- Email: [email protected]
Research on the Assembly Pattern of MMC Bolted Flange Joint
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3UHVVXUH9HVVHO7HFKQRORJ\
5HVHDUFKRQWKH$VVHPEO\3DWWHUQRI00&%ROWHG)ODQJH-RLQW /==KDQJD </LXD-&6XQD.0DD5/&DLD.6*XDQD a
The Key Laboratory of Safety Science of pressurized system, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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µ6+0HWKRG¶KDVWKHDGYDQWDJHVRIIHZHUVWHSVVLPSOHURSHUDWLRQ PRUHXQLIRUPEROWIRUFHDQGEHWWHUVHDOLQJHIIHFWFRPSDUHGWRWKHVWDUSDWWHUQDQGWKHDOWHUQDWLYHSDWWHUQRI$60(3&&LQ ZKLFKRQO\WKHSDWWHUQPHWKRGVIRU)/7IODQJHMRLQWVDUHUHFRPPHQGHG © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,&397 Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPVT-14
Keywords:%ROWHGIODQJHMRLQW0HWDOWR0HWDO&RQWDFW 00& 7LJKWHQLQJSDWWHUQ6+0HWKRG6HDOLQJHIIHFW
,QWURGXFWLRQ ,WLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWRVWXG\KRZWRDSSO\DQGFRQWUROEROWSUHORDGLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHWRKDYHDVDIHUHOLDEOHDQG ORQJUXQQLQJRIEROWHGIODQJHMRLQWV,IWKHEROWIRUFHLVWRRODUJHLWFDQOHDGWRJDVNHWFUXVKDQGWROHDNIDLOXUH2Q WKHRWKHUKDQGDWRRVPDOOEROWIRUFHFDQPDNHWKHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVRIWKHJDVNHWQRWEHHQRXJKWRVHDODQGWKHQDOVR OHDG WR OHDN IDLOXUH $FFRUGLQJ WR VWDWLVWLFV WRRI WKH OHDN ZDV GXH WR WKH LQDFFXUDWH LQVWDOODWLRQRIEROW
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:O]]KDQJ#HFXVWHGXFQ
1877-7058 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPVT-14
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.188
194
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
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
)LJ0HWDOWR0HWDOFRQWDFW 00& GLDJUDP
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
195
)LJ'LIIHUHQFHVHDOLQJSHUIRUPDQFHEHWZHHQ)/7DQG00&W\SHEROWHGIODQJHMRLQWV
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tar tightening pattern in the ASME PCC-1 7KHVWDUWLJKWHQLQJSDWWHUQLVUHFRPPHQGHGE\$60(VWDQGDUGVDVWKHEHVWWLJKWHQLQJPHWKRG,QWKLVPHWKRG WKH ORDG RI EROWV LV LQFUHDVHG LQ WKUHH URXQGV WR DFKLHYH EROW SUHORDG WKURXJK VWDU WLJKWHQLQJ VHTXHQFH DQG WKHQWKHEROWVDUHWLJKWHQWZLFHFORFNZLVHO\LQRUGHUWRJHWDHYHQGLVWULEXWLRQRIEROWORDGV,WVWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH LVVKRZQLQ)LJLQZKLFKWKHODEHOUHSUHVHQWVWKHWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFHRIGLIIHUHQWEROWV
)LJ6WDUDVVHPEO\SDWWHUQ
)LUVWURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ²ˈˈˈ˗ 6HFRQGURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ²ˈˈˈ˗ 7KLUGURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ²ˈˈˈ˗ )RXUWKURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGFORFNZLVHO\WLJKWHQHG˗ )LIWKURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGFORFNZLVHO\WLJKWHQHG
196
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
3.2. Alternative pattern # 3 in the ASME PCC-1 7KHDOWHUQDWLYHSDWWHUQLVWKHVLPSOHVWZD\UHFRPPHQGHGLQ$60(VWDQGDUGV,QWKLVPHWKRGRQO\EROWVDUH WLJKWHQHGDWWKHEHJLQQLQJDQGWKHQWKHEROWVDUHWLJKWHQHGFORFNZLVHO\,WLVQRQHHGWRQXPEHUHDFKEROWZLWKWKLV PHWKRG 7KH PRYLQJ GXULQJ WKH WLJKWHQLQJ RSHUDWLRQ RI ZRUNHUV LV DOVR UHGXFHG 6R WKH DVVHPEO\ HIILFLHQF\ LV LQFUHDVHG,WVWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFHLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
)LJ$OWHUQDWLYH$VVHPEO\3DWWHUQ
)LUVWURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ˗ 6HFRQGURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ˗ 7KLUGURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ˗ )RXUWKURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGFORFNZLVHO\WLJKWHQHG˗ )LIWKURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGFORFNZLVHO\WLJKWHQHG˗ 3.3. SH-Method: recommended here especially for MMC flange joints $FFRUGLQJWRWKHVWUXFWXUDOIHDWXUHVRI00&JDVNHWVWKHJDVNHWEHKDYHVDWWKHILUVWVWDJHRIWKHWLJKWHQLQJDVD VRIWJDVNHWQDPHO\DOOEROWSUHORDGVDFWRQWKHVHDOLQJVXUIDFH JUDSKLWHULQJ RIWKH00&JDVNHW$IWHUWKUHHURXQG WLJKWHQLQJWKHJUDSKLWHULQJLVFRPSUHVVHGWRWKHVDPHWKLFNQHVVDVWKHPHWDORXWHUULQJ$QGWKHQWKH00&VWDWHLV UHDFKHG$IWHUWKDWWKHMRLQWLVWLJKWHQHGDVPHWDOOLFKDUGJDVNHWV7KLVWLJKWHQLQJSDWWHUQLVFDOOHG6+0HWKRGKHUH ,WVWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFHLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
)LJ6+0HWKRGIRU00&IODQJHMRLQWV
197
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
,WLVVXSSRVHGWKHEROWORDGZKLFKPDNHVWKHJDVNHWRXWHUULQJFRQWDFWZLWKWKHIODQJHVHDOLQJVXUIDFHV 00& DV)00&DQGWKHWDUJHWWLJKWHQLQJEROWORDGDV)/7KHWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFHRIWKH6+0HWKRGFDQEHGHVFULEHGDV IROORZLQJV )LUVWURXQG RI)00&WLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ²ˈˈˈ˗ 6HFRQG URXQG RI )00& WLJKWHQLQJ VHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ²ˈˈˈ˗ 7KLV VWHS LV SHUIRUPHG WR DFKLHYHWKHPHWDOWRPHWDOFRQWDFWEHWZHHQWKHIODQJHVHDOLQJVXUIDFHDQGWKHRXWHUULQJRIWKH00&JDVNHWDQGWR HQVXUHWRJHWDQXQLIRUPFRQWDFWVWUHVV 7KLUG URXQG RI )/ WLJKWHQLQJ VHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ²ˈˈˈ˗ 7R PDNH WKH EROW ORDGV PRUH XQLIRUP )RXUWKURXQG RI)/FORFNZLVHO\WLJKWHQHG˗ )LIWKURXQG RI)/FORFNZLVHO\WLJKWHQHG 0RGHORID00&EROWHGIODQJHMRLQW +HUH D SDLU RI '131 ZHOGHG QHFN UDLVHG IDFH VWHHO SLSH IODQJHV DUH FKRVHQ DV WKH FDOFXODWH DQG H[SHULPHQWDO PRGHO7KHPDWHULDORIWKHVHWZRIODQJHVLVVWDLQOHVVVWHHO7KHUHDUHHLJKW0VWXGEROWVZLWK PPORQJLQWKLVIODQJHMRLQW7KHPDWHULDORIWKHVHEROWVLVVWHHO7KH00&JUDSKLWHJDVNHWZLWKLQQHUDQG RXWHUULQJLVVHOHFWHGDVWKHVHDOLQJHOHPHQW7KHFRPSUHVVLRQUHFRYHU\SHUIRUPDQFHFXUYH IURPH[SHULPHQW RIWKLV 00&JUDSKLWHJDVNHWLVVKRZQLQ)LJ7KHPRGHORIWKLVIODQJHMRLQWLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
)LJFRPSUHVVLRQUHVLOLHQFHFXUYH00&W\SHJDVNHW
)LJ00&)ODQJH0RGHOIRU$16<66LPXODWLRQ
198
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
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
$ *H u ı 00&
+HUHୋୣ LVWKHHIIHFWLYHVHDOLQJDUHDRIWKHJDVNHW ı 00& LVWKHJDVNHWVWUHVVZKHQ00&FRQWDFWLVUHDFKHG 7KHEROWORDGLQHYHU\EROWDWWKLVWLPHLV)%R )%
)00& /
%ROWSUHORDGLQJLQRSHUDWLRQFRQGLWLRQV ,QRSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQVWKH00&FRQWDFWVKRXOGEHUHPDLQHGWRNHHSDVWDEOHVHDOLQJSHUIRUPDQFHLQWKHIODQJH MRLQWV6RWKHFRQWDFWVWUHVVLQWKHJUDSKLWHVHDOLQJVXUIDFHRIWKH00&JDVNHWVWD\VXQFKDQJHG 7KHWRWDOD[LDOIRUFHJHQHUDWHGE\WKHLQQHUSUHVVXUHSLV)S )S
$ *H u S
6RWKHPLQLPXPUHTXLUHGWRWDOEROWORDG)%SLV )%S
)00& )S
%ROWSUHORDGZLWKWKHFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHEROWORDGGLVSHUVLRQ 'XULQJ WKH LQVWDOODWLRQ SURFHVV WKH EROW SUHORDG IOXFWXDWLRQV GXH WR WKH GLVSHUVLRQ RI WKH EROW ORDG VKRXOG EH FRPSHQVDWHGWRHQVXUHDUHOLDEOHVHDOLQJ :LWK FRQVLGHULQJ RI WKH EROW ORDG GLVSHUVLRQ DFFRUGLQJ WR (1 > @ WKH LQLWLDO EROW ORDG GLVSHUVLRQV RI D VLQJOH EROW QDPO\İ DQGİ DUH FDOFXODWHG DV IROORZLQJV ZKHQ WKH EROWV DUH WLJKWHQHG XVLQJ RQH WRUTXH ZUHQFK +HUHWKHIULFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWEHWZHHQWKHEROWDQGWKHQXWLVDVVXPHGDVȝ İ
