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Saltrock properties and behavior at great depth (In French)
267A 905097 In situ determination of creep properties of sea ice with the pressuremeter Murat, J R; Ladanyi, B; Huneault, P Can Geotech J V26, N4, Nov 1989, P575-594 A series of one stage and stage loaded creep tests and relaxation tests was carried out to evaluate new test procedures. Clear improvements are seen, compared to a similar program 9 years earlier, in instrumentation and data acquisition and data processing and interpretation. Provided consideration is made of stress redistribution before and during each load application, consistent values of creep parameters are possible. 905098 Effects of shearing on the rheological hehaviour of thixotropic bentonite muds Legrand, C; Da Costa, F Mater Stract V23, N134, March 1990, P126-130 Bentonite muds have many applications in civil and petroleum engineering. They show Bingham and thixotropic behaviour, and application of vibrations does not improve their flow characteristics. Application of large and slow shearing actions is also ineffective, the thixotropy reducing the size of the flow zone in the vicinity of the shearing surface, even with low concentrations of mud. Additives to reduce thixotropy are necessary to cause a large zone of bentonite mud to flow. 905099 Approach to first principles model prediction of measured WIPP (Waste Isolation Pilot Plant) in situ room closure in salt Munson, D E; Fossum, A F; Senseny, P E Tuanlg Underground Space Teclmol V5, NI/2, 1990, P135139 Closure of the WIPP room D has previously been analysed by a number of workers. Re-evaluation using an improved Munson and Dawson small strain constitutive model, a Tresca flow criterion, and different creep parameters for clean and argillaceous salt beds, has greatly increased the accuracy of the analysis. 9O510O Interpretation of some observed effects of temperature variation on soil hehaviour Virdi, S P S; Keedwell, M J Proc International Conference on Rheology and Soil Mechanics, Coventry, 12-16 Sept 1988 P355-371. Publ London: Elsevier, 1988 Observed effects of stress level and temperature variations on time dependent behaviour of sands and clays are analysed using a rheological equation which combines rate process theory and particulate mechanics. Subject to acceptance of simplifying assumptions regarding the nature and structural arrangements of the soil particles, the influence of temperature on laboratory drained and undrained creep tests, triaxial consolidation tests, and strain controlled axial loading is explained. 905101 Progress report on project COSA Knowles, N C; Come, B Proc NEA Workshop on Excavation Response in Geological Repositories for Radioactive Waste, Wimdpeg, 26-28 April 1988 P441-456. Publ France: OECD, 1989 COSA, comparison of computer codes in salt, was set up to consider the ability of various computer programs to predict geomechanical response of rock salt to thermal loading. Phase
one was code verification studies, whilst phase two is considering the ability to model in situ behaviour. Results of a series of heat and pressure tests carried out in Asse mine are being modelled, and predictions of thermomechanical behaviour compared. Preliminary results are presented. 905102 Geomechanical characterisation of clay at Mol (Belgium) application to the sizing of deep underground workings (In French) Andre-Jehan, R, Bouilleau, M; Raynal, M Proc ArEA Workshop on Excavation Response in Geological Repositories for Radioactive Waste, Winnipeg, 26-28 April 1988 P481-500. Publ France: OECDJ989 Tests have been carried out at Mol to aid understanding of the theological behaviour of clay at depth, and to apply this knowledge to sizing of underground workings. The main experiment was a full-scale test on the controlled convergence of a gallery. Results show that for this clay the in-situ stresses are quasi-isotropic, there is some scale effect on results, there are marked delayed effects, and longterm resistance is high, 9O51O3 Factors affecting the thermo-hydro-mechanicni response of clay in the safety assessment of nuclear waste repositories Pellegrini, R; Borsetto, M; Peano, A; Tassoni, E Proc NEA Workshop on Excavation Response in Geological Repositories for Radioactive Waste, Winnipeg, 26-28 April 1988 P501-514. Publ France: OECD, 1989 When clay is heated, increased pore pressure and variations in effective stress can occur which have implications for radioactive waste disposal. A model was used to study thermomechanical response of the clay surrounding an isolated borehole in plane strain, considering conditions simulating drilling of the hole and emplacement of radioactive waste. The model shows that response of the zone up to ! m from the hole, which is characterised by the development of plastic strains, depends on the excavation technique, whilst significant pore pressure increase and effective stress decrease develop over a 10m wide zone. 905104 Strength variation after remouiding and shear failure of the very sensitive Ariake clay-soft ground Onitsuka, K; Nakamura, R; Bergado, D T; Horikoshi, T Proc International Conference on Engineering Problems of Regional Soils, BeOiog, 11-15 August 1988 P428-433. Publ Belting: International Academic Publishers, 1989 Two samples of Ariake clay were taken, one from the seaside having a salt content 45 times that of the other. Strength recovery after remoulding, and strength variation after failure in cyclic shear loading and after slip failure in the field were studied. Sensitivity ratio is much greater in the soil with low salinity. Thixotropic hardening after remoulding is greater at lower normal pressures. After slip failure, the deformation modulus recovers more slowly than uniaxial compressive strength. 9O5105 Saltrock properties and behaviour at great depth (In French) Dudek, J Proc International Symposium on Rock at Great Depth, Pau, 28-31 August 1989 V2, P665-670. Publ Rotterdam." A A Balkema, 1989 A new mine is planned at depth 1300m in a layered salt deposit. Results from laboratory characterisation of the elastic and time dependent properties of the saltrock are presented. These data are used in finite element analysis, incorporating
© 1990 Pergamon Press pie. Reproduction not permitted
268A the rheoiogic model of Nakamura, to calculate convergence and dimensions of relaxed zones around rectangular and horseshoe shaped openings.
