, Fire Statistics Yearbook 2000, Beijing, China's Public Security University Press. [13] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2001, Fire in China Statistical Yearbook 2001, Beijing, China Personnel Press. [14] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2002, Fire in China Statistical Yearbook 2002, Beijing, China Personnel Press. [15] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2003, Fire in China Statistical Yearbook 2003, Beijing, China Personnel Press. [16] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2004, Fire of China Yearbook 2004, Beijing, China Personnel Press. [17] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2005, Fire of China Yearbook 2005, Beijing, China Personnel Press. [18] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2006, Fire of China Yearbook 2006, Beijing, China Personnel Press. [19] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2007, Fire of China Yearbook 2007, Beijing, China Personnel Press. [20] Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau, 2008, Fire of China Yearbook 2008, Beijing, China Personnel Press.