. . u ȝ
İ
. . u ȝ
7KHEROWORDGGLVSHUVLRQRIDOOEROWVDUH İ DQG İ
İ
İ u / Q%/
İ
İ u / Q%/
199
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
6RWKHPLQLPDODQGPD[LPDOEROWORDGV )%PLQ DQG F ' B max DUH
)%PLQ
)%3 y İ
)%PD[
)%3 u İ / İ
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
)LJ%ROWHGORDGFXUYHZLWK6WDUWLJKWHQSDWWHUQPHWKRGRI$60(3&&
7KH)LJVKRZVWKDWDIWHUURXQGVWLJKWHQLQJWKHEROWIRUFHLQHYHU\EROWUHDFKHVPRUHWKDQ RIWKHWDUJHW YDOXH6RWKHWLJKWHQLQJRSHUDWLRQFDQEHHQGHG,QWKHSUHYLRXVWKUHHURXQGVWKHEROWORDGVGLVWULEXWHDVD:W\SH FXUYH$QGLQWKHODVWWZRURXQGVWKHGLVWULEXWLRQVKRZVDVD1W\SHFXUYH,QWKHZKROHWLJKWHQLQJSURFHVV71LV DQG01LVZLWKWKHVWDUWLJKWHQLQJSDWWHUQRI$60(3&&
200
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
)LJ %ROWHGORDGFXUYHZLWKDOWHUQDWLYHDVVHPEO\SDWWHUQPHWKRGRI$60(3&&
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狧狢狢狢狢 狦狧狢狢狢
,OXYZ8U[TJ
2UGJ ͧ4ͨ
狦狢狢狢狢 狥狧狢狢狢
9KIUTJ8U[TJ
狥狢狢狢狢
:NOXJ8U[TJ
狤狧狢狢狢 狤狢狢狢狢
,U[XZN8U[TJ
狣狧狢狢狢 狣狢狢狢狢
,OLZN8U[TJ
狧狢狢狢 狢
狣
狤
狥
狦
狧
狨
4[SHKXUL(URZY
狩
狪
)LJ%ROWHGORDGFXUYHZLWK6+0HWKRG
:LWK FRPSDULQJ DPRQJ WKH WLJKWHQLQJ UHVXOWV RI WKH DERYH VWXGLHG WKUHH PHWKRGV VHH 7DEOH WKH IROORZLQJ FRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHGUDZQ
201
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
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
/'
6WDUSDWWHUQRI$60(3&&
71
51
51
DOWHUQDWLYHSDWWHUQRI $60(3&&
6+0HWKRG
01
,QVXPPDU\IRU00&EROWIODQJHMRLQWVWKHWLJKWHQLQJHIIHFW /'71DQG01 ZLWKWKH6+0HWKRGLVEHWWHU WKDQ ZLWK WKH VWDU SDWWHUQ DQG WKH DOWHUQDWLYH SDWWHUQ LQ $60( 3&& ,W VKRZV WKH WLJKWHQLQJ SDWWHUQV UHFRPPHQGHGLQ$60(3&&ZKLFKDUHVXLWDEOHIRUIORDWLQJIODQJHMRLQWVDUHQRWJRRGFKRLFHVIRU00&IODQJH MRLQWV)RUD00&IODQJHMRLQWWKH6+0HWKRGUHFRPPHQGHGLQWKLVZRUNFDQEHFKRRVHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHEROWORDG WRUHDFKWKH00&VWDWXHV 7LJKWHQLQJDQGOHDNH[SHULPHQWRID00&EROWHGIODQJHMRLQW 7.1. Instruction of the experimental device 7KH H[SHULPHQWDO GHYLFH )LJ FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR SDUWV QDPHO\ WKH EROWHG IODQJH V\VWHP PHGLXP 1 VXSSO\ XQLW EROW VWUDLQ UHDOWLPH DFTXLVLWLRQ V\VWHP WKH OHDNDJH JDV DFTXLVLWLRQ V\VWHP 7KH EROW VWUDLQ UHDOWLPH DFTXLVLWLRQ V\VWHP LQFOXGHV UHVLVWDQFH VWUDLQ JDXJHV ZLWK WKH PRGHO %;$$ DQG D VWDWLF UHVLVWDQFH VWUDLQ JDXJHVZLWKWKHPRGHO;/$ 8 7KHEROWVDUHWLJKWHQHGE\DORDGWRUTXHZUHQFK7KHSUHVVXUHGURSLQWKH V\VWHPLVPHDVXUHGE\DGLIIHUHQWLDOSUHVVXUHVHQVRUZLWKWKHPRGHO-<%
)LJ0HDVXUHPHQWGHYLFHIRU%ROWORDGVDQGIODQJHOHDNUDWH
202
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
7KH%ROWHGIODQJHMRLQWLVFRPSRVHGRIWKHXSSHUDQGORZHUIODQJHV '131PDWHULDO VWDLQOHVVVWHHO HLJKWVWXGV 0PP ORQJPDWHULDO VWDLQOHVVVWHHO WKHXSSHUDQGORZHUFRQQHFWLRQWXEHVDQGFRYHUV7KH XVHGJDVNHWLVD00&JUDSKLWHJDVNHWZLWKLQQHUDQGRXWHUULQJV 7.2. Results of the tightening and leak experiment of the MMC flange joint 7DEOHVKRZVWKHFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQFDOFXODWLRQDQGH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVIRUWKH00&IODQJHMRLQWXVLQJ6+ 0HWKRGWREHWLJKWHQHG 7DEOH&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQFDOFXODWLRQDQGH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVXVLQJ6+0HWKRG %ROW1U
