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Response of Sesbania aculeata, Baker to Gibberellic acid treatments for growth and biomass yield
Bioresource Technology 44 (1993) 81-83
Short Communication
Response of Sesbania aculeata, Baker to Gibberellic Acid Treatments for Growth and Biomass Yield
An investigation was carried out to study the growth and biomass of the plant under treatment with gibberellic acid. METHODS Authentic seeds of S. aculeata were screened and selected for the study. The soil of the experimental plot was sandy loam with an average pH of 5"5. The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potash contents were 0"36, 0"009 and 0"005%, respectively. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with individual plot size of 25 m 2, taking three replications for each concentration of hormone and control. Seeds were soaked for 18 hours in G A 3 and GA 4+ 7 solution of 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm and sown separately in the prepared plot of land with row spacing of 40 cm. The plots were fertilized with N, P and K at 160, 50 and 60 kg/ha, respectively. The growth of the plants was observed at different times and the biomass yields of fully matured plants of 180 days were calculated. On the basis of the performance shown in the field experiment in the first year, the optimum concentrations of both the hormones were used for further study in the second year. Seeds treated with the optimum solutions of both G A 3 and GA 4 ÷ 7 were sown in the field as in the first year. After 30 days, the seedlings were sprayed 50-, 100-, 250- and 500-ppm solutions of both GA 3 and GA4+ 7 at 20-day intervals for 3 months. Observations were made for plant height at different times and biomass yields were calculated per hectare at maturity of 180 days.
Abstract
There was a positive response to GA: and GA4+ 7 on growth and biomass yield of Sesbania aculeata, Baker, under the agroclimatic conditions of Jorhat, Assam, India, although the overall performance with GA ~ was better than with GA4÷ 7. The maximum production of biomass was found for the plants raised from seeds soaked with 250 ppm solution of GA : and with the seedlings sprayed with 100 ppm of the same at 20-day intervals for 3 months. Key words: Growth, biomass, yield, treatment, spray, concentration, seedling. INTRODUCTION In recent years, growth regulating substances have been prominent in crop productivity as they induce a number of physiological changes in plants. Gibberellic acid is one of the growth-promoting hormones which can induce some of these vital physiological processes (Chandra & Chauhan, 1976; Jhorar et al., 1982; Brain, 1958; Vanangamudi et al., 1988). However, all hormones are not equally effective for all plants (Narasimha Reddy & Swamy, 1976) and the efficacy of a hormone is dose dependent (Bahuguna et al., 1988; Ahlawat & Dagar, 1980). The growth characteristics affected by gibberellic acid have been studied in certain timber-yielding plants (Mehrotra & Dadwal, 1978). The application of hormone to fibre-yielding plants for production of biomass has only been reported by a few workers (Abbot et al., 1987). Sesbania aculeata is an annual, fast-growing, fibre-yielding plant belonging to the family leguminosae, which grows abundantly in tropical and sub-tropical climates. It is used as a greenmanuring plant in some parts of India and also finds potential for commercial yield of fibre. Reports available indicate that the plant may be cultivated suitably in the north-eastern regions of India (Sarma et al., 1990).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The application of hormone to the seeds enhanced the germination process. The field trials showed that percentage of germination increased and was maximum when the seeds were treated with 250 ppm of G A 3 o r with 500 ppm of G A 4 + 7. Overall the performance of G A 3 was better. Variation in seedling growth was also observed in the field at various hormone concentrations. The plants raised from the seeds treated with 250 and 500 ppm of G A 3 and G A 4 ÷ 7 respectively, showed maximum growth, although the performance of G A 3 was, overall, better (Table 1 ). The yield may be further enhanced by spraying the seedlings with 100 ppm solutions of GA3 o r G A 4 + 7 (Table 2). The overall performance of GA3 was found to be better than G A 4 + 7 in field conditions, in the present investigation.
