Role of smart grid in renewable energy: An overview

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 60 (2016) 1168–1184

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Role of smart grid in renewable energy: An overview M.S. Hossain a, N.A. Madlool b,n, N.A. Rahim a, J. Selvaraj a,n, A.K. Pandey a, Abdul Faheem Khan a a b

Centre of Research UMPEDAC, Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, 59990 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, 21 Kufa, Najaf, Iraq

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Article history: Received 28 August 2014 Received in revised form 31 May 2015 Accepted 18 September 2015 Available online 27 February 2016

Smart grid engineering is the key for a beneficial use of widespread energy resources, it is a modernized electrical grid that uses analog or digital information and communications technology. Renewable energy itself a thrust area of research due to its availability, applicability and environmental friendly nature and the application of smart grid in renewable energy makes it vast and more promising. This fusion enables the efficient use of renewable energies which is a key challenge for now. The present review paper attempts to investigate the role of smart grid in the renewable energy. The introductory section sets the role of renewable energy and distributed power in a smart grid system. Subsections cover the concept and availability of renewable energies, renewable energy power calculation formulae, smart grid concepts and its feasibility, case studied as performed by different researchers around the World, discussion and future recommendations and finally the conclusions from the study. To achieve this, articles from different sources such as internet, reports, conferences and journals of Elsevier, Springer, Tailor and Franacis, Wiley and many more have been collected and reviewed. This paper concludes that renewable energies can be used efficiently and in a smart way by using the smart grids. However, the smart grid technology is not mature enough and needs more research on the same. & 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Renewable energy Smart grid system Renewable power Energy

Contents 1. 2.

n

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169 Renewable energy: basic concepts and availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169 2.1. Hydro energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169 2.1.1. Hydropower technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170 2.1.2. Sizes and capacities of hydroelectric facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170 2.1.3. World hydroelectric capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170 2.2. Wind energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170 2.2.1. Wind turbine technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171 2.2.2. Investigation the power generated from wind turbine plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171 2.3. Solar energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172 2.3.1. Photovoltaic technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172 2.3.2. World photovoltaic power stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172 2.3.3. Concentrating solar thermal power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172 2.4. Biomass energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173 2.4.1. Biomass technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173 2.4.2. Biofuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173 2.4.3. Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174 2.4.4. Biodiesel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174 2.4.5. Biopower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174 2.5. Geothermal energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174

Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (N.A. Madlool), [email protected] (J. Selvaraj), [email protected] (A.K. Pandey).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.098 1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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2.5.1. Geothermal technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175 2.5.2. Direct-use of geothermal technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175 2.5.3. Electricity generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175 2.5.4. Investigate the World Geothermal electric capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175 3. Renewable energy power calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176 4. Smart grid: an overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176 4.1. Substation automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1178 4.2. Network reliability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1180 5. Case studies on smart grid: renewable energy perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1180 6. Conclusions, current trends and future recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1182 6.1. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1182 6.2. Current trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1182 6.3. Future recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183 Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183

1. Introduction Energy is able to do the work. In science, energy can be neither created nor be destroyed, just transformed into another form. Energy and its conversion are vital for all life in the world and the basic part of the energy conversion includes into useable energy production. During this process, the energy can be transformed into several different forms. The different form of energy can get from nonrenewable and renewable energy sources. The most uses energy sources are form nonrenewable fossil fuels, oil, natural gas and coal. Another nonrenewable source is element uranium whose can be created hug heat and ultimately electricity. Fossil fuels and nuclear energy are the leading energy sources and can be stored in many countries. The uses of fossil fuels have almost been double from 630,000 to 121,000 TW h and the uses of coal and natural gas has also increased in the year 1973–2010. However, the uses of nuclear energy are much lower than the fossil fuels, about 84000 TW h in 2010 [1]. The use of renewable energy increased greatly just after the first big oil crisis in the late seventies. Although in most power generating systems, the main source of energy (the fuel) can manipulate, this is not true for solar, water and wind energies [2]. The solar energy is the main source for renewable energy which can be used directly as Bioenergy and other related renewable sources. Where a small part of the solar energy that reaches the surface of the earth is used in photosynthesis. The irradiation solar energy to energy stored in the biomass is only 4.6–6%. According to International Energy Agency, about 15,000 TW h was used for energy purposes in 2010. Where wind energy utilization was 574 TW h in 2012 and the hydropower was 3438 TW h in 2010. However, the utilization of solar energy is very low, about 100 TW h [1]. The main problems with these renewable energy sources are cost and availability; wind, hydro and solar power are not always available where and when needed. Unlike conventional sources of electric power, these renewable sources are not “dispatch able” the power output cannot control. Daily and seasonal effects and limited predictability result in intermittent generation. Smart grids promise to facilitate the integration of renewable energy and will provide other benefits as well [2]. A smart grid is an electrical grid that uses information and communication technology. The information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, which is automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity [3]. Most smart grids are located aside from closely populated areas, near a fuel source and at a dam site, to take advantage from the renewable energy sources. They are usually quite large to take benefits of the economies of scale. The electric power, which

generate, stepped up to a higher voltage at which it connects to the transmission network. The transmission network will move the long distance, sometime across international boundaries, until it reaches its wholesale customer (usually the company that owns the local distribution network) [4]. On arrival at a substation, the power will stepped down from a transmission level voltage. As it exits the substation, it enters the distribution wiring. Finally, upon arrival at the service location, the power is stepped down again from the distribution voltage to the required service voltage [5]. In this paper attempt has been made to present the overview of smart grid technology and its role in renewable energy. Section 1 represents the introductory part, Section 2 represent the basic concept of renewable energy technologies, their sizes and capacities and worldwide availability. Section 3 presents the basic renewable energy formulae with examples, Section 4 presents an overview of the smart grid technology, Section 5 presents the case studies as presented by the different researchers around the world and finally the conclusions, current trends and future recommendation from the study has been presented in the last i.e. Section 6.

2. Renewable energy: basic concepts and availability There are many renewable energy sources available in the world. The basic part of these kind of energy sources are free and available. Here will be described all the renewable energy technologies and worldwide their production capacity. 2.1. Hydro energy The hydropower main source is water, which is sinuous and then converted into electricity. The power of water is called hydroelectric or hydropower. In hydro power plant, the water is reserved or storing from river by using a dam that water will through a turbine. When turbine spanning, the generator producing electricity [6]. There is another type of hydroelectric plant which is called pumped storage and that can be able to storage power. This system will work in the turbine by pumping the water from the river or from lower to upper reservoir and the generator spin the turbine backward. This process will be running continuously and produces more power which will be ready to use. Electricity generated from the generators because that spins the turbines forward. The power production from the big, minor or microhydroelectric plants which will be enough electricity for a farm, ranch and house.