%ROW/RDG'LIIHUHQFH ([S&DO ([S )LUVWURXQG
6HFRQGURXQG
7KLUGURXQG
)RUWKURXQG
)LIWKURXQG
$YHUDJH
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
EROWORDGGLVSHUVLRQ
OHDNUDWH cm
6WDUSDWWHUQRI$60(3&&
(
(
(
s
DOWHUQDWLYHSDWWHUQRI$60(3&&
6+0HWKRG
,WFDQEHVHHQIURP7DEOHIRUD00&W\SHIODQJHMRLQWWKHILQDOEROWIRUFHGLVSHUVLRQDQGWKHOHDNDJHUDWHZLWK WKH6+0HWKRGWLJKWHQLQJSDWWHUQDUHWKHORZHVWFRPSDULQJWRWKHXVHRIVWDUSDWWHUQDQGWKHDOWHUQDWLYHSDWWHUQ RI $60( 3&& ,W LV FRQILUPHG WKDW WKH 6+0HWKRG KDV WKH EHVW WLJKWHQLQJ HIIHFW ZKLFK LV DOVR VKRZQ LQ WKH FDOFXODWLRQUHVXOWZLWK$16<6
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
203
&RQFOXVLRQV
7KH WLJKWHQLQJ PHWKRGV IRU 00& EROWHG IODQJH MRLQWV DUH VWXGLHG LQ WKLV ZRUN $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH VWUXFWXUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGVHDOLQJSULQFLSOHRI00&IODQJHMRLQWVWKH6+0HWKRGZKLFKKDVJRRGWLJKWHQLQJHIIHFWOHVV RSHUDWLRQ DQG OHVV PRYLQJ LV UHFRPPHQGHG DV D VXLWDEOH SDWWHUQ IRU 00& IODQJH MRLQWV ,W LV FRQILUPHG LQ ERWK $16<6FDOFXODWLRQDQGH[SHULPHQWV7KHUHVXOWVDUHDOVRFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHVWDUSDWWHUQDQGDOWHUQDWLYHSDWWHUQ LQ$60(3&&7KHIROORZLQJFRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHGUDZQIURPWKLVZRUN ˄˅ $WWKHLQLWLDORIWLJKWHQLQJSURFHVVWKH00&JDVNHWSUHVHQWVWKHVRIWJDVNHWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGDIWHUWKH PHWDO WR PHWDO FRQWDFW UHDFKHV LW VKRZV WKH KDUG JDVNHW IHDWXUHV $W WKDW WLPH WKH DGGHG ORDGLQJ LV XQGHUWDNHQE\WKHRXWHUPHWDOOLFULQJRIWKH00&JDVNHW7KLVVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGZKHQWKHWLJKWHQLQJ PHWKRGLVGHWHUPLQHG ˄˅ 6LQFHWKHVHDOLQJSULQFLSOHLQD00&IODQJHMRLQWLVQRWVDPHDVLQDIORDWLQJIODQJHMRLQWVRWKHSDWWHUQV UHFRPPHQGHGLQ$60(3&&DUHQRWVXLWDEOHIRULW ˄˅ 7KHVXLWDEOHSDWWHUQIRUD00&IODQJHMRLQWWKH6+0HWKRGLV UHFRPPHQGHGLQWKLVZRUN7KH$16<6 FDOFXODWLRQUHVXOWVVKRZHGZLWKWKH6+0HWKRGLWQHHGVOHVVWLJKWHQLQJURXQGVWRUHDFKWKHWDUJHWEROWIRUFH OHVVQXPEHURIWLJKWHQLQJRSHUDWLRQDQGOHVVPRYLQJQXPEHUVDQGWKHEROWORDGGLVSHUVLRQLVORZHUIRUD 00& IODQJH MRLQW FRPSDULQJ WR WKH VWDU SDWWHUQ DQG WKH DOWHUQDWLYH SDWWHUQ LQ $60( 3&& 7KH 6+ 0HWKRGVKRZVDVLJQLILFDQWDGYDQWDJHLQWKHWLJKWHQLQJHIIHFWDQGWLJKWHQLQJRSHUDWLRQV ˄˅ 7KH UHOLDELOLW\ RI WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PRGHO DQG WKH $16<6 FDOFXODWLRQ UHVXOWV DUH FRQILUPHG E\ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV ,W LV DOVR YHULILHG WKH OHDNDJH UDWH LQ WKH 00& IODQJH MRLQW ZLWK WKH 6+0HWKRG SDWWHUQLVORZHUWKDQXVLQJDVWDUWLJKWHQLQJPHWKRGDQGDOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGLQ$60(3&& $&.12:/('*(0(176
7KLVZRUNLVVXSSRUWHGE\1DWLRQDO6FLHQFH)RXQGDWLRQRI&KLQD 1R 5HIHUHQFHV >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ > @ >@
*'%LEHO([SHULPHQWDO DQG $QDO\WLFDO 6WXG\ RI (ODVWLF ,QWHUDFWLRQ LQ D 3LSH )ODQJH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 3UHVVXUH 9HVVHO 7HFKQRORJ\'XVVHOGRUI*HUPDQ\ˈ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lj*XLGHOLQHVIRU3UHVVXUH%RXQGDU\%ROWHG)ODQJH-RLQW$VVHPEO\NJ>6@ -,6%lj%DVLVIRUFDOFXODWLRQRISLSHIODQJHVNJ>6@ 06FKDDI - %DUWRQLFHN &DOFXODWLRQ RI %ROWHG )ODQJH&RQQHFWLRQV>&@ 7UDQVDFWLRQV RI WKHWK &RQIHUHQFH RQ 60,57 3UDJXH &]HFK 5HSXEOLF>VQ@ ˊ (1 lj)ODQJHVDQGWKHLUMRLQWV²'HVLJQUXOHVIRUJDVNHWHGFLUFXODUIODQJHFRQQHFWLRQV3DUW &DOFXODWLRQNJ>6@
