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Retroviruses and central nervous system disease
"Of particular interest"-
in the opinion of neurobiologists. Papers "of particular interest" selected, from the previous year's literature, by the authors of reviews in the section on Disease, Transplantation and Regeneration in the O c t o b e r 1992 issue of Current Opinion in Neurobiology.
Amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease: basic biology and animal models selected by Sangram S. Sisodia and Donald L. Price SISODIA SS: [3-Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleavage by a Membrane-Bound Protease. Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 1992, 89:6075-6079. In cultured cells, APPs are shown to be cleaved on the plasma membrane by a membrane-bound endoprotease, The specificity of the peptide bond hydrolysis is largely independent of the primary sequence of the precursor. The principal determinants of cleavage appear to be an s-helical conformation and the distance (12-13 residues) of the hydrolyzed bond from the membrane. GOLDE TE, ESTUS S, YOUNKIN LH, SELKOEDJ, YOUNKIN SG: Processing of the Amyloid Protein Precursor to Potentially Amyloidogenic Derivatives. Science 1992, 255:728-730. Transfection analyses of constructs that encode various deleted APPs reveal the production of APP carboxyl terminus-bearing fragments that include the entire A[3 region. The inhibition of endosomal/lysosomal function also prevents the production of Al3-containing carboxyterminal derivatives, suggesting that these products are generated within cytoplasmic compartments. HAASSC, KOO EH, MELLONA, HUNGAY, SELKOEDJ: Targeting of Ceil-Surface [3-AmyloidPrecursor Protein to Lysosomes: Alternative Processing into Amyloid-Bearing Fragments. Nature 1992, 357:500-503. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells are shown to bind and internalize anti-13-APP antibodies with subsequent targeting to endosomes/lysosomes. Furthermore, purified lysosomes are found to contain native [3-APP and a series of Al3-containing proteolytic products.
Role of excitotoxicity in human neurological disease selected by M. Flint Beal MORIYOSHIK, MASUM, ISHIIT, SHIGEMOTOR, MIZUNON, NAKAN~SHIS: Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the Rat NMDA Receptor. Nature 1991, 354:31-37. A landmark paper describing the cloning and expression of the NMDA receptor. CHEN L, HUANGL-YM:Protein Kinase C Reduces Mg2 + Block of NMDA-Receptor Channels as a Mechanism of Modulation. Nature 1992, 356:521-523. Intracellularly applied protein kinase C potentiates the NMDA response by increasing the probability of channel
558
openings and by reducing the voltage-dependent mg 2 + block of the NMDA receptor channel. LEE KS, FRANKS, VANDERKLISHP, ARAIA, LYNCHG: Inhibition of Proteolysis Protects Hippocampal Neurons from Ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991, 88:7233-7237. An interesting study showing that intra-cerebroventricular infusion of a calpain inhibitor prevents ischemia-induced cell loss in gerbil hippocampus.
Retroviruses and central nervous system disease selected by Richard T. Johnson KEATINGJN, TRIMBL~KC, MULCAHYF, SCOTTJM, WEIR DG: Evidence of Brain Methyltransferase Inhibition and Early Brain Involvement in HW-Positive Patients. Lancet 1991, 337:935-939. Metabolites of methylation reaction were tested in cerebrospinal fluid of 20 HIV-positive patients and found to be altered from controls. Patients were not selected specilically with myelopathy. TYOR WR, GLASSJD, GRIFFINJW, BECKERPS, MCARTHUR JC, BEZMANL, GRIFFINDE: Cytokine Expression in the Brain During the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. A n n Neurol 1992, 31:349-360. A comprehensive study assaying viral antigens, cell markers and cytoldnes in brain sections, and soluble receptors and cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid of well characterized patients. LIPTON sa~ SUCHERNJ, KAISERPK, DPmgeREB: Synergistic Effects of HIV Coat Protein and NMDA ReceptorMediated Neurotoxicity. Neuron 1991, 7:111-118. An interesting series of studies of previously reported gp120 toxicity on rat ganglion cells in culture. Wholecell patch-clamp recordings demonstrate that gp120 does not directly evoke an NMDA-like response or enhance glutamate/NMDA-activated currents. BOTHE K, AGUZZIA, LASSMANNH, ReTH~gM A, HORAKI: Progressive Encephalopathy and Myopathy in Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Foamy Virus Genes. Science 1991, 253:555-557. A very provocative study showing that transgenic mice carrying the bel region of human foamy virus develop a progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system and muscle.