Bioresource Technology 0960-8524/93/S06.00 © 1993 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, England. Printed in Great Britain 81
82
T. GoswamL T. C Sarma, D. N. Bordoli, C M. Sarmah Table 1. Plant growth and biomass yield (seed treatment)
Seed treatment
Concentration
(ppm)
GA 3
Plant diameter (cm)
Biomass yield per plot of 25 m 2 (kg) Fresh
Dry
Calculated dry biomass (ton/ha)
100 250 5OO 1000
5"4 5"8 5"3 4"8 5"0 0"093 0"215
3"1 3'4 3'2 2"7 2"7 0"121 0"279
105"102 110"210 106-750 98-921 101"212
52"182 57"290 53"725 45"725 49"012
20"872 22"916 21"490 18"290 19"126
100 250 5OO 1000
5'2 5"4 5"5 4"8 5-0 0"098 0"227
3"0 3"1 3"2 2'6 2"9 0"119 0"273
103"920 105"210 108"162 97-025 102"410
50"213 52"120 55"217 44"123 49'156
20"085 20"848 22"086 17"649 19"662
Control SEM _+ CD at 5% GA4 + 7
Plant height (m)
Control SEM _+ CD at 5%
Table 2. Plant growth and biomass yield (aseed treatment and spray treatment) Treatment
Concentration (ppm)
GA 3 (spray)
Control SEM + CD at 5%
Plant diameter (cm)
Biomass yield per plot of 25 m 2 (kg) Fresh
Dry
Calculated dry biomass (ton/ha)
5O 100 250 5OO
5'8 6'0 5"5 5"3 5"0 0"149 0"345
3"40 3"5 3"3 3-1 3"0 0"086 0"197
112.193 115'716 111'917 102.051 102.40
57"981 60-125 56-217 53"128 49"150
23.192 24"050 22.486 21'251 19.52
50 100 250 5O0
5"4 5"6 5"4 5"3 5"1 0"098 0'227
3"3 3"3 3.2 3.1 2"9 0"121 0"279
109.213 110.215 107.136 101-125 101"37
55"912 56"231 54.723 51.927 49"120
22.364 22.492 21.889 20-770 19"31
Control SEM + CD at 5% GA4 + 7 (spray)
Plant height (m)
"Seeds treated with 250 ppm GA 3 and 500 ppm GA 4+7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT T h e authors wish to express their sincere gratitude to Mr B. P. Chaliha, Director, Regional Research L a b o r a tory, (CSIR) Jorhat, Assam, India for permission to publish this paper.
REFERENCES Alhawat, A. S. & Dagar, J. C. (1980). Effect of different pH, light, qualities and some growth regulators on seed germination of Bidens biternata (Lour) Merr and Sherff. Indian Forester, 106, 617-19. Abbot, T. P. & Touzinsky, W. M. (1987). Effect of gibberellic acid on growth and pulp properties of Kenaf. Proceedings
of the Tappi Pulping Conference, Washington D.C. USA Proceedings, Book No. 2: 275-80. Bahuguna, V. K., Rawat, M. M. S. & Naithani, K. C. (1988). Studies on dormancy and treatment to enhance germination of champa (Michelia champaca Linn) seed. Indian
Forester, 114, 317-9. Brain, P. W. (1958). The role of gibberellic like hormones in regulation of plant growth and flowering. Nature, 181, 1122. Chandra, J. P. & Chauhan, P. S. (1976). Note on germination of Spruce seeds with gibberellic acid. Indian Forester, 102, 721-5. Jhorar, B. S., Varma, S. K. & Agarwal, R. P. (1982). Effect of gibberellic acid on seedling emergence and early growth of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum, L). Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 25,423-6. Mehrotra, M. D. & Dadwal, V. S. (1978). Study of the effect of gibberellic acid, urea and ralles tracel on the growth of
Response of Sesbania aculeata to gibberellic acid treatments teak in the nursery. I. Enhancement of growth of seedling to transplantable size in the same growing season -- a varitable possibility. Indian Forester, 104, 706-13. Narasimha Reddy, S. B. & Swamy, P. M. (1976). Effect of various growth regulators on the germination of dormant ground nut (Arachis hypogaea L) seeds. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 14, 226-9. Sarma, T. C., Ali, F., Bordoloi, D. N. & Chaliha, B. P. (1990). Dhanicha -- a nonwood fibrous plant for pulp and paper. Indian Forester, 116, 296-302. Vanangamudi, K., Kalavathi, D. & Ramamoorthy, K. (1988). Effect of gibberellic acid on dormancy, flowering, bulb and seed production in bellary onion. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 31,190-2.