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Fig. 1. Diagram of a hydroelectric power plant [7].

2.1.1. Hydropower technology A short description of hydropower technology. In the future for “Smart Grid” system, hydropower could be an important storage resource and this is a part of renewable energy which will be a good market in the power semiconductor. The hydro power station will be defined as three types that will convert mechanical energy moving water into electrical energy [5]: 1) Conventional storage, 2) Pumped storage and 3) Run of the river. Whereas, in next future using tidal for generating potential electricity, not yet widely used. These generated power will be more powerful than solar and wind energy. Another renewable energy is the wave source which is also in experimental level and it will be a very interesting part of semiconductor system. Fig. 1 shows a whole system of hydropower facilities [7]. 2.1.2. Sizes and capacities of hydroelectric facilities The worldwide only three hydroelectric facilities are in operation about 10 GW and above. They are Itaipu Dam at 14 GW, Guri at 10.2 GW and Gorges 3 Dam at 22.5 GW. However, it is a common view that the largest hydroelectric power plant facilities will be producing huge amount of power [8]. Present in these kind of power station with advanced facilities and their production sometime more than double from their installed capacity which is larger than a nuclear power station. 2.1.3. World hydroelectric capacity The world hydroelectric capacity is ranking based on annual energy production and installation rate. In globally 16 percent of electricity consumption form Hydro, which is rapidly increasing during the year from 2003 to 2009 [9]. Whereas, the electricity production 3427 terawatt-hours in 2010. 32 percent of global hydropower is produced by 150 countries where are located in the Asia-Pacific region in 2010. Same year, the biggest country in China has the largest hydroelectric power plant and their production about 721 terawatt hours, where domestic electricity used only 17 percent. Hydroelectric power is the main internal stimulating energy production in some countries, for instance, Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Australia, Switzerland, and Venezuela. Some other countries from the hydroelectric dams can produce electricity about 100 percent in Paraguay and 90 percent is exported to Brazil and Argentina, and 98–99% of electricity is produced from hydroelectric sources in Norway [10]. Fig. 2, shows the current and future hydro power generated by those regions [11].

Fig. 2. Hydroelectricity generation grows steadily by region [11]. Table 1 Ten of the largest hydroelectric producers as at 2009 [6,12]. Country

Annual hydroelectric production (TW h)

Installed capacity (GW)

Capacity factor

% of total capacity

China Canada Brazil United States Russia Norway India Venezuela Japan Sweden

652.05 369.5 363.8 250.6 167.0 140.5 115.6 85.96 69.2 65.5

196.79 88.974 69.080 79.511 45.000 27.528 33.600 14.622 27.229 16.209

0.37 0.59 0.56 0.42 0.42 0.49 0.43 0.67 0.37 0.46

22.25 61.12 85.56 5.74 17.64 98.25 15.80 69.20 7.21 44.34

A hydroelectric plant is little operating at its full power rating over a full year. The ratio between installed capacity and annual average power rating is the capacity factor. The installed capacity is the sum of all generator nameplate power ratings. Table 1, shows the ten countries hydroelectricity installation and production capacity [6]. 2.2. Wind energy Wind power is generated from air flow, using the turbine to produce mechanical to electrical energy. Here some example of wind power utilization in windmills, wind pumps, sail for propelling ships etc. There are hundreds of individual wind turbines in large wind farms that are connected to the stimulating power transmission network. It is steadier, stronger, and less visual impact of offshore wind, while considerably higher cost of construction and maintenance. The small onshore wind farm is adapted for isolated locations. Producing electricity through small domestic wind turbines is becoming more and more prevalent in utility companies [13]. Wind power is an alternative source to fossil fuels. Where, wind power is plentiful, renewable, no emission and used the little land for installation as well [4]. This is a better effect on the environment than other power sources. Most than a quarter of electricity is generated from wind in Denmark in 2011. Wind power is being used economically by 83 countries all over the world. Wind energy productions were more than 2.5% of total global electricity use in 2010, and growing rapidly at over 25% yearly. The cost per unit of energy production almost equals the cost of new coal and natural gas installation [14].

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Fig. 3. Wind turbine power plant flow diagram [14].

2.2.1. Wind turbine technology A wind turbine can be defined as the tool that changes the energy of the kinetic from the wind, which is sometimes known as the wind energy, into automatic power throughout procedures named the wind power. In the case of the mechanical power is employed in producing electricity, the tool might be referred to as a wind power plant or wind turbine. As the mechanical power is conducted to impel machinery, to pumping water or crush grain or, the tool known as a windmill. In the same lines, it may be known a cartridge clip if it used for charging the batteries. Accordingly, the growth of windmill and up-to-date it's engineering. The wind turbine energy production in vertical axis and variety of horizontal kinds. The minor turbines are devoted for uses like charging batteries or sub-power for boats. Moreover, the big connected arrays of turbines are considered under the present increasingly significant provider of wind power-produced electricity [15]. Fig. 3 below indicates a wind-turbine energy plant employed the active power in wind for conveying the monotonous power. Wind power can be considered as a live source of energy and even in the ancient days wind was utilized as a normal source of power. This power was exploited for carrying out a wind range of automatic works. It can be regarded as the smoothest forms of energy that is used to produce the power. There are no significant useless supplies from wind turbines throughout operations in comparison with other energy sources. Thus, the approximate every year wind energy attainable on earth is about 13
1012 kW h, the same to 1500 power stations delivering 1000 MW of energy. 2.2.2. Investigation the power generated from wind turbine plant The world largest wind energy generated in China by the report of the Global Wind Energy Council and cannot compare these production to other countries wind power around the world. In China, it is estimated that about less than 80 or above wind turbine farms are presently working. However, the first lasting magnetic rising wind turbine was recorded in China. This turbine permits the electricity production even at low wind speeds within a function 62,733 MW. China nowadays becomes the biggest wind energy produced over the United States comparing with 2010. Recently, wind energy has grown spectacularly the entire world. Now, it is regarded as one of the backbone basis of the economic development in more than 12 turbine plants doing business. China has an excellent wind power potential as a result of a large land mass and long coastline means. On the other hand, the United States can be considered the second best wind power generated country is the United States. The country's generated electricity is generated by wind power is about 3%. Despite five states in the US, the level is up 10 percent, Texas includes the greatest wind energy range with 10,400 MW. If we consider Texas as the country would be the sixth wind energy all