© 1992 Current Biology
in the opinion of neurobiologists. Papers "of particular interest" selected, from the previous year's literature, by the authors of reviews in the section on Disease, Transplantation and Regeneration in the O c t o b e r 1992 issue of Current Opinion in Neurobiology.
Amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease: basic biology and animal models selected by Sangram S. Sisodia and Donald L. Price SISODIA SS: [3-Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleavage by a Membrane-Bound Protease. Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 1992, 89:6075-6079. In cultured cells, APPs are shown to be cleaved on the plasma membrane by a membrane-bound endoprotease, The specificity of the peptide bond hydrolysis is largely independent of the primary sequence of the precursor. The principal determinants of cleavage appear to be an s-helical conformation and the distance (12-13 residues) of the hydrolyzed bond from the membrane. GOLDE TE, ESTUS S, YOUNKIN LH, SELKOEDJ, YOUNKIN SG: Processing of the Amyloid Protein Precursor to Potentially Amyloidogenic Derivatives. Science 1992, 255:728-730. Transfection analyses of constructs that encode various deleted APPs reveal the production of APP carboxyl terminus-bearing fragments that include the entire A[3 region. The inhibition of endosomal/lysosomal function also prevents the production of Al3-containing carboxyterminal derivatives, suggesting that these products are generated within cytoplasmic compartments. HAASSC, KOO EH, MELLONA, HUNGAY, SELKOEDJ: Targeting of Ceil-Surface [3-AmyloidPrecursor Protein to Lysosomes: Alternative Processing into Amyloid-Bearing Fragments. Nature 1992, 357:500-503. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells are shown to bind and internalize anti-13-APP antibodies with subsequent targeting to endosomes/lysosomes. Furthermore, purified lysosomes are found to contain native [3-APP and a series of Al3-containing proteolytic products.
Role of excitotoxicity in human neurological disease selected by M. Flint Beal MORIYOSHIK, MASUM, ISHIIT, SHIGEMOTOR, MIZUNON, NAKAN~SHIS: Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the Rat NMDA Receptor. Nature 1991, 354:31-37. A landmark paper describing the cloning and expression of the NMDA receptor. CHEN L, HUANGL-YM:Protein Kinase C Reduces Mg2 + Block of NMDA-Receptor Channels as a Mechanism of Modulation. Nature 1992, 356:521-523. Intracellularly applied protein kinase C potentiates the NMDA response by increasing the probability of channel
558
openings and by reducing the voltage-dependent mg 2 + block of the NMDA receptor channel. LEE KS, FRANKS, VANDERKLISHP, ARAIA, LYNCHG: Inhibition of Proteolysis Protects Hippocampal Neurons from Ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991, 88:7233-7237. An interesting study showing that intra-cerebroventricular infusion of a calpain inhibitor prevents ischemia-induced cell loss in gerbil hippocampus.
Retroviruses and central nervous system disease selected by Richard T. Johnson KEATINGJN, TRIMBL~KC, MULCAHYF, SCOTTJM, WEIR DG: Evidence of Brain Methyltransferase Inhibition and Early Brain Involvement in HW-Positive Patients. Lancet 1991, 337:935-939. Metabolites of methylation reaction were tested in cerebrospinal fluid of 20 HIV-positive patients and found to be altered from controls. Patients were not selected specilically with myelopathy. TYOR WR, GLASSJD, GRIFFINJW, BECKERPS, MCARTHUR JC, BEZMANL, GRIFFINDE: Cytokine Expression in the Brain During the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. A n n Neurol 1992, 31:349-360. A comprehensive study assaying viral antigens, cell markers and cytoldnes in brain sections, and soluble receptors and cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid of well characterized patients. LIPTON sa~ SUCHERNJ, KAISERPK, DPmgeREB: Synergistic Effects of HIV Coat Protein and NMDA ReceptorMediated Neurotoxicity. Neuron 1991, 7:111-118. An interesting series of studies of previously reported gp120 toxicity on rat ganglion cells in culture. Wholecell patch-clamp recordings demonstrate that gp120 does not directly evoke an NMDA-like response or enhance glutamate/NMDA-activated currents. BOTHE K, AGUZZIA, LASSMANNH, ReTH~gM A, HORAKI: Progressive Encephalopathy and Myopathy in Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Foamy Virus Genes. Science 1991, 253:555-557. A very provocative study showing that transgenic mice carrying the bel region of human foamy virus develop a progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system and muscle.
© 1992 Current Biology