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See and be seen. Re-lighting US aircraft carriers
and evaluated to determine if it was a possible means for reducing or eliminating fatigue experienced by surgeons because of seated body posture during microsurgical procedures. The neutral body posture is defined as the posture found in weightlessness, where the muscle, tendon and ligament systems acting over the joints are in total balance. The neutral posture chair is a unique combination of a forward-sloping cultivator seat and an English saddle, with wraparound leg trough support. On subjective questionnaires, surgeons rated the neutral posture chair as being generally superior to a currently utilised surgical chair for general comfort, body-part comfort aad chair features.
Australia and New Zealand, Toowoomba, Queensland, December 1985. ESANZ, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia, 1985, pp 45--52.
The problems of designing tractor seats on an anatomical basis are discussed when the nature of tractor driving and postural changes required with agricultural operations are considered. Some measures for improving the tractor driver's postural requirements are discussed.
Environment
This paper considers the ergonomics of food and beverage service and related equipment used by Australia's two major domestic airlines, from the perspective of the users - flight attendants. While there is some available overseas research on this issue, it has yet to be related specifically to Australian experience. Major aspects examined are: (1) food trolleys and bar carts used in in-flight service -- design features, weight-stress on ascent and descent and during turbulent conditions; (2) beverage containers and food trays shape, weight and problems experienced in customer service; (3) galley designs accessibility, ease of operation, confined space. Available data and certain 18.3.22 (102779) anecdotal evidence will be used to Whyte, R.T., and Barber, T.S. illustrate this theme. It is concluded Tractor seats and the tractor driver's that much needs to be achieved in the postural requirements. In: Noise and design area to improve the occupational Vibration in Agriculture and Forestry. Proceedings of the 8th Joint Ergonomics health, safety and welfare of Australian flight attendants. Symposium, Silsoe, 9 - 1 2 September 1985, Edited by D.J. Bottoms and R.M. Stayner, 1985, 12 pp.
18.3.23 (102780)
Whyte, R.T., and Stayner, R.M. Design criteria for tractor seats. In: Noise and Vibration in Agriculture and Forestry. Proceedings of the 8th Joint Ergonomics Symposium, Silsoe, 9 - 1 2 September 1985, Edited by D.J. Bottoms and R.M. Stayner, 1985, 16 pp. This paper describes the first three in a series of subjective trials of the various separate aspects of tractor seat design which contribute to the postural support of the driver. These trials were done on the NIAE tractor simulator. In tile first the authors studied backrest height and angle and width of the seat cushion, and in the second they tested different densities of foam material for the cushion and backrest. In the third study they studied the backrest width and curvature and the seat pan length and angle. 18.3.24 (102787)
Miller, J. ~lhe ergonomics of in-flight service on aircraft in Australian domestic airlines. In: Ergonomics in the Tourist, Agricultural and Mining Industries, Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the Ergonomics Society of
252
Applied Ergonomics
18.3.25 (102790)
move unhesitatingly ensured smooth steady movement, but the total time taken at 0.012 lx was much longer than if the subjects started to move immediately after the changeover. Estimates of the state of adaptation of the visual system following a step change in luminance provide a plausible explanation of all these results. 18.3.26 (102797)
Lewis, R.A. See and be seen. Re-lighting US aircraft carriers. International Lighting Review, 1985, 36.4, 1 3 8 - 1 4 3 . Following the 1975 collision between the USS Kennedy and the USS Belknap, in which the exterior lighting on the Kennedy was felt to be a contributory factor, a programme was initiated to correct unsatisfactory lighting on all US aircraft carriers. Investigations revealed that the wide variety of lights and colours on a carrier were confusing and made it difficult for other ships to determine the carrier size, speed and direction, which increased the possibility of night collisions. Employing low-pressure sodium floodlights in place of the former incandescent units on the flight-deck went a long way to providing an acceptable solution.
Boyce, P.R. Movement under emergency lighting: The effects of changeover from normal lighting. Lighting Research and Technology, 1986, 18.1, 1 - 1 8 . This paper considers how people's ability to move over an escape route is affected by different procedures for changing from normal room lighting to emergency lighting. The experiment took place in a large open plan office at two emergency lighting illuminances, 0"16 lx and 0-012 ix. The changeover to emergency lighting was either instantaneous or involved a five.second period of darkness before the emergency lighting came on, as is allowed by BS 5266. The subjects were instructed either to move as soon as the emergency lighting came on or to wait until they felt able to move unhesitatingly over the escape route. The time taken to leave the office, the manner of movement and subjects' opinions of the conditions were all recorded. They showed that movement was faster, smoother and easier at 0"16 lx than at 0"012 Ix, for all conditions. When the subjects moved immediately the emergency lighting came on, having a five.second period of darkness allowed more rapid, steadier movement with fewer collisions once movement started. However, the total time taken to leave the room was slightly longer than if the subjects moved immediately following an instantaneous changeover. Allowing the subjects to wait until they felt able to
September1987
18.3.27 (102817)
Radwin, R.G., and Armstrong, T.J. Assessment of hand vibration exposure on an assembly line. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journa[, 1985, 46.4, 2 1 1 - 2 1 9 . Abstr in CIS Abstracts (CIS 85--975). Vibrating exposure from pneumatic screwdrivers used in an electrical appliance assembly plant was measured and analysed. The data collected showed that exposure was in excess of the ISO guidelines (ISO/DIS 5349-1980). Recommendations for reducing exposure included selecting tools that use air shut-off rather than clutches to control torques and rebalancing the line to reduce the n u m b e r of screws installed by one worker.