Tridip Goswami, T. C. Sarma, Bordoloi Regional Research Laboratory, Jorhat, Assam, India
& C. M. Sarmah Gauhati University, Assam, India (Received 25 May 1992; revised version received 8 July 1992; accepted 14 July 1992)
83 D° N°
Short Communication
Response of Sesbania aculeata, Baker to Gibberellic Acid Treatments for Growth and Biomass Yield
An investigation was carried out to study the growth and biomass of the plant under treatment with gibberellic acid. METHODS Authentic seeds of S. aculeata were screened and selected for the study. The soil of the experimental plot was sandy loam with an average pH of 5"5. The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potash contents were 0"36, 0"009 and 0"005%, respectively. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with individual plot size of 25 m 2, taking three replications for each concentration of hormone and control. Seeds were soaked for 18 hours in G A 3 and GA 4+ 7 solution of 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm and sown separately in the prepared plot of land with row spacing of 40 cm. The plots were fertilized with N, P and K at 160, 50 and 60 kg/ha, respectively. The growth of the plants was observed at different times and the biomass yields of fully matured plants of 180 days were calculated. On the basis of the performance shown in the field experiment in the first year, the optimum concentrations of both the hormones were used for further study in the second year. Seeds treated with the optimum solutions of both G A 3 and GA 4 ÷ 7 were sown in the field as in the first year. After 30 days, the seedlings were sprayed 50-, 100-, 250- and 500-ppm solutions of both GA 3 and GA4+ 7 at 20-day intervals for 3 months. Observations were made for plant height at different times and biomass yields were calculated per hectare at maturity of 180 days.
Abstract
There was a positive response to GA: and GA4+ 7 on growth and biomass yield of Sesbania aculeata, Baker, under the agroclimatic conditions of Jorhat, Assam, India, although the overall performance with GA ~ was better than with GA4÷ 7. The maximum production of biomass was found for the plants raised from seeds soaked with 250 ppm solution of GA : and with the seedlings sprayed with 100 ppm of the same at 20-day intervals for 3 months. Key words: Growth, biomass, yield, treatment, spray, concentration, seedling. INTRODUCTION In recent years, growth regulating substances have been prominent in crop productivity as they induce a number of physiological changes in plants. Gibberellic acid is one of the growth-promoting hormones which can induce some of these vital physiological processes (Chandra & Chauhan, 1976; Jhorar et al., 1982; Brain, 1958; Vanangamudi et al., 1988). However, all hormones are not equally effective for all plants (Narasimha Reddy & Swamy, 1976) and the efficacy of a hormone is dose dependent (Bahuguna et al., 1988; Ahlawat & Dagar, 1980). The growth characteristics affected by gibberellic acid have been studied in certain timber-yielding plants (Mehrotra & Dadwal, 1978). The application of hormone to fibre-yielding plants for production of biomass has only been reported by a few workers (Abbot et al., 1987). Sesbania aculeata is an annual, fast-growing, fibre-yielding plant belonging to the family leguminosae, which grows abundantly in tropical and sub-tropical climates. It is used as a greenmanuring plant in some parts of India and also finds potential for commercial yield of fibre. Reports available indicate that the plant may be cultivated suitably in the north-eastern regions of India (Sarma et al., 1990).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The application of hormone to the seeds enhanced the germination process. The field trials showed that percentage of germination increased and was maximum when the seeds were treated with 250 ppm of G A 3 o r with 500 ppm of G A 4 + 7. Overall the performance of G A 3 was better. Variation in seedling growth was also observed in the field at various hormone concentrations. The plants raised from the seeds treated with 250 and 500 ppm of G A 3 and G A 4 ÷ 7 respectively, showed maximum growth, although the performance of G A 3 was, overall, better (Table 1 ). The yield may be further enhanced by spraying the seedlings with 100 ppm solutions of GA3 o r G A 4 + 7 (Table 2). The overall performance of GA3 was found to be better than G A 4 + 7 in field conditions, in the present investigation.