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3UHVVXUH9HVVHO7HFKQRORJ\
5HVHDUFKRQWKH$VVHPEO\3DWWHUQRI00&%ROWHG)ODQJH-RLQW /==KDQJD </LXD-&6XQD.0DD5/&DLD.6*XDQD a
The Key Laboratory of Safety Science of pressurized system, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
$EVWUDFW ,QD0HWDOWR0HWDO&RQWDFW 00& EROWHGIODQJHMRLQWWKHVWUHVVRIVHDOLQJVXUIDFHVLVFRQVWDQW,WFDQZLWKVWDQGKLJKHUEROWORDG 6R XQGHU WKH RSHUDWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV RI KLJK WHPSHUDWXUH KLJK SUHVVXUH RU WKHLU IOXFWXDWLRQV WKH VHDOLQJ HIIHFW RI 00& EROWHG IODQJHMRLQWVLVEHWWHUWKDQRIIORDWLQJ )/7 EROWHGIODQJHMRLQWV$FFRUGLQJWRWKHVWUXFWXUHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI00&EROWHGIODQJH MRLQWVDQHZWLJKWHQLQJPHWKRG 6+0HWKRG ZDVUHFRPPHQGHGLQWKLVZRUN 7KHEROWIRUFHVGXULQJWKHWLJKWHQLQJSURFHVVRID00&EROWHGIODQJHMRLQWZLWK6+0HWKRGZHUHFDOFXODWHGDQGDQDO\]HGZLWK WKHILQLWHHOHPHQWDQDO\VLV6RIWZDUH$16<67KHFDOFXODWLQJPRGHODQGUHVXOWVZHUHH[SHULPHQWDOO\YHULILHG%RWKFDOFXODWLQJ DQGH[SHULPHQWDOO\UHVXOWVVKRZHGWKHQHZWLJKWHQLQJPHWKRGµ6+0HWKRG¶KDVWKHDGYDQWDJHVRIIHZHUVWHSVVLPSOHURSHUDWLRQ PRUHXQLIRUPEROWIRUFHDQGEHWWHUVHDOLQJHIIHFWFRPSDUHGWRWKHVWDUSDWWHUQDQGWKHDOWHUQDWLYHSDWWHUQRI$60(3&&LQ ZKLFKRQO\WKHSDWWHUQPHWKRGVIRU)/7IODQJHMRLQWVDUHUHFRPPHQGHG © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,&397 Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPVT-14
Keywords:%ROWHGIODQJHMRLQW0HWDOWR0HWDO&RQWDFW 00& 7LJKWHQLQJSDWWHUQ6+0HWKRG6HDOLQJHIIHFW
,QWURGXFWLRQ ,WLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWRVWXG\KRZWRDSSO\DQGFRQWUROEROWSUHORDGLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHWRKDYHDVDIHUHOLDEOHDQG ORQJUXQQLQJRIEROWHGIODQJHMRLQWV,IWKHEROWIRUFHLVWRRODUJHLWFDQOHDGWRJDVNHWFUXVKDQGWROHDNIDLOXUH2Q WKHRWKHUKDQGDWRRVPDOOEROWIRUFHFDQPDNHWKHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVRIWKHJDVNHWQRWEHHQRXJKWRVHDODQGWKHQDOVR OHDG WR OHDN IDLOXUH $FFRUGLQJ WR VWDWLVWLFV WRRI WKH OHDN ZDV GXH WR WKH LQDFFXUDWH LQVWDOODWLRQRIEROW
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:O]]KDQJ#HFXVWHGXFQ
1877-7058 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPVT-14
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.188
194
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
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
)LJ0HWDOWR0HWDOFRQWDFW 00& GLDJUDP
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
195
)LJ'LIIHUHQFHVHDOLQJSHUIRUPDQFHEHWZHHQ)/7DQG00&W\SHEROWHGIODQJHMRLQWV
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tar tightening pattern in the ASME PCC-1 7KHVWDUWLJKWHQLQJSDWWHUQLVUHFRPPHQGHGE\$60(VWDQGDUGVDVWKHEHVWWLJKWHQLQJPHWKRG,QWKLVPHWKRG WKH ORDG RI EROWV LV LQFUHDVHG LQ WKUHH URXQGV WR DFKLHYH EROW SUHORDG WKURXJK VWDU WLJKWHQLQJ VHTXHQFH DQG WKHQWKHEROWVDUHWLJKWHQWZLFHFORFNZLVHO\LQRUGHUWRJHWDHYHQGLVWULEXWLRQRIEROWORDGV,WVWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH LVVKRZQLQ)LJLQZKLFKWKHODEHOUHSUHVHQWVWKHWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFHRIGLIIHUHQWEROWV
)LJ6WDUDVVHPEO\SDWWHUQ
)LUVWURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ²ˈˈˈ˗ 6HFRQGURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ²ˈˈˈ˗ 7KLUGURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ²ˈˈˈ˗ )RXUWKURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGFORFNZLVHO\WLJKWHQHG˗ )LIWKURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGFORFNZLVHO\WLJKWHQHG
