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Soil stabilization using E-waste: A retrospective analysis
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Soil stabilization using E-waste: A retrospective analysis J. Kiran Kumar ⇑, V. Praveen Kumar Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 25 July 2019 Received in revised form 17 September 2019 Accepted 24 September 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Soil stabilization Pavement Geotechnical Electronic wastes Environment
a b s t r a c t Enhancing the properties of the soil has been a long driven process and will continue infinitely as the scope for research and development is vast. Soil stabilization finds its way mainly in highway engineering as strengthening of subgrade play a key role in an effective pavement. Many materials have been added to the soil mixture to achieve only one objective, to enhance the inherited geotechnical properties of the soil. This study helps in identifying the type of materials that have been added to stabilize the soil till date, the tests conducted over the samples and the results achieved. This paper gives an overall picture of the research carried towards soil stabilization and formulates a platform for introducing waste materials towards enhancing the properties of the soil, thereby reducing the impact of wastes on the environment. One such waste is electronic waste and addition of it for stabilizing the soil have not been much researched upon and this paper will form the base for achieving stabilisation of soil using electronic waste. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction The soil which contains the silt and clay particles shows considerable sign of distress accompanied by loss of strength of the soil during rainy seasons and shrinkage during summer. Black cotton soil is one such type of soil which loses its strength during rainy season due to their expansive behaviour. Soil mixture becomes unsuitable for engineering purposes when the sample fails in shear, crushing and exhibits excessive settlement and previous studies also focuses on the same. Soil stabilization can be used as a tool to enhance the geotechnical properties like shear strength, density, slope stability and to minimise the settlement of structure under loads. Stabilization is technique of improving characteristics of native soil or granular material used for construction of pavement layers and it is required where the road alignment passing through poor soil sub grade does not comply with the engineering properties as per any given standard specification. The process may include the blending of soils to commercially available admixtures, waste materials and natural fibers that may alter the gradation, texture or plasticity, or act as a binder for cementation of the soil. Soil stabilization is the method of improving the shear strength parameters of soil and increasing the bearing capacity of soil. It ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (J.K. Kumar).
is considered when the soil available for construction is not fit to carry structural load. Soil stabilization is done to reduce permeability and compressibility of the soil mass in earth structures and to improve its shear strength. Thus to reduce the settlement of structures soil stabilization involves the use of stabilizing agents (binder materials) in weak soils to improve its geotechnical properties such as compressibility, strength, permeability and durability. This paper analyses the previous studies and research carried out towards soil stabilization and also prompts the readers to use waste materials to enhance the soil properties and improving the resistance to slope failures. Globally, technological advancements has been occurring every day making the predecessor obsolete with latest upgrades thereby taking the level of competition among the market to a higher level. Indirectly this advancement has also added to the increment in pollution content impacting the environment to a greater extent. The sustainability of the future generation is at stake as this rate of pollution grows from time to time rather decreasing. Discarded materials of the components such as computers, mobile phones, televisions, refrigerators etc