over the world. In Germany is the third country that used the wind power as a main supply for power. In April, 2010, Germany launched its first the offshore wind park, which is called Alpha Ventus in the North Sea. Though offshore wind is considered a main growth place for a government, it aims to produce 7.6 Gigawatts of wind energy established by 2020. Hence, one obstacle is evolved is that the loss of grid connections from the North Sea coast to the main markets of southern Germany. Germany's wind power strategy is continuously faced with critics proclaiming that it has a high cost and being unsteady. In addition, those inquirers claim that these wind patterns are irregular. The fourth mast using the wind power energy is Spain. In order to apply the target of producing, even more of the national, electricity demand from wind power, Spain needs a valid and planned grid framework work to support a sector that increased 11 percent in 2011. The fifth most using the wind-power energy is India. In 1990s witnessed the begging of using wind energy in India. The subcontinent is a relative factor in this field, but soon it will become the fifth largest wind power market all over the world. Thus, in 2011, INDIA HAD 16,084 MW of wind power productivity. The sixth most using the wind power energy is France with a growing wind power potential, and of 6800 MW. In 2011, France encountered many problems regarding the wind power installation, i.e., the lack of protection zones and grid connections whereby wind turbines are not permitted. The seventh most using the wind-power energy is Italy. The Italian government, in 1999, planned to launch 2500 MW of wind power by 2010. Italy increased this intent in 2007 and by 2011; it had 6747 MW of wind power amount supported by the world’s most generous feed in tariffs for electricity produced by wind farms. The eight most using the wind power energy is the United Kingdom. U.K plans to extend up to 29,000 MG of volume by 2020 with a cost of a cost of around 159 billion dollars. The ninth most using the wind power energy is Canada. The Canadian wind energy association has a prospective strategy for producing power through wind energy. They aim to produce 55,000 MW by 2025 to suggest 20% of the country's energy requirements. This would also redeem 17 megatons of greenhouse gas set forth every year. Finally is Portugal, which is scaled secondly comparing with Denmark due to wind power's participation to electricity supply; with 15 percent of the country's power produced out of the wind. Furthermore, it is also planned to raise its wind energy from 3535 MW in 2009 to 5300 MW by 2012 [14]. Fig. 4 shows the global wind power generation forecasted in GW from 2010 to 2015. Where, Asia is the first largest region for wind power production. While, some other regions: Europe, America is also increasing the production of wind energy as well [16]. Table 2 shows the world ten countries wind energy production in 2011 [17].

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Fig. 4. Global wind energy annual market forecasting (GW) [16]. Table 2 Production wind energy worldwide in 2011 [17]. Country

Produced wind electricity (MW)

Year

China United States Germany Spain India France Italy The United Kingdom Canada Portugal

62,733 46,919 29,060 21,674 16,084 6800 6747 6540 5265 4083

2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011

2.3. Solar energy

Fig. 5. Simplified schematics of a grid-connected residential PV power system [22].

Solar energy comes from sunlight as a conversion way. This energy converted into photovoltaic direct energy or indirectly concentrated power of solar. The solar concentration systems, the large amount of sunlight obtains energy through a small beam by using mirror, lenses or tracing systems. Photovoltaic uses the photoelectric effect to convert light into electric current [18]. In 1980s the first solar power concentrated commercial plant were established. The world largest concentrated solar panel installation with 354 MW in Mojave Desert of California. Another two biggest solar power station in Spain, which is Solnova and Andasol about 150 MW respectively. However, the world's largest photovoltaic power station in the United Stated in Agua Caliente Solar project, which is more than 250 MW and the next is in the Charanka Solar Park in India about 221 MW respectively [19].

countries. Also for those stand-alone systems allows activated at night and those of limited sunlight can be applied. Fig. 5 shows an example a residential photovoltaic grid connected system [22].

2.3.1. Photovoltaic technology In photovoltaic technology, the solar cell can be described as a device that produces, direct current and power fluctuating with the flux of sunlight. Practically, this normally demands shifting to wanted voltages or similar current (AC) by using of converters. Inside the solar modules, the solar cell is collaborating as coined. They are connected to form series to an inverter. Besides, an inverter produces AC power by using a desired voltage after the want to change the frequency and phase [20,21]. These powers come through from wired to smart grid to distribute many residential systems and this a big electric market for a developed country. The grid connected photovoltaic systems are utilized for storing the energy. There will be many applications such systems as like satellites and lighthouses, batteries or power generators are usually launched as backups in developing

2.3.2. World photovoltaic power stations The list below shows, photovoltaic power stations that are over 50 MW in current net capacity in Chart 4. Most are unique photovoltaic power stations and others are groups of co-located plants that are separate transformer connections to the grid by various independent power productions. In April, 2013 plants have a combined capacity of over 4 GW on this list. The list indicates that almost 1/3 of total global capacity of utility-scale plants of more than 10 MW, reported some 12 GW by Wiki-Solar at the end of February 2013 [20]. The largest photovoltaic power station and capacity in the world shown in Table 3. Fig. 6 shows global solar power generation capacity in GW form 2004 to 2013. The report shows that the Germany is leading the solar power generation followed by Italy while, China is the third largest solar power generation country by 2013 [41]. 2.3.3. Concentrating solar thermal power The concentrating solar power system is capable to store thermal and electric energy over up to a 24 h period. At pick hour it will be high performance of power, electricity or thermal energy and demand occurs at about 5 pm. These power systems can be used abound 3–5 h for storing thermal and electrical energy respectively. Table 4 shows a largest operational solar thermal power station location and their capacity [42].

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Table 3 World's largest photovoltaic power stations (50 MW or larger) [23]. PV power station

Country

DC peak power (MWp)

Agua Caliente Solar Project Charanka Solar Park Golmud Solar Park Mesquite Solar project Neuhardenberg Solar Park

USA 250 AC India 221 China 200 USA 150 Germany 145

Templin Solar Park Toul-Rosières Solar Park Perovo Solar Park Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station Finsterwalde Solar Park Okhotnykovo Solar Park SolarparkSenftenberg Lieberose Photovoltaic Park Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park Strasskirchen Solar Park Puertollano Photovoltaic Park

Germany France Ukraine Canada Italy

128.48 115 100 97 84.2

Germany Ukraine Germany Germany Italy Spain Germany Spain

80.7 80 78 71.8 70 60 54

Notes

References

397 MW when complete [24] Completed 2012 [25,26] Completed 2011 [23,27–29] up to 700 MW when complete Completed September 2012. A group of 11 co-located plant by the same [30] developer but with different IPPs Completed September 2012 [31] Completed November 2012 [32] Completed 2011 [33] Constructed 2009–2010 [34,35] Constructed 2009–2010 Phase I completed 2009, phase II and III 2010 Completed 2011 Phase II and III completed 2011, another 70 MW phase planned Completed November 2010 Completed September 2008

[35] [36] [37,38] [39,40]

Opened 2008

Fig. 6. Global solar power generation capacity (GW) [41].

