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Sliding bearings
of the surface constituents. Textural changes due to ion beam bombardment are dealt with in great detail in the book. There are several processes which alter surface topography. One of the most important mechanisms is related to how the amount of material which is sputtered varies with the incident angle of the ion beam. Variations with the crystallographic plane on which the ion beam impinges may also be important. This book discusses in detail a considerable amount of theoretical modelling on how these effects modify the shape of a surface as material-removal progresses. Slight flaws on the original surface, such as waviness, pits, dust or oxidised patches can be quite dramatically exaggerated, leaving cones or pyramids, facets or steps. Sputtered material may be redeposited onto these features, contributing further to their peculiar forms. Other mechanisms are described, including twisting due to changes in surface stress, and bubbles and blisters due to diffusion or vaporization. One chapter describes how ionic and neutral species of inert and chemicallyactive gases may be formed in a plasma, and interact to etch a surface. These dry-etching process can have significant advantages over wet chemical etching, not least being the ability to etch vertical walls in structures. It is clear that the various authors have covered most of the essentials well -
the references are as up-to-date (1984) as could be expected. However it is unfortunate that since the book is a collection of ten extended review articles, there is some degree of overlap and also a distribution of material between chapters which could have been better integrated. This is particularly marked if the reader is looking for details on applications to a particular problem, where, for example, material on the reactive ion beam etching, ion-beam assisted etching and maskless ion-beam pattern fabrication of semiconductor materials is mostly separated off in chapters on applications, whereas material on plasma etching and reactive ion etching of the same materials is in an earlier chapter.
detail are ion-polishing and planarization, the fabrication of gratings for optical and other uses, optical disc recording, magnetic bubble formation and the use of textured surfaces in solar energy conversion. The field of ion-l~eam surface analysis is only briefly covered, but the various properties of ion-modified surfaces (such as surface texture, implantation and crystal damage) are relevant to any interpretation of analyses of nearperfect samples. The sample-preparation technique itself may contribute more features than were previously present. Surface texturing can lead to ambiguities and wrong interpretations, especially of elemental composition as a function of depth from the surface.
Applications occupy about one-third of the book. There is a whole chapter on biomedical applications of ion bombardment. Not only can this technique alter the surface of materials used as implants to improve their performance, durability or tissue response, but also new types of diagnostic capabilities may be developed. One which is too recent to be mentioned in the book is the ion-beam preparation of surfaces (through photolithographically-defined masks) upon which living cells may be grown outside of an organism, in the form of lines or other shapes of interest to those studying the biology of cell growth and differentiation.
The book has a subject index, but it would have been helpful to have included all references to materials (perhaps in a separate material names index). However this is a small criticism. The book is copiously illustrated, especially with scanning and transmission electron micrographs, and several of the examples illustrated in the book have helped me to interpret my own peculiar SEMs. I thoroughly recommend this volume to anyone working or interested in surface science and engineering.
Other applications described in some
G. Doughty, Electronics & Electrical Engineering Dept., University of Glasgow, Glasgow G 12 8QQ, UK
Sliding bearings V.N. Constantinescu, A. Nica, M.D. Pascovici, G. Ceptureanu and S. Nedelcu. Published by Allerton Press Inc., New York, USA This is an English translation of a book published originally in Rumania in 1980. It is a multi-author book on plain bearings of all kinds and in just over 500 pages covers basic theory and analysis, design methods, material selection, lubrication and testing. It is a very useful compendium of the current knowledge and state of the art
Published by Allerton Press bzc., 1985. [SBN 0 89864 001 3, $80.
54
in the subject area and gives an excellent lead in to the design and analysis of any kind of plain bearing. The book is aimed at mechanical engineers concerned with machine design and has a strong and effective practical presentation. Even the first 160 pages, which are concerned with the basic theory, contain a considerable number of practical links and the subsequent sections concerned with design contain large amounts of useful information. Much of the information has been
published elsewhere previously but it is still very useful to have it all together in one book. The book gives the impression of having been put together originally to guide Rumanian speaking engineers on the current state of practical plain bearing knowledge overseas, and its translation back into English might seem a novel approach at first sight, but in fact provides a very valuable practical reference book. It is certainly well worth incorporating in any company library for general reference by design engineers. M. J. Neale
February 86 Vol 19 No 1
the references are as up-to-date (1984) as could be expected. However it is unfortunate that since the book is a collection of ten extended review articles, there is some degree of overlap and also a distribution of material between chapters which could have been better integrated. This is particularly marked if the reader is looking for details on applications to a particular problem, where, for example, material on the reactive ion beam etching, ion-beam assisted etching and maskless ion-beam pattern fabrication of semiconductor materials is mostly separated off in chapters on applications, whereas material on plasma etching and reactive ion etching of the same materials is in an earlier chapter.
detail are ion-polishing and planarization, the fabrication of gratings for optical and other uses, optical disc recording, magnetic bubble formation and the use of textured surfaces in solar energy conversion. The field of ion-l~eam surface analysis is only briefly covered, but the various properties of ion-modified surfaces (such as surface texture, implantation and crystal damage) are relevant to any interpretation of analyses of nearperfect samples. The sample-preparation technique itself may contribute more features than were previously present. Surface texturing can lead to ambiguities and wrong interpretations, especially of elemental composition as a function of depth from the surface.
Applications occupy about one-third of the book. There is a whole chapter on biomedical applications of ion bombardment. Not only can this technique alter the surface of materials used as implants to improve their performance, durability or tissue response, but also new types of diagnostic capabilities may be developed. One which is too recent to be mentioned in the book is the ion-beam preparation of surfaces (through photolithographically-defined masks) upon which living cells may be grown outside of an organism, in the form of lines or other shapes of interest to those studying the biology of cell growth and differentiation.
The book has a subject index, but it would have been helpful to have included all references to materials (perhaps in a separate material names index). However this is a small criticism. The book is copiously illustrated, especially with scanning and transmission electron micrographs, and several of the examples illustrated in the book have helped me to interpret my own peculiar SEMs. I thoroughly recommend this volume to anyone working or interested in surface science and engineering.
Other applications described in some
G. Doughty, Electronics & Electrical Engineering Dept., University of Glasgow, Glasgow G 12 8QQ, UK
Sliding bearings V.N. Constantinescu, A. Nica, M.D. Pascovici, G. Ceptureanu and S. Nedelcu. Published by Allerton Press Inc., New York, USA This is an English translation of a book published originally in Rumania in 1980. It is a multi-author book on plain bearings of all kinds and in just over 500 pages covers basic theory and analysis, design methods, material selection, lubrication and testing. It is a very useful compendium of the current knowledge and state of the art
Published by Allerton Press bzc., 1985. [SBN 0 89864 001 3, $80.
54
in the subject area and gives an excellent lead in to the design and analysis of any kind of plain bearing. The book is aimed at mechanical engineers concerned with machine design and has a strong and effective practical presentation. Even the first 160 pages, which are concerned with the basic theory, contain a considerable number of practical links and the subsequent sections concerned with design contain large amounts of useful information. Much of the information has been
published elsewhere previously but it is still very useful to have it all together in one book. The book gives the impression of having been put together originally to guide Rumanian speaking engineers on the current state of practical plain bearing knowledge overseas, and its translation back into English might seem a novel approach at first sight, but in fact provides a very valuable practical reference book. It is certainly well worth incorporating in any company library for general reference by design engineers. M. J. Neale
February 86 Vol 19 No 1