System characteristics 18.3.28 (102860)
Marion, R. Human factors in the use of an advanced telephone: An experiment. In: Proceedings of the 11 th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telecommunications, Cesson Sevigne, France, 9 - 1 3 September 1985. Information Gatekeepers Inc, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 1985, 10 pp. The human factors problems involved in interacting with an advanced telephone to access supplementary
Australia and New Zealand, Toowoomba, Queensland, December 1985. ESANZ, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia, 1985, pp 45--52.
The problems of designing tractor seats on an anatomical basis are discussed when the nature of tractor driving and postural changes required with agricultural operations are considered. Some measures for improving the tractor driver's postural requirements are discussed.
Environment
This paper considers the ergonomics of food and beverage service and related equipment used by Australia's two major domestic airlines, from the perspective of the users - flight attendants. While there is some available overseas research on this issue, it has yet to be related specifically to Australian experience. Major aspects examined are: (1) food trolleys and bar carts used in in-flight service -- design features, weight-stress on ascent and descent and during turbulent conditions; (2) beverage containers and food trays shape, weight and problems experienced in customer service; (3) galley designs accessibility, ease of operation, confined space. Available data and certain 18.3.22 (102779) anecdotal evidence will be used to Whyte, R.T., and Barber, T.S. illustrate this theme. It is concluded Tractor seats and the tractor driver's that much needs to be achieved in the postural requirements. In: Noise and design area to improve the occupational Vibration in Agriculture and Forestry. Proceedings of the 8th Joint Ergonomics health, safety and welfare of Australian flight attendants. Symposium, Silsoe, 9 - 1 2 September 1985, Edited by D.J. Bottoms and R.M. Stayner, 1985, 12 pp.
18.3.23 (102780)
Whyte, R.T., and Stayner, R.M. Design criteria for tractor seats. In: Noise and Vibration in Agriculture and Forestry. Proceedings of the 8th Joint Ergonomics Symposium, Silsoe, 9 - 1 2 September 1985, Edited by D.J. Bottoms and R.M. Stayner, 1985, 16 pp. This paper describes the first three in a series of subjective trials of the various separate aspects of tractor seat design which contribute to the postural support of the driver. These trials were done on the NIAE tractor simulator. In tile first the authors studied backrest height and angle and width of the seat cushion, and in the second they tested different densities of foam material for the cushion and backrest. In the third study they studied the backrest width and curvature and the seat pan length and angle. 18.3.24 (102787)
Miller, J. ~lhe ergonomics of in-flight service on aircraft in Australian domestic airlines. In: Ergonomics in the Tourist, Agricultural and Mining Industries, Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the Ergonomics Society of
252
Applied Ergonomics
18.3.25 (102790)
move unhesitatingly ensured smooth steady movement, but the total time taken at 0.012 lx was much longer than if the subjects started to move immediately after the changeover. Estimates of the state of adaptation of the visual system following a step change in luminance provide a plausible explanation of all these results. 18.3.26 (102797)
Lewis, R.A. See and be seen. Re-lighting US aircraft carriers. International Lighting Review, 1985, 36.4, 1 3 8 - 1 4 3 . Following the 1975 collision between the USS Kennedy and the USS Belknap, in which the exterior lighting on the Kennedy was felt to be a contributory factor, a programme was initiated to correct unsatisfactory lighting on all US aircraft carriers. Investigations revealed that the wide variety of lights and colours on a carrier were confusing and made it difficult for other ships to determine the carrier size, speed and direction, which increased the possibility of night collisions. Employing low-pressure sodium floodlights in place of the former incandescent units on the flight-deck went a long way to providing an acceptable solution.
Boyce, P.R. Movement under emergency lighting: The effects of changeover from normal lighting. Lighting Research and Technology, 1986, 18.1, 1 - 1 8 . This paper considers how people's ability to move over an escape route is affected by different procedures for changing from normal room lighting to emergency lighting. The experiment took place in a large open plan office at two emergency lighting illuminances, 0"16 lx and 0-012 ix. The changeover to emergency lighting was either instantaneous or involved a five.second period of darkness before the emergency lighting came on, as is allowed by BS 5266. The subjects were instructed either to move as soon as the emergency lighting came on or to wait until they felt able to move unhesitatingly over the escape route. The time taken to leave the office, the manner of movement and subjects' opinions of the conditions were all recorded. They showed that movement was faster, smoother and easier at 0"16 lx than at 0"012 Ix, for all conditions. When the subjects moved immediately the emergency lighting came on, having a five.second period of darkness allowed more rapid, steadier movement with fewer collisions once movement started. However, the total time taken to leave the room was slightly longer than if the subjects moved immediately following an instantaneous changeover. Allowing the subjects to wait until they felt able to
September1987
18.3.27 (102817)
Radwin, R.G., and Armstrong, T.J. Assessment of hand vibration exposure on an assembly line. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journa[, 1985, 46.4, 2 1 1 - 2 1 9 . Abstr in CIS Abstracts (CIS 85--975). Vibrating exposure from pneumatic screwdrivers used in an electrical appliance assembly plant was measured and analysed. The data collected showed that exposure was in excess of the ISO guidelines (ISO/DIS 5349-1980). Recommendations for reducing exposure included selecting tools that use air shut-off rather than clutches to control torques and rebalancing the line to reduce the n u m b e r of screws installed by one worker.
System characteristics 18.3.28 (102860)
Marion, R. Human factors in the use of an advanced telephone: An experiment. In: Proceedings of the 11 th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telecommunications, Cesson Sevigne, France, 9 - 1 3 September 1985. Information Gatekeepers Inc, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 1985, 10 pp. The human factors problems involved in interacting with an advanced telephone to access supplementary