2.4. Biomass energy The biomass is also a renewable energy and that can be defined as a biological material. Where the biomass energy came from living or recently living organisms. Furthermore, this energy came from plants and some plant-derived materials, which is called lignocelluloses [49]. The biomass energy used as direct application and producing heat by combustion and indirect process as biofuel. During the biofuel process conversion, it will maintain by various methods into: chemical, thermal and biochemical etc. 2.4.1. Biomass technology Concerning the biomass-organic issue, many types is there nominally plants, remaining from woods and agriculture. Power, fuels and chemicals can be produced by using the organic component of municipal and industrial wastes. As it is known, wood had been manipulated to supply heat for older ages, which is resulting in growing the use of biomass technologies. In 2007, Energy Information Administration reports that 53% of all renewable energy expended in the U.S were biomass-based [50]. Furthermore, biomass technologies break down organic materials to discharge reservoir energy out of the sun. The course which is adopted here relied on the class of biomass, and its designed enduse [51].

Biomass, in the general sense, can be described as a biologically produced content founded on hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. The approximate biomass output approaches 146 billion tons a year, mostly composed of wild plant outgrowth [52]. In general, biofuels are sorted into two main divisions rested upon the source of biomass. Producing biofuels the main sources taken from corn starch and sugarcane etc. The sugarcane has natural bioethanol and alcohol that can make fuel. That fuel also can be used to directly produce electricity or act as an additive to gasoline shows in Fig. 7. Though, utilizing food -based resource for fuel production leads to food, lack problems [53]. The second generation of biofuels exploits nonfood-based biomass origins such as agriculture and municipal waste. It mostly consists of lignocelluloses biomass, which is not edible and is a low-value waste for many industries, despite of being the favored alternative economic production of second generation, biofuel is not yet performed because of the technological issues. These issues are mainly related to chemical inertness and structural rigidity of lignocelluloses biomass. At bellow, a short definition product from biomass resources [54–56]. 2.4.2. Biofuels Biofuels are produced from biomass in liquid or gaseous fuels. It plays an important role in transportation, and some for electricity production. Wider use of biofuels brings a great deal of

[48]

[47]

[46]

Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Palma del Rio Solar Power Station Manchasol Power Station Valle Solar Power Station Helioenergy Solar Power Station Aste Solar Power Station Solacor Solar Power Station Helios Solar Power Station 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Palma del Río Alcázar de San Juan San José del Valle Écija Alcázar de San Juan El Carpio Puerto Lápice

Collection of 9 units Completed 2010 Completed 2011, with 7.5 h thermal energy storage Extresol 1 completed February 2010, Extresol 2 completed December 2010, Extresol 3 completed August 2012, with 7.5 h thermal energy storage Palma del Rio 2 completed December 2010, Palma del Rio 1 completed July 2011 Manchasol-1 completed January 2011, with 7.5 h heat storage Manchasol-2 completed April 2011, with 7.5 h heat storage Completed December 2011, with 7.5 h heat storage Helioenergy 1 completed September 2011, Helioenergy 2 completed January 2012 Aste 1A Completed January 2012, with 8 h heat storage, Aste 1B Completed January 2012, with 8 h heat storage Solacor 1 completed February 2012, Solacor 2 completed March 2012 Helios 1 completed May 2012 Helios 2 completed August 2012 Mojave Desert California Seville Granada Torre de Miguel Sesmero USA Spain Spain Spain Solar Energy Generating Systems Solnova Solar Power Station Andasol solar power station Extresol Solar Power Station 354 150 150 150

Notes Country Location Capacity (MW) Name

Table 4 Largest operational solar thermal power stations [42].

[43] [44,45]

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References

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Fig. 7. Flow diagram of the whole process of energy from biomass system [57] with permission from Elsevier.

benefit for our energy security, economic growth, and environmental. New forms of biofuels are the main biofuels research at present. For instance, ethanol and biodiesel, and biofuels conversion processes [58,59]. 2.4.3. Ethanol Ethanol alcohol is composed of the starch of corn grain originally. Generally employed as an addition to petroleum-based fuels for decreasing noxious air emissions and increasing octane. Nowadays, probably 1/2 gasoline sold in the US, and 5–10% are ethanol among them [60]. 2.4.4. Biodiesel The benefits of biodiesel for air quality are meaningful even small utilize. Under the condition of a catalyst for forming ethyl or methyl ester, biodiesel is obtained by means of the process that the compounds organically-derived oils with alcohol (ethanol or methanol). The biomass-derived ethyl or methyl esters can be together with conventional diesel, or as an entire user fuel [61]. Fig. 8 shows the global biofuels production in 2013. Where, North America is ranked No. 1 for biofuels and Ethanol production in 2013, as reported form world energy review 2014. However, the rest of the world, producing very little amount of biodiesel and Ethanol [62]. 2.4.5. Biopower Bio power is the production of electricity or heater from biomass resources. Bio power technologies with 10 Gigawatts of installed capacity are priority options in the US currently. It includes precise combustion, co-firing, and anaerobic digestion [50]. We can see the world biomass power station and their capacity from Table 5. 2.5. Geothermal energy Geothermal energy is a type of thermal energy. It is derived from the earth and store inside automatically. The temperature of the matter depends on the energy of the thermal energy. The earth's crust has the geothermal energy that includes the imaginative formation of the planet (20%) and radioactive decay of minerals (80%) [67,68]. The thermal energy is produced by the radioactive decompose and temperature gets 5000 °C (9000 °F) at the earth’s heat. The heat evolves directly from the core to the encompassing cooler rock. In the case of high degrees and load, the rock will be melted and producing magma convention comes up due to it's slighter than the

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Fig. 8. World biofuels production by region [62]. Table 5 World biomass power stations and capacity [63,64]. Rank Station

Country

Capacity (MW)

Ref

1

Tilbury B Power Station

750

[63,65]