905106 Some constitutive laws for creeping soil and for rate-dependent sliding at interfaces Vulliet, L; Hutter, K Proc 6th International Conference on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, innsbruck, 11-15 April 1988 VI, P495-502. Publ Rotterdam." A A Balkema, 1988 Long term steady state behaviour of slowly creeping soils is examined. The soil is modelled as an incompressible viscous fluid or a saturated mixture of a viscous fluid matrix filled with an inviscid ideal fluid. Explicit expressions are deduced for the constitutive relations and the material constants determined from laboratory and field tests. Predictions are compared to those from viscoplasticity laws. Finally, rate dependent sliding laws are presented.
905107 Microcomputer-bused data acquisition systems for triaxial testing of soft yielding rocks Reeves, M Proc Symposium on Advanced Triaxial Testing of Soil and Rock, LoMsvill¢, 19-20 June 1986 P107-118. Publ Philadelphia: ASTM, 1988 ( ASTM Special Technical Publication 977) Structure and design of a generic set of data acquisition and control routines for long term, low strain rate or creep/consolidation, rock mechanics testing are described. Advantages of the system and suitable interfacing equipment to optimise its use are discussed.
9O51O8 Triaxial testing of intact salt rocks: pressure control, pressure systems,cell and frame design Baleshta, J R; Dusseault, M B Proc Symposium on Advanced Triaxial Testing of Soil and Rock, Louisville, 19-20 June 1986 P155-168. Pub/ Philadelphia." ASTM, 1988 ( ASTM Special Technical Publication 977) Equipment developed and results from testing of intact salt rock at the W A T S A L T laboratory of the University of Waterloo are presented. Constant pressure ( + / - 1 % ) environmentally stable (+/-0.1 deg C) triaxial creep rigs have been manufactured, capable of handling specimens up to 100mm diameter, at pressures up to 200MPa axial, 70MPa lateral. Versatile, effective, and relatively inexpensive testing machines have been produced.
Surface properties 905109 Shear strength characteristics of sand-polymer interfaces O'Rourke, T D; Druschel, S J; Netravali, A N J Geotech Engng Div ASCE VII6, N3, March 1990. P451469 Results of over 450 direct shear tests are summarised and discussed. Interface frictional strength increased with soil density and decreased with polymer hardness. Shear strength characteristics vary with type of sand, but for the range of polyethylene piping and linings used were independent of repeated loading. Shear strength characteristics of the polymer interface can be expressed in terms of ratio of interface angle of friction ~
to direct shear angle of soil friction, which was relatively constant (0.55-0.65) throughout the tests. A general interface model for sand-polymer interfaces was developed.
Physico-chemicai properties 905110 Identification of clays which contaminate cement-sandaggregate using methylene blue. A better approach to the problem of sand cleanliness (In French) Benaben, J P; Nguyen, D C; Tourenq, C Bull Liaison Labs Ponts Chaussees N164. Nor-Dec 1989, P515 Varying amounts of kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite and kaolinite-montmorillonite were added to sand-cement-aggregate in order to assess the influence of the contamination on properties prior to and after curing. The methylene blue adsorption value was seen to be a better indicator of the contamination than the conventional sand patch test. Problems were, however, found with overestimation of the action of montmorillonite.
905111 Mechanisms of osmotic flow and volume change in clay soils Barbour, S L; Fredlund, D G Can Geotech J V26, N4, Not, 1989. P551-562 Mechanical behaviour of clays is affected by physicochemical effects when concentrated pore fluids are introduced. A macroscopic description of osmotic volume change behaviour of clays due to change in pore fluid chemistry is presented. Two potential mechanisms of osmotic volume change are proposed: osmotic consolidation resulting from change in interparticle electrostatic forces, and osmotically induced polarisation due to outflow of pore fluids. Numerical simulation of both mechanisms is presented. Laboratory tests on two clays exposed to NaCI solution indicate osmotic consolidation is dominant for surficial clay soils.