Bioresource Technology 0960-8524/93/S06.00 © 1993 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, England. Printed in Great Britain 81
82
T. GoswamL T. C Sarma, D. N. Bordoli, C M. Sarmah Table 1. Plant growth and biomass yield (seed treatment)
Seed treatment
Concentration
(ppm)
GA 3
Plant diameter (cm)
Biomass yield per plot of 25 m 2 (kg) Fresh
Dry
Calculated dry biomass (ton/ha)
100 250 5OO 1000
5"4 5"8 5"3 4"8 5"0 0"093 0"215
3"1 3'4 3'2 2"7 2"7 0"121 0"279
105"102 110"210 106-750 98-921 101"212
52"182 57"290 53"725 45"725 49"012
20"872 22"916 21"490 18"290 19"126
100 250 5OO 1000
5'2 5"4 5"5 4"8 5-0 0"098 0"227
3"0 3"1 3"2 2'6 2"9 0"119 0"273
103"920 105"210 108"162 97-025 102"410
50"213 52"120 55"217 44"123 49'156
20"085 20"848 22"086 17"649 19"662
Control SEM _+ CD at 5% GA4 + 7
Plant height (m)
Control SEM _+ CD at 5%
Table 2. Plant growth and biomass yield (aseed treatment and spray treatment) Treatment
Concentration (ppm)
GA 3 (spray)
Control SEM + CD at 5%
Plant diameter (cm)
Biomass yield per plot of 25 m 2 (kg) Fresh
Dry
Calculated dry biomass (ton/ha)
5O 100 250 5OO
5'8 6'0 5"5 5"3 5"0 0"149 0"345
3"40 3"5 3"3 3-1 3"0 0"086 0"197
112.193 115'716 111'917 102.051 102.40
57"981 60-125 56-217 53"128 49"150
23.192 24"050 22.486 21'251 19.52
50 100 250 5O0
5"4 5"6 5"4 5"3 5"1 0"098 0'227
3"3 3"3 3.2 3.1 2"9 0"121 0"279
109.213 110.215 107.136 101-125 101"37
55"912 56"231 54.723 51.927 49"120
22.364 22.492 21.889 20-770 19"31
Control SEM + CD at 5% GA4 + 7 (spray)
Plant height (m)
"Seeds treated with 250 ppm GA 3 and 500 ppm GA 4+7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT T h e authors wish to express their sincere gratitude to Mr B. P. Chaliha, Director, Regional Research L a b o r a tory, (CSIR) Jorhat, Assam, India for permission to publish this paper.
REFERENCES Alhawat, A. S. & Dagar, J. C. (1980). Effect of different pH, light, qualities and some growth regulators on seed germination of Bidens biternata (Lour) Merr and Sherff. Indian Forester, 106, 617-19. Abbot, T. P. & Touzinsky, W. M. (1987). Effect of gibberellic acid on growth and pulp properties of Kenaf. Proceedings
of the Tappi Pulping Conference, Washington D.C. USA Proceedings, Book No. 2: 275-80. Bahuguna, V. K., Rawat, M. M. S. & Naithani, K. C. (1988). Studies on dormancy and treatment to enhance germination of champa (Michelia champaca Linn) seed. Indian
Forester, 114, 317-9. Brain, P. W. (1958). The role of gibberellic like hormones in regulation of plant growth and flowering. Nature, 181, 1122. Chandra, J. P. & Chauhan, P. S. (1976). Note on germination of Spruce seeds with gibberellic acid. Indian Forester, 102, 721-5. Jhorar, B. S., Varma, S. K. & Agarwal, R. P. (1982). Effect of gibberellic acid on seedling emergence and early growth of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum, L). Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 25,423-6. Mehrotra, M. D. & Dadwal, V. S. (1978). Study of the effect of gibberellic acid, urea and ralles tracel on the growth of
Response of Sesbania aculeata to gibberellic acid treatments teak in the nursery. I. Enhancement of growth of seedling to transplantable size in the same growing season -- a varitable possibility. Indian Forester, 104, 706-13. Narasimha Reddy, S. B. & Swamy, P. M. (1976). Effect of various growth regulators on the germination of dormant ground nut (Arachis hypogaea L) seeds. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 14, 226-9. Sarma, T. C., Ali, F., Bordoloi, D. N. & Chaliha, B. P. (1990). Dhanicha -- a nonwood fibrous plant for pulp and paper. Indian Forester, 116, 296-302. Vanangamudi, K., Kalavathi, D. & Ramamoorthy, K. (1988). Effect of gibberellic acid on dormancy, flowering, bulb and seed production in bellary onion. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 31,190-2.
Tridip Goswami, T. C. Sarma, Bordoloi Regional Research Laboratory, Jorhat, Assam, India
& C. M. Sarmah Gauhati University, Assam, India (Received 25 May 1992; revised version received 8 July 1992; accepted 14 July 1992)
83 D° N°