2

Alholmens Kraft Power Station Połaniec Power Station Rodenhuize Power Station Wisapower Power Station

United Kingdom Finland

265

[65]

Poland Belgium Finland

205 180 150

[64] [64] [66]

3 4 5

Fig. 9. Sketch of an atmospheric exhaust geothermal power-plant [73].

concrete rock. Thus, water from the magma and heat from the rock on the outer surface up reaches to 370 °C (700 °F) [69]. Hot springs, geothermal energy was used for washing for many years in the Paleolithic times and for space warming in Roman times, but only now it is better recognized for electricity generation. It is estimated that about 10,715 MW (MW) of geothermic power worldwide is online in 24 countries. Additionally, 28 Gigawatts of geothermal heating volume are established for area heating, spas, space heating, industrial strategies, desalination and agricultural uses [70]. 2.5.1. Geothermal technologies In general, geothermal technologies employs the pure, maintainable heat from the Earth, so the geothermal resources, involving the heart reserved in deep ground hot water and rock, existed a few miles under the Earth's surface. That extremely high-temperature, dissolved rock is famous as magma located bottomless in the Earth [71]. 2.5.2. Direct-use of geothermal technologies The hot water on the Earth's surface might be adopted for various commercial and industrial uses. Direct-use benefits involve drying crops, heating buildings, heating water at fish farms, and other industrial usages like boiling milk [71]. 2.5.3. Electricity generation It basically occurs in traditional gas turbines and dual plants relaying on the properties of the geothermal resource. Additionally, classical steam turbines need liquids at temperatures reaching minimum 150 °C and only present with either compressing

exhausts or atmospherically (back-pressure) [72]. It is noted that atmospheric exhaust turbines are easier and less price. The steam, coming directly from dry steam wells or, after separation, from wet wells, is going under a turbine and burned out into the atmosphere shown in Fig. 9 [73]. In this type of unit, steam using (from the same inlet load) per kilowatt-hour provided is nearly double of that of a diminished unit. Nerveless, the atmospheric exhaust turbines are very beneficial as pilot plants, stand-by plants, in the case of tiny supplies from disconnected seedbeds, and for creating electricity from examining wells throughout field development 6. In addition, they are also practiced when the steam has a great non-condensable steam content ( 412% by weight). The atmospheric exhaust units can be constructed and installed very quickly and put into operation in less more than 13–14 months from their organized date. This kind of device is usually presented in 10 MWe size [73]. 2.5.4. Investigate the World Geothermal electric capacity The International Geothermal Association (IGA) referred that 10,715 MW (MW) of geothermal energy in 24 countries are found online. This is anticipated to produce 67,246 GW h of electricity in 2010 [92], which represent a 20% up in online volume since 2005. IGA plans to increase to 18,500 MW by 2015 because of the projects under consideration are located in places previously proposed to have little notable resources [74]. Recently, 2012, U.S has become number one in the world of geothermic electricity output with 3086 MW of launching capacity from 77 power plants. The largest group of geothermic power companies over the world is found at The Geysers where it is a geothermic major in California [75]. Philippines scones number one regarding the

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highest production with 1904 MW of capacity online of geothermic power producing about 27% of Philippine electricity generation [74]. Fig. 10 shows the world geothermal electricity production and installation capacity based on forecasting report [76]. Table 6 indicates the geothermal energy and its production volume for a few selected countries in the world.

electrical grid that uses analog or digital information and communications technology. In renewable energy, smart grid is a sector or a communication area that can connect the production from renewable energy sources to the grid. However, the communication in between renewable energy production to smart grid brings many challenges such as stability issues, complicated operating process and remote control together. The electrical power system is a principal structure of modern society. This power distribution network reaches all most every home, office, factory and institution in developed countries and developing countries such as Malaysia, China and India. Electrical power and distribution is a combined complex system and no single entity has complete control of these multi-scale, nor does any such entity have the ability to evaluate, monitor and manage them in real time. The grid is not only electrical transmission system from power plants to the substation, but it also covers the distribution, electricity from the substations to the individual user. There will be many challenging processes and technology are included in the smart grid system, such as monitoring and analysis, automation or control (active control of high voltage device, robustness, reliability, security and efficiency etc), integration and control of distributed energy resources such as micro grid, renewable energies, solid oxide, fuel cells, battery storage systems etc. There will be needed advance satellite, communications and computers for installing several devices, such as phasor measurement units (PMU), digital frequency recorders (DFR), dynamic swing records (DSR) and need global positioning system (GPS). The wide area management systems (WAMS) devices will be installed for big area such as New York area. Now those devices need protection and security. For security reason need to develop integrated, metric analysis and their corresponding states. Another important need to develop consumers and economic factors for potential electricity markets. These technologies are covered transmission, sub-transmission and distribution in smart grid system [83]. The world’s power grids were designed without time-to-time when they grew. Grid connections began between the generating stations and the loads of point-to-point. Generally, loads could be restricted large consumers, for instance, a factory, streetcar line

3. Renewable energy power calculation Table 7 identifies some formulas and examples of the renewable energy. Where, it is very easy to find the renewable energy power calculation. For the example, it shows a clear concept to use those formulas in a practical way. There are several equations, but these are the basic equations for renewable energy.

4. Smart grid: an overview The grid is a network of line that can cross each to form a connection to another connection. A smart grid is a modernized

Fig. 10. The world geothermal electricity production and installation capacity [76].

Table 6 Installed geothermal electric capacity [74,77,78]. Country

Capacity (MW) 2007

Capacity (MW) 2010

Capacity (MW) 2013

Capacity (MW) 2015

Percentage of national electricity production

Percentage of global geothermal production

United States Philippines Indonesia Mexico Italy New Zealand Iceland Japan Iran El Salvador Kenya Costa Rica Nicaragua Russia Turkey Papua-New Guinea Guatemala Portugal China France Ethiopia Germany Austria Australia Thailand

2687 1969.7 992 953 810.5 471.6 421.2 535.2 250 204.2 128.8 162.5 87.4 79 38 56 53 23 27.8 14.7 7.3 8.4 1.1 0.2 0.3

3086 1904 1197 958 843 628 575 536 250 204 167 166 88 82 82 56 52 29 24 16 7.3 6.6 1.4 1.1 0.3