905112 Thermal and physical properties of candidate buffer-backfill materials for a nuclear fuel waste disposal vault Radhakrishna, H S; Chan, H T; Crawford, A M; Lau, K C Can Geoteeh J V26, N4, Nov 1989, P629-639 Laboratory studies by Ontario Hydro on clay-based potential buffer materials are described. Effects of clay type and content, moisture content, density, and temperature on thermal conductivity were investigated, together with drying shrinkage, hydraulic conductivity, strength and deformation characteristics, and compactability. Results are used to formulate selection criteria for a buffer material mix.
905113 Coals liable to serf-heating Wade, L; Gouws, M J Colliery Guard V238, N3. March 1990, P83-84 Differential Thermal Analysis may identify in the laboratory those coals most likely to combust spontaneously, but DTA tests alone cannot explain the historical concentration of occurrences. DTA has indentified three coals as low, high, and medium risk. However, only the medium risk coal comes from a seam where underground heating has occurred. It is concluded that mining environment plays a crucial role in the self heating phenomenon, and work to quantify its influence is essential.
1990 Pergamon Press plc. Reproduction not permitted
one was code verification studies, whilst phase two is considering the ability to model in situ behaviour. Results of a series of heat and pressure tests carried out in Asse mine are being modelled, and predictions of thermomechanical behaviour compared. Preliminary results are presented. 905102 Geomechanical characterisation of clay at Mol (Belgium) application to the sizing of deep underground workings (In French) Andre-Jehan, R, Bouilleau, M; Raynal, M Proc ArEA Workshop on Excavation Response in Geological Repositories for Radioactive Waste, Winnipeg, 26-28 April 1988 P481-500. Publ France: OECDJ989 Tests have been carried out at Mol to aid understanding of the theological behaviour of clay at depth, and to apply this knowledge to sizing of underground workings. The main experiment was a full-scale test on the controlled convergence of a gallery. Results show that for this clay the in-situ stresses are quasi-isotropic, there is some scale effect on results, there are marked delayed effects, and longterm resistance is high, 9O51O3 Factors affecting the thermo-hydro-mechanicni response of clay in the safety assessment of nuclear waste repositories Pellegrini, R; Borsetto, M; Peano, A; Tassoni, E Proc NEA Workshop on Excavation Response in Geological Repositories for Radioactive Waste, Winnipeg, 26-28 April 1988 P501-514. Publ France: OECD, 1989 When clay is heated, increased pore pressure and variations in effective stress can occur which have implications for radioactive waste disposal. A model was used to study thermomechanical response of the clay surrounding an isolated borehole in plane strain, considering conditions simulating drilling of the hole and emplacement of radioactive waste. The model shows that response of the zone up to ! m from the hole, which is characterised by the development of plastic strains, depends on the excavation technique, whilst significant pore pressure increase and effective stress decrease develop over a 10m wide zone. 905104 Strength variation after remouiding and shear failure of the very sensitive Ariake clay-soft ground Onitsuka, K; Nakamura, R; Bergado, D T; Horikoshi, T Proc International Conference on Engineering Problems of Regional Soils, BeOiog, 11-15 August 1988 P428-433. Publ Belting: International Academic Publishers, 1989 Two samples of Ariake clay were taken, one from the seaside having a salt content 45 times that of the other. Strength recovery after remoulding, and strength variation after failure in cyclic shear loading and after slip failure in the field were studied. Sensitivity ratio is much greater in the soil with low salinity. Thixotropic hardening after remoulding is greater at lower normal pressures. After slip failure, the deformation modulus recovers more slowly than uniaxial compressive strength. 9O5105 Saltrock properties and behaviour at great depth (In French) Dudek, J Proc International Symposium on Rock at Great Depth, Pau, 28-31 August 1989 V2, P665-670. Publ Rotterdam." A A Balkema, 1989 A new mine is planned at depth 1300m in a layered salt deposit. Results from laboratory characterisation of the elastic and time dependent properties of the saltrock are presented. These data are used in finite element analysis, incorporating
© 1990 Pergamon Press pie. Reproduction not permitted
268A the rheoiogic model of Nakamura, to calculate convergence and dimensions of relaxed zones around rectangular and horseshoe shaped openings.
905106 Some constitutive laws for creeping soil and for rate-dependent sliding at interfaces Vulliet, L; Hutter, K Proc 6th International Conference on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, innsbruck, 11-15 April 1988 VI, P495-502. Publ Rotterdam." A A Balkema, 1988 Long term steady state behaviour of slowly creeping soils is examined. The soil is modelled as an incompressible viscous fluid or a saturated mixture of a viscous fluid matrix filled with an inviscid ideal fluid. Explicit expressions are deduced for the constitutive relations and the material constants determined from laboratory and field tests. Predictions are compared to those from viscoplasticity laws. Finally, rate dependent sliding laws are presented.