196
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
3.2. Alternative pattern # 3 in the ASME PCC-1 7KHDOWHUQDWLYHSDWWHUQLVWKHVLPSOHVWZD\UHFRPPHQGHGLQ$60(VWDQGDUGV,QWKLVPHWKRGRQO\EROWVDUH WLJKWHQHGDWWKHEHJLQQLQJDQGWKHQWKHEROWVDUHWLJKWHQHGFORFNZLVHO\,WLVQRQHHGWRQXPEHUHDFKEROWZLWKWKLV PHWKRG 7KH PRYLQJ GXULQJ WKH WLJKWHQLQJ RSHUDWLRQ RI ZRUNHUV LV DOVR UHGXFHG 6R WKH DVVHPEO\ HIILFLHQF\ LV LQFUHDVHG,WVWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFHLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
)LJ$OWHUQDWLYH$VVHPEO\3DWWHUQ
)LUVWURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ˗ 6HFRQGURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ˗ 7KLUGURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ˗ )RXUWKURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGFORFNZLVHO\WLJKWHQHG˗ )LIWKURXQG RIWDUJHWSUHORDGFORFNZLVHO\WLJKWHQHG˗ 3.3. SH-Method: recommended here especially for MMC flange joints $FFRUGLQJWRWKHVWUXFWXUDOIHDWXUHVRI00&JDVNHWVWKHJDVNHWEHKDYHVDWWKHILUVWVWDJHRIWKHWLJKWHQLQJDVD VRIWJDVNHWQDPHO\DOOEROWSUHORDGVDFWRQWKHVHDOLQJVXUIDFH JUDSKLWHULQJ RIWKH00&JDVNHW$IWHUWKUHHURXQG WLJKWHQLQJWKHJUDSKLWHULQJLVFRPSUHVVHGWRWKHVDPHWKLFNQHVVDVWKHPHWDORXWHUULQJ$QGWKHQWKH00&VWDWHLV UHDFKHG$IWHUWKDWWKHMRLQWLVWLJKWHQHGDVPHWDOOLFKDUGJDVNHWV7KLVWLJKWHQLQJSDWWHUQLVFDOOHG6+0HWKRGKHUH ,WVWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFHLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
)LJ6+0HWKRGIRU00&IODQJHMRLQWV
197
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
,WLVVXSSRVHGWKHEROWORDGZKLFKPDNHVWKHJDVNHWRXWHUULQJFRQWDFWZLWKWKHIODQJHVHDOLQJVXUIDFHV 00& DV)00&DQGWKHWDUJHWWLJKWHQLQJEROWORDGDV)/7KHWLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFHRIWKH6+0HWKRGFDQEHGHVFULEHGDV IROORZLQJV )LUVWURXQG RI)00&WLJKWHQLQJVHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ²ˈˈˈ˗ 6HFRQG URXQG RI )00& WLJKWHQLQJ VHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ²ˈˈˈ˗ 7KLV VWHS LV SHUIRUPHG WR DFKLHYHWKHPHWDOWRPHWDOFRQWDFWEHWZHHQWKHIODQJHVHDOLQJVXUIDFHDQGWKHRXWHUULQJRIWKH00&JDVNHWDQGWR HQVXUHWRJHWDQXQLIRUPFRQWDFWVWUHVV 7KLUG URXQG RI )/ WLJKWHQLQJ VHTXHQFH ˈˈˈ²ˈˈˈ˗ 7R PDNH WKH EROW ORDGV PRUH XQLIRUP )RXUWKURXQG RI)/FORFNZLVHO\WLJKWHQHG˗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
)LJFRPSUHVVLRQUHVLOLHQFHFXUYH00&W\SHJDVNHW
)LJ00&)ODQJH0RGHOIRU$16<66LPXODWLRQ
198
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
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
$ *H u ı 00&
+HUHୋୣ LVWKHHIIHFWLYHVHDOLQJDUHDRIWKHJDVNHW ı 00& LVWKHJDVNHWVWUHVVZKHQ00&FRQWDFWLVUHDFKHG 7KHEROWORDGLQHYHU\EROWDWWKLVWLPHLV)%R )%
)00& /
%ROWSUHORDGLQJLQRSHUDWLRQFRQGLWLRQV ,QRSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQVWKH00&FRQWDFWVKRXOGEHUHPDLQHGWRNHHSDVWDEOHVHDOLQJSHUIRUPDQFHLQWKHIODQJH MRLQWV6RWKHFRQWDFWVWUHVVLQWKHJUDSKLWHVHDOLQJVXUIDFHRIWKH00&JDVNHWVWD\VXQFKDQJHG 7KHWRWDOD[LDOIRUFHJHQHUDWHGE\WKHLQQHUSUHVVXUHSLV)S )S
$ *H u S
6RWKHPLQLPXPUHTXLUHGWRWDOEROWORDG)%SLV )%S
)00& )S
%ROWSUHORDGZLWKWKHFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHEROWORDGGLVSHUVLRQ 'XULQJ WKH LQVWDOODWLRQ SURFHVV WKH EROW SUHORDG IOXFWXDWLRQV GXH WR WKH GLVSHUVLRQ RI WKH EROW ORDG VKRXOG EH FRPSHQVDWHGWRHQVXUHDUHOLDEOHVHDOLQJ :LWK FRQVLGHULQJ RI WKH EROW ORDG GLVSHUVLRQ DFFRUGLQJ WR (1 > @ WKH LQLWLDO EROW ORDG GLVSHUVLRQV RI D VLQJOH EROW QDPO\İ DQGİ DUH FDOFXODWHG DV IROORZLQJV ZKHQ WKH EROWV DUH WLJKWHQHG XVLQJ RQH WRUTXH ZUHQFK +HUHWKHIULFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWEHWZHHQWKHEROWDQGWKHQXWLVDVVXPHGDVȝ İ
. . u ȝ
İ
. . u ȝ
7KHEROWORDGGLVSHUVLRQRIDOOEROWVDUH İ DQG İ
İ
İ u / Q%/
İ
İ u / Q%/
199
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
6RWKHPLQLPDODQGPD[LPDOEROWORDGV )%PLQ DQG F ' B max DUH
)%PLQ
)%3 y İ
)%PD[
)%3 u İ / İ
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
)LJ%ROWHGORDGFXUYHZLWK6WDUWLJKWHQSDWWHUQPHWKRGRI$60(3&&
7KH)LJVKRZVWKDWDIWHUURXQGVWLJKWHQLQJWKHEROWIRUFHLQHYHU\EROWUHDFKHVPRUHWKDQ RIWKHWDUJHW YDOXH6RWKHWLJKWHQLQJRSHUDWLRQFDQEHHQGHG,QWKHSUHYLRXVWKUHHURXQGVWKHEROWORDGVGLVWULEXWHDVD:W\SH FXUYH$QGLQWKHODVWWZRURXQGVWKHGLVWULEXWLRQVKRZVDVD1W\SHFXUYH,QWKHZKROHWLJKWHQLQJSURFHVV71LV DQG01LVZLWKWKHVWDUWLJKWHQLQJSDWWHUQRI$60(3&&
200
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
)LJ %ROWHGORDGFXUYHZLWKDOWHUQDWLYHDVVHPEO\SDWWHUQPHWKRGRI$60(3&&
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狧狢狢狢狢 狦狧狢狢狢
,OXYZ8U[TJ
2UGJ ͧ4ͨ
狦狢狢狢狢 狥狧狢狢狢
9KIUTJ8U[TJ
狥狢狢狢狢
:NOXJ8U[TJ
狤狧狢狢狢 狤狢狢狢狢
,U[XZN8U[TJ
狣狧狢狢狢 狣狢狢狢狢
,OLZN8U[TJ
狧狢狢狢 狢
狣
狤
狥
狦
狧
狨
4[SHKXUL(URZY
狩
狪
)LJ%ROWHGORDGFXUYHZLWK6+0HWKRG
:LWK FRPSDULQJ DPRQJ WKH WLJKWHQLQJ UHVXOWV RI WKH DERYH VWXGLHG WKUHH PHWKRGV VHH 7DEOH WKH IROORZLQJ FRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHGUDZQ
201
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
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
/'
6WDUSDWWHUQRI$60(3&&
71
51
51
DOWHUQDWLYHSDWWHUQRI $60(3&&
6+0HWKRG
01
,QVXPPDU\IRU00&EROWIODQJHMRLQWVWKHWLJKWHQLQJHIIHFW /'71DQG01 ZLWKWKH6+0HWKRGLVEHWWHU WKDQ ZLWK WKH VWDU SDWWHUQ DQG WKH DOWHUQDWLYH SDWWHUQ LQ $60( 3&& ,W VKRZV WKH WLJKWHQLQJ SDWWHUQV UHFRPPHQGHGLQ$60(3&&ZKLFKDUHVXLWDEOHIRUIORDWLQJIODQJHMRLQWVDUHQRWJRRGFKRLFHVIRU00&IODQJH MRLQWV)RUD00&IODQJHMRLQWWKH6+0HWKRGUHFRPPHQGHGLQWKLVZRUNFDQEHFKRRVHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHEROWORDG WRUHDFKWKH00&VWDWXHV 7LJKWHQLQJDQGOHDNH[SHULPHQWRID00&EROWHGIODQJHMRLQW 7.1. Instruction of the experimental device 7KH H[SHULPHQWDO GHYLFH )LJ FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR SDUWV QDPHO\ WKH EROWHG IODQJH V\VWHP PHGLXP 1 VXSSO\ XQLW EROW VWUDLQ UHDOWLPH DFTXLVLWLRQ V\VWHP WKH OHDNDJH JDV DFTXLVLWLRQ V\VWHP 7KH EROW VWUDLQ UHDOWLPH DFTXLVLWLRQ V\VWHP LQFOXGHV UHVLVWDQFH VWUDLQ JDXJHV ZLWK WKH PRGHO %;$$ DQG D VWDWLF UHVLVWDQFH VWUDLQ JDXJHVZLWKWKHPRGHO;/$ 8 7KHEROWVDUHWLJKWHQHGE\DORDGWRUTXHZUHQFK7KHSUHVVXUHGURSLQWKH V\VWHPLVPHDVXUHGE\DGLIIHUHQWLDOSUHVVXUHVHQVRUZLWKWKHPRGHO-<%
)LJ0HDVXUHPHQWGHYLFHIRU%ROWORDGVDQGIODQJHOHDNUDWH
202
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
7KH%ROWHGIODQJHMRLQWLVFRPSRVHGRIWKHXSSHUDQGORZHUIODQJHV '131PDWHULDO VWDLQOHVVVWHHO HLJKWVWXGV 0PP ORQJPDWHULDO VWDLQOHVVVWHHO WKHXSSHUDQGORZHUFRQQHFWLRQWXEHVDQGFRYHUV7KH XVHGJDVNHWLVD00&JUDSKLWHJDVNHWZLWKLQQHUDQGRXWHUULQJV 7.2. Results of the tightening and leak experiment of the MMC flange joint 7DEOHVKRZVWKHFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQFDOFXODWLRQDQGH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVIRUWKH00&IODQJHMRLQWXVLQJ6+ 0HWKRGWREHWLJKWHQHG 7DEOH&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQFDOFXODWLRQDQGH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVXVLQJ6+0HWKRG %ROW1U
%ROW/RDG'LIIHUHQFH ([S&DO ([S )LUVWURXQG
6HFRQGURXQG
7KLUGURXQG
)RUWKURXQG
)LIWKURXQG
$YHUDJH
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
EROWORDGGLVSHUVLRQ
OHDNUDWH cm
6WDUSDWWHUQRI$60(3&&
(
(
(
s
DOWHUQDWLYHSDWWHUQRI$60(3&&
6+0HWKRG
,WFDQEHVHHQIURP7DEOHIRUD00&W\SHIODQJHMRLQWWKHILQDOEROWIRUFHGLVSHUVLRQDQGWKHOHDNDJHUDWHZLWK WKH6+0HWKRGWLJKWHQLQJSDWWHUQDUHWKHORZHVWFRPSDULQJWRWKHXVHRIVWDUSDWWHUQDQGWKHDOWHUQDWLYHSDWWHUQ RI $60( 3&& ,W LV FRQILUPHG WKDW WKH 6+0HWKRG KDV WKH EHVW WLJKWHQLQJ HIIHFW ZKLFK LV DOVR VKRZQ LQ WKH FDOFXODWLRQUHVXOWZLWK$16<6
L.Z. Zhang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 193 – 203
203
&RQFOXVLRQV
7KH WLJKWHQLQJ PHWKRGV IRU 00& EROWHG IODQJH MRLQWV DUH VWXGLHG LQ WKLV ZRUN $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH VWUXFWXUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGVHDOLQJSULQFLSOHRI00&IODQJHMRLQWVWKH6+0HWKRGZKLFKKDVJRRGWLJKWHQLQJHIIHFWOHVV RSHUDWLRQ DQG OHVV PRYLQJ LV UHFRPPHQGHG DV D VXLWDEOH SDWWHUQ IRU 00& IODQJH MRLQWV ,W LV FRQILUPHG LQ ERWK $16<6FDOFXODWLRQDQGH[SHULPHQWV7KHUHVXOWVDUHDOVRFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHVWDUSDWWHUQDQGDOWHUQDWLYHSDWWHUQ LQ$60(3&&7KHIROORZLQJFRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHGUDZQIURPWKLVZRUN ˄˅ $WWKHLQLWLDORIWLJKWHQLQJSURFHVVWKH00&JDVNHWSUHVHQWVWKHVRIWJDVNHWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGDIWHUWKH PHWDO WR PHWDO FRQWDFW UHDFKHV LW VKRZV WKH KDUG JDVNHW IHDWXUHV $W WKDW WLPH WKH DGGHG ORDGLQJ LV XQGHUWDNHQE\WKHRXWHUPHWDOOLFULQJRIWKH00&JDVNHW7KLVVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGZKHQWKHWLJKWHQLQJ PHWKRGLVGHWHUPLQHG ˄˅ 6LQFHWKHVHDOLQJSULQFLSOHLQD00&IODQJHMRLQWLVQRWVDPHDVLQDIORDWLQJIODQJHMRLQWVRWKHSDWWHUQV UHFRPPHQGHGLQ$60(3&&DUHQRWVXLWDEOHIRULW ˄˅ 7KHVXLWDEOHSDWWHUQIRUD00&IODQJHMRLQWWKH6+0HWKRGLV UHFRPPHQGHGLQWKLVZRUN7KH$16<6 FDOFXODWLRQUHVXOWVVKRZHGZLWKWKH6+0HWKRGLWQHHGVOHVVWLJKWHQLQJURXQGVWRUHDFKWKHWDUJHWEROWIRUFH OHVVQXPEHURIWLJKWHQLQJRSHUDWLRQDQGOHVVPRYLQJQXPEHUVDQGWKHEROWORDGGLVSHUVLRQLVORZHUIRUD 00& IODQJH MRLQW FRPSDULQJ WR WKH VWDU SDWWHUQ DQG WKH DOWHUQDWLYH SDWWHUQ LQ $60( 3&& 7KH 6+ 0HWKRGVKRZVDVLJQLILFDQWDGYDQWDJHLQWKHWLJKWHQLQJHIIHFWDQGWLJKWHQLQJRSHUDWLRQV ˄˅ 7KH UHOLDELOLW\ RI WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PRGHO DQG WKH $16<6 FDOFXODWLRQ UHVXOWV DUH FRQILUPHG E\ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV ,W LV DOVR YHULILHG WKH OHDNDJH UDWH LQ WKH 00& IODQJH MRLQW ZLWK WKH 6+0HWKRG SDWWHUQLVORZHUWKDQXVLQJDVWDUWLJKWHQLQJPHWKRGDQGDOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGLQ$60(3&& $&.12:/('*(0(176
7KLVZRUNLVVXSSRUWHGE\1DWLRQDO6FLHQFH)RXQGDWLRQRI&KLQD 1R 5HIHUHQFHV >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ > @ >@
*'%LEHO([SHULPHQWDO DQG $QDO\WLFDO 6WXG\ RI (ODVWLF ,QWHUDFWLRQ LQ D 3LSH )ODQJH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 3UHVVXUH 9HVVHO 7HFKQRORJ\'XVVHOGRUI*HUPDQ\ˈ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lj*XLGHOLQHVIRU3UHVVXUH%RXQGDU\%ROWHG)ODQJH-RLQW$VVHPEO\NJ>6@ -,6%lj%DVLVIRUFDOFXODWLRQRISLSHIODQJHVNJ>6@ 06FKDDI - %DUWRQLFHN &DOFXODWLRQ RI %ROWHG )ODQJH&RQQHFWLRQV>&@ 7UDQVDFWLRQV RI WKHWK &RQIHUHQFH RQ 60,57 3UDJXH &]HFK 5HSXEOLF>VQ@ ˊ (1 lj)ODQJHVDQGWKHLUMRLQWV²'HVLJQUXOHVIRUJDVNHWHGFLUFXODUIODQJHFRQQHFWLRQV3DUW &DOFXODWLRQNJ>6@