3389 1894 1333 980 901 895 664 537

3450 1870 1340 1017 916 1005 665 519

0.3 27 3.7 3 1.5 10 30 0.1

29 18 11 9 8 6 5 5

204 215 208 104 97 163 56 42 28 27 15 8 13 1 1 0.3

204 594 207 159 82 397 50 52 29 27 16 7.3 27 1.2 1.1 0.3

25 11.2 14 10

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1177

Table 7 Basic formulas for renewable energy [5,79–82]. Name of Renewable energy

The energy generates equation

Example

Hydropower (Water energy)

The power available from falling water can be calculated from The power is calculated for a turbine that is 85% efficient, with water at the flow rate and density of water, the height of fall, and the 62.25 pounds/cubic foot (998 kg/cubic meter) and a flow rate of 2800 cubic-feet/ second (79.3 cubic-meters/second), gravity of 9.80 m/s2 and with a net head of local acceleration due to gravity. In SI units, the power is: 480 ft (146.3 m). In SI units: P ¼ ηρQ gh where Power ðMWÞ ¼ 0:85
998
79:3
9:80
146:3 1000000

     

Which gives 96.4 MW. P is power in watts η is the dimensionless efficiency of the turbine ρ is the density of water in kilograms per cubic meter Q is the flow in cubic meters per second g is the acceleration due to gravity h is the height difference between inlet and outlet Wind turbine (Wind Consider the power available from the wind: the wind power For a VAWT with 40 tall wings and a 30 diameter arc, the swept area energy) equation: A ¼ 12 ft2 ¼ 1.1 m2 Wind speed @ 15 mph¼ 6.7 m/s P ¼ 1ρAV 3 2

Solar energy

Where  P¼ power in watts  ρ ¼The air density (1.2 kg/m3 @ sea level and 20 °C)  A ¼The swept area of the turbine blades (m2 square meters)  V ¼wind speed ( meters per second) For solar energy, all of these electrical units of measure are used together to determine the Volts, Amps and Watts for any particular solar electric application. P ¼ VI Where

 P is power (W)  V is voltage (Volt)  I is current (amp) Biomass energy

This equation is simple load analysis but for solar PV power, we can use this formula, as for: One single solar panel from type standard 150 W/24 V can deliver a power of 150 W per hour, considering full sunshine. One solar panel of 150 W/24 V produce between 150 W
4 h ¼ 600 W h and 150 W
6 h ¼900 W h. One battery of 12 V/110 Ah has a capacity of 12 V
110 Ah ¼ 1320 Wh

Consider a gas turbine CHP system that produces steam for space heating with The most commonly used approach to determining a CHP (Combined heat and power) system’s efficiency is to calculate the following characteristics: total system efficiency. P WE þ Q TH Fuel Input (MMBtu/hr) 41 η3 ¼ Q FUEL Electric efficiency: WE  P Q  εEE ¼

Electric Output (MW) Thermal Output (MMBtu/hr)

Where

Using the total system efficiency metric, the CHP system efficiency is 68 percent (3.0
3.413þ17.7)/41). Using the effective electric efficiency metric, the CHP system efficiency is 54 percent (3.0
3.413)/(41  (17.7/0.8).

Q FUEL 

3.0 17.7

TH α

      Geothermal energy

So the Wind Power at 15 mph is: P¼ 1/2(1.2)(1.1)(6.7)3 ¼ 198 W Consider if the wind speed doubles to 30 mph (13.4 m/s)…notice that the power increases more than 8 times! Wind Power at 30 mph ¼P ¼1/2(1.2)
(1.1)
(13.4)3 ¼ almost 1600 W.

ηo is total system efficiency WE is net useful power output ΣQTH is net useful thermal outputs QFUEL is total fuel input εEE is Effective electric efficiency p is equals the efficiency of the conventional technology The theoretical efficiency of the cycle may be calculated from A power plant is operated with a steam temperature of 1000oF and a condenser the following formula: temperature of 100oF. Calculate the theoretical efficiency.   Ts ¼ 1000þ 460 ¼ 1460 °R TCE ¼ T hTh T l Where

Tc ¼100þ460 ¼560 °R

   TCE ¼ Theoretical cycle efficiency Efficiency ¼ ð1460  560Þ=1460
100 ¼ 61:6%  Th ¼ absolute temperature of the steam leaving the boiler °R  Tl ¼absolute temperature of the condenser °R

and substations for residences. Both of the decisions for the locations and power plants of customers depend upon the topology of the network [84]. There are separate hierarchies for the connections: the greater and power is being transported, the long distance and the greater the voltage. There is an indispensable for segments’ interfaces to keep switching, circus-breakers, and transformers. Over time, connections transform into the star topologies from a substation at the center of each star, and redundant links for the higher levels of the hierarchy [85]. The network controls and the power-transmission network should be located in parallel. At first, the control network utilized for automated switches, for example, electromechanical meters for voltage, current, phase, and volt ampere reactive (VAR) measurement, and

human's control. It is so convenient for mortal to utilize grid for automatic circuit breakers at strategic points in case of emergency. With the development of technology, there are multifarious kinds of devices for solving that problem. For instance, telemetry, remotely activated switches, and centralized control rooms. Utilize the Reclosercircuit breaker to close and restore the circuit timely [86]. A compact outlook of a smart grid structure is in Fig. 11. In the figure, the offshore wind farm, solar plants, fossil fuel based power plants and power, heat are the distributed generation units which may be found in any grid system. The smart grid (SG) manages the generation parts by using remote monitoring and control that are considered as an intelligent node where using AMI (advanced metering management) or SCADA (Supervisory control and data acquisition) operation. Generally SG is operated as transmission

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and distribution network. Another operation of SG involves smart homes and intelligent building through a smart meter to microgrids, household and electrical vehicles etc. All these components need accurately performed in a grid system to consumption using the communication and will be more efficient [87]. Fig. 12, a complete smart grid map will show a power generation, transmission, distribution and customer sections. The diagram represents flows of electricity generation and communication. The power production section consists of several sources, including renewable energies. The T&D section consists substation and control center which is connected with wired or wireless sensors. The controller contains switches, meters technical which is now being managed features of a smart grid. From Fig. 12, it can be seen refer to the process that is transforming the patchwork of the local devices, telemetry, and remote controls into the beginning of the Smart Grid network. That will be held at the situation of solitude, persistent hum, and a faint smell of ozone in a substation [84].