905107 Microcomputer-bused data acquisition systems for triaxial testing of soft yielding rocks Reeves, M Proc Symposium on Advanced Triaxial Testing of Soil and Rock, LoMsvill¢, 19-20 June 1986 P107-118. Publ Philadelphia: ASTM, 1988 ( ASTM Special Technical Publication 977) Structure and design of a generic set of data acquisition and control routines for long term, low strain rate or creep/consolidation, rock mechanics testing are described. Advantages of the system and suitable interfacing equipment to optimise its use are discussed.
9O51O8 Triaxial testing of intact salt rocks: pressure control, pressure systems,cell and frame design Baleshta, J R; Dusseault, M B Proc Symposium on Advanced Triaxial Testing of Soil and Rock, Louisville, 19-20 June 1986 P155-168. Pub/ Philadelphia." ASTM, 1988 ( ASTM Special Technical Publication 977) Equipment developed and results from testing of intact salt rock at the W A T S A L T laboratory of the University of Waterloo are presented. Constant pressure ( + / - 1 % ) environmentally stable (+/-0.1 deg C) triaxial creep rigs have been manufactured, capable of handling specimens up to 100mm diameter, at pressures up to 200MPa axial, 70MPa lateral. Versatile, effective, and relatively inexpensive testing machines have been produced.
Surface properties 905109 Shear strength characteristics of sand-polymer interfaces O'Rourke, T D; Druschel, S J; Netravali, A N J Geotech Engng Div ASCE VII6, N3, March 1990. P451469 Results of over 450 direct shear tests are summarised and discussed. Interface frictional strength increased with soil density and decreased with polymer hardness. Shear strength characteristics vary with type of sand, but for the range of polyethylene piping and linings used were independent of repeated loading. Shear strength characteristics of the polymer interface can be expressed in terms of ratio of interface angle of friction ~
to direct shear angle of soil friction, which was relatively constant (0.55-0.65) throughout the tests. A general interface model for sand-polymer interfaces was developed.
Physico-chemicai properties 905110 Identification of clays which contaminate cement-sandaggregate using methylene blue. A better approach to the problem of sand cleanliness (In French) Benaben, J P; Nguyen, D C; Tourenq, C Bull Liaison Labs Ponts Chaussees N164. Nor-Dec 1989, P515 Varying amounts of kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite and kaolinite-montmorillonite were added to sand-cement-aggregate in order to assess the influence of the contamination on properties prior to and after curing. The methylene blue adsorption value was seen to be a better indicator of the contamination than the conventional sand patch test. Problems were, however, found with overestimation of the action of montmorillonite.
905111 Mechanisms of osmotic flow and volume change in clay soils Barbour, S L; Fredlund, D G Can Geotech J V26, N4, Not, 1989. P551-562 Mechanical behaviour of clays is affected by physicochemical effects when concentrated pore fluids are introduced. A macroscopic description of osmotic volume change behaviour of clays due to change in pore fluid chemistry is presented. Two potential mechanisms of osmotic volume change are proposed: osmotic consolidation resulting from change in interparticle electrostatic forces, and osmotically induced polarisation due to outflow of pore fluids. Numerical simulation of both mechanisms is presented. Laboratory tests on two clays exposed to NaCI solution indicate osmotic consolidation is dominant for surficial clay soils.
905112 Thermal and physical properties of candidate buffer-backfill materials for a nuclear fuel waste disposal vault Radhakrishna, H S; Chan, H T; Crawford, A M; Lau, K C Can Geoteeh J V26, N4, Nov 1989, P629-639 Laboratory studies by Ontario Hydro on clay-based potential buffer materials are described. Effects of clay type and content, moisture content, density, and temperature on thermal conductivity were investigated, together with drying shrinkage, hydraulic conductivity, strength and deformation characteristics, and compactability. Results are used to formulate selection criteria for a buffer material mix.
905113 Coals liable to serf-heating Wade, L; Gouws, M J Colliery Guard V238, N3. March 1990, P83-84 Differential Thermal Analysis may identify in the laboratory those coals most likely to combust spontaneously, but DTA tests alone cannot explain the historical concentration of occurrences. DTA has indentified three coals as low, high, and medium risk. However, only the medium risk coal comes from a seam where underground heating has occurred. It is concluded that mining environment plays a crucial role in the self heating phenomenon, and work to quantify its influence is essential.
1990 Pergamon Press plc. Reproduction not permitted