4.1. Substation automation The substation is equivalent to the electric power grid in miniature, which is surrounded by a fence. All the elements of the grid-expect generators and customers include conductors, switches, breakers, regulators, power-factor controls, and sensorslots of sensors. The wiring for these devices would have been being appropriate points into their hubs recently. Then the hubs would be connected into a central building and owing to the control building everything would be onto the remote microwave link or T1 line. Here too nice acronyms that are supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) in Fig. 13. A serious candidate should be made in one place for the substation to put all the devices on one measurement and control network [88]. All sensors, actuators, and intelligent devices in the substation would be linked by principal designers through a definite industrial-grade Ethernet. A local or remote server could assess the situation of the substation continuously and adapt to the

Fig. 11. Advance system production and distribution of a smart grid structure [87] with permission from Elsevier.

Fig. 12. The Smart Grid extends measurement and control across generating stations, the distribution network, and power consumers [87] with permission from Elsevier.

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Fig. 13. Substations are shifting toward the use of networks for the interconnect of their equipment [88].

Fig. 14. PRP and HSR redundancy standards can differ in network topology [88].

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control properly. However, the principle became more complicated after the addition of a connection with the needs for knowledgeable, certain response and the desire of avoiding incompatibilities among equipment vendors. The industry produced IEC 61850 (a standard for power-utility network) to address these problems [88]. The standard is facile for interoperability and specifying a protocol stack for regional area network (LAN). Making responsetime requirements for critical transaction, for example, transferring real-time data sample and getting safety-critical commands to circuit breakers. Only IEC 61850-compliant network ample headroom to perform a substation's and protection functions is not enough [88]. 4.2. Network reliability Network reliability in SG as the continuous electricity supply for the customers. It’s already defined the smart grid transmission and distribution. If there is a network problem between transmission and distribution, the connection will go through by pass to the consumers. There will be many reasons by affected the network reliability such as: faults in transmission parts or the generation, force Majeure included weather conditions, earthquakes, external causes faults due to third parties, poor condition of the grid, design or network operation etc. With this reason an electric grid is unreliable to the customers. There are also significant risks of financial and economic loss of power grid equipment. In this section will introduce an electric grid network topology [89–92]. A network-based substation SCADA system creates some fascinating possibilities: for example, a cracked connector or failed transceiver bringing down an entire substation. Accordingly, utility operators and equipment developers have resorted to network redundancy, and have codified their thinking in another standard, IEC 62439 High Availability Automation Networks [93]. The standard, as currently amended, permits a blend of two different redundant-network schemes: Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP) and the high-availability seamless redundancy (HSR) in Fig. 14. The former standard specifies a star topology with redundant switches so that there are two paths to each node, while the latter can be used with either a star or bi-directional ring topologies [88].

5. Case studies on smart grid: renewable energy perspective The renewable energy distribution in the smart grid system is one of the most significant role, which is developing the use of renewable energy in energy management systems. A smart grid is the visualized flexible communication network of the future increase in distributed energy resources such as wind, solar, hydro power etc. The development of renewable, efficient energy use and smart management systems has been utilized to exchange of fossil fuel, which reduce climate change and increasing demand for energy and economic growth. The use of smart system as an effective part reviewed by many countries for increasing energy efficiency and its issues of sustainable development. A smart system which is smart meter has two ways of communication network established relation between energy utilization and users. The smart meter is a next generation component of smart grid systems because it can incorporate information technology into the grid. Using appropriate devious to collect data from customers, which can manage by utility companies and make more efficient way to advise users to consume the power wisely. This is the smart way by using smart meter to help the consumers a better feedback or understanding of their energy consumption based on long term power users. However, smart appropriate control must be

implemented in order to avoid negative effects from communication latencies. Many countries in Europe are using smart communication in smart grid. In other countries, such as the US, underway extension their smart communication system. Some newly developed countries such as Korea and Taiwan under constructing the smart meter system. Some regions such as Indonesia and Vietnam are still in long term planning to setup these systems. Here below describing some countries smart grid system and their case study to develop better grid and technology system to guide renewable energy power disturbances in smart grid. RedFlow Company (2012) did a survey on utility owned smart grid and smart cities trial in Australia from 1 March to 31 May 2012. The government of Australia has been chosen 100 million (Australian dollar) investment on a smart grid project across five sites: Newcastle, Sydney and the Upper Hunter region. Their main focus was building a smart city to apply adding a chain new technology energy supply. This project includes smart sensors, new backend IT systems, smart meters and a communication network. The RedFlow Company successful to supply 61 energy storage systems in Newcastle, Scone and Newington in Sydney. Another 40 energy system was installed in Newcastle and 20 systems in Scone has been operated. Their future motivation, they will reduce in peak demand, network reliability, and energy supply with peak price, the combined benefit between consumer, retail and network sectors, large capacity storage and optimization of renewable energy source value [94]. Ann Cavoukian, Information and Privacy commission, Ontario, Canada in 2011 supported a case study on Hydro One company smart grid solution in Ontario. This company vision was increasing the leading role in providing electricity from different supply sources in Ontario. They're focused on innovating and establishing as electricity grid with modern, flexible and smart system. The electricity distribution in smart grid will be the leading in the form of renewable energy such as wind, solar and biomass. These advanced technologies and other feature of the smart grid to build a benefit to Hydro One and customers. The most important advantage of Hydro One will improve the analysis, automation and remote control of the distribution grid. Most of the electrical distribution grid includes a central software component that is called a distribution management system. The Hydro One provides a powerful network planning and operations tool that will help to monitor the grid, telemetry and information about power flow with real time observation [95]. Ssu-Han Chen (2012) and his research team proposed a methodology that will describe the technology fronts evaluation temporal gaps in smart grid in Taiwan. They compared the temporal gaps between two specialties, United States and the global smart grid technology. The technology fronts have four types: frontrunner, follower, unique and behinder. Their results showed the US technology fronts can be described as front-runners or unique, whereas they are the leading position in developing of smart grid technology [96]. Daphne Ngar-yin Mah (2012) and his research team did a case study of the development of smart grids in Korea by governing the transition of socio-technical system. They did an investigation on two different studies: one is the development of smart grid in Korea, based on macroeconomic policy and the other is the government approach to mobilize the private sector and consumer participation. They also exposed a major obstacle in the electricity market and public distrust about the smart grid development in Korea. With the respect of policy change in a smart grid system using price setting mechanisms and consumer engagement are given priority in this study. In Korea, smart grid development and understanding approaches by some companies are included KEPCO, KPX, LG, Samsung and Hyundai. The approached model

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Fig. 15. Smart grid system approach understands in Korea [97] with permission from Elsevier.

shows in Fig. 15. Frist of this model is included macroeconomic policies, the presence of public distrust, a distorted tariff system, and an experiment of a remote island. The second of this model is broad range connection between the government and the electricity sector, which is included consumers and global companies in the smart grid development. Third is various multi-level that will comprise of the landscape level at the macro level, the regime level at the meso level and the niche level at the micro level [97]. Daphne Ngar-yin Mah (2013) and his research team did a case study of large smart grid demonstration and the role of the state in sustainable energy transitions in Japan. They found, the Japanese smart grid model is developed for government-led, communityoriented and business-driven, which is the literature based energy governance by shedding light on the mechanisms of the role of government in smart grid diffusion. This case study gives a better understanding of the complexity and variety for a more effective sustainability transition [98]. Satya Pogaru (2013) and his research team was investigating the impacts of modeling variables, demand response in smart grid in the USA. They developed a demand response program based on modeling and simulation variables in smart grid capability which can be implemented by a utility into an electricity distribution grid. This motivation can implement the robustness of different demand response design to undetermined factors that may step up rebounds [99]. Arif and Mounir (2013) did a case study about effects of smart grid technologies on capacity and energy savings in Oman. In their investigation carried out to evaluate the long-term load management benefits of smart grid. They calculated the cost of generation, transmission and distribution using the concept of asset distribution in a power system. With this result, the cost benefits are compared with an estimate cost the grid to make it smarter. This result shows that the long-term load management of smart grid

Fig. 16. Power grid frequency without control [101] with permission from Elsevier.

systems could be outweigh and the cost to upgrade the system smarter [100]. Kilkki (2014) and his research team did a case study about agent-based modeling and simulation of a smart grid, its communication effects on frequency control in Finland. Their study contains a model is designed for reproducing system-level behaviors in the smart grid by applying accurate frequency control system. The results indicate that the proposed model for functional frequency control in the smart grid and will be expanded for additional aspects of smart grid operation. Below to Figs. 16 and 17 are showing the grid frequency behavior without and with control. In Fig. 12, shows a demand response to traditional control and failure, where without any control correction the production of power generation is disconnected and the frequency level goes to  0.8 Hz and settles at  1.6 Hz. In Fig. 13, shows demand response with GPRS communication control with packet loss, where the packet loss is 20% and the response to the

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network communication and smart meter and so on. The next section will give some conclusions and future recommendation regarding this study.

6. Conclusions, current trends and future recommendation This section deals with the conclusions of the study and future recommendations for the research. 6.1. Conclusions Fig. 17. Power grid frequency demand side load control [101] with permission from Elsevier.

This review article shows the concept and availability of renewable energy and the role of smart grid in renewable energy. All renewable energy concepts, present scenarios and their availability are described one by one. The concept of smart grid and works of different authors on smart grid in renewable energy has been reviewed and presented. As far as renewable energy is concerned, the main production is electrical power, which is going to be utilized and applied in smart grid technology. The main conclusions obtained from the study are given as below:

 The literature review about basic sources of renewable energies,

Fig. 18. The number of articles published for smart grid and renewable energies for the period from 2000 to 2016. Source: Science Direct, solar, wind, hydroelectricity, biomass and geothermal energy.

frequency variation without any latency presented with communicating the control [101]. Jessica Díaz (2014) and his research team did a case study agile product line architecting in a smart grid system in Spain. They developed Product Line Architecture (PLA) framework with the help of Agile Product Line Engineering (APLE) for power metering management applications for smart grid. It is very easy and adaptable program and already uses several companies in Spain. In their finding the APLE supported the successful development and evaluation of the power metering management application. The grid system is a complicated a broad range of energy resources which from large generating systems to the smaller generation system. During these processes need to apply PLA with respect to APLE the system will be more flexible to solve the complicity. They promote the integration method of renewable energy resources and the possibility is successful. They suggested future work on proving flexibility form feature to user stories and architecture and code to test of Agile Software Development [102]. Mart van der Kam and Wilfried van Sark (2015) did research on electric vehicles with photovoltaic power and vehicle to grid technology in a micro-grid in Netherland. They presented a model for developing self-consumption of photovoltaic power by smart charging of electric vehicles and vehicle to grid technology. The simulation results show the self-consumption increased and demand peaks decrease, which is the benefits of smart charging with PV power. It is also recommended for different renewable energy sources that can be combined with transport technologies to reduce any negative impact on the existing energy infrastructure [103]. This section presented a case study review on a smart grid system with respect to different countries and author’s opinion and discussion from which it is clear that the smart grid is rapidly improving depending on the advances in power electronics, smart

 

 



smart grid systems, and communication and transmission technology innovation, energy recovering and several other important findings shows that smart grid technology has good potential to be applied in renewable energies to use them in an efficient way. Smart grids are already in use in some of the countries and can be used in other countries too for the sustainable development of the countries. The grid should be updated for maintaining multifarious sources of electricity allocated in space and find ways of managing these by more complicated systems. The implementation of research activities on groundbreaking technologies for the promotion and progress of renewable energy sources with a definite focus on geothermal and solar will be the goal of the future laboratory. The lessons of the case studies are that, it needs more attention about a country smart grid development, which depends on the government policies. The smart grid will be an alternation process in the future, communication and information technology from the present power system. It will be more developed architecture, better performance and design to look smart grid at various applications where power fault and security has been given more priority in the future smart grid system. This paper not only be useful for the engineers for the management of the electricity produced, researchers for their future research, but will also assist policy makers in making the appropriate policy for the Nation.

6.2. Current trends Fig. 18 shows the number of articles published between the years 2000 to 2016 on the application of smart grid in renewable energies. It included all the articles published in smart grid with solar, wind, hydroelectricity, biomass and geothermal energy. Fig. 18 shows that from the year 2000 onwards, research articles continuously increasing which shows the interest of researchers around the world in this particular area. As can be seen from Fig. 18, in the recent years from 2010 onwards there is significant growth in the research article which makes this topic the thrust area of research.

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6.3. Future recommendations After reviewing the current smart grid technology, it is felt that present smart grid needs some recommendations for improving its quality as given below:

 The integration system and storage capability need to improve by using existing and renewable energy sources.

 The information and communication technology should be more advance for power supply system.

 To improve the overall existing system by using smart equipment, the network communication needs to be centralized where it can be operation technology integrated between consumer and supply. Develop new marketing plan for customer's product and service about renewable sources.

Acknowledgment The authors are thankful to the University of Malaya, the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia (MOHE) (UM.C/HIR/ MOHE/ENG/32) and UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC) for supporting this research project (PPP Project, Centre of Research Grant Management (PPGP) (PG096-2014B)), which made possible the publication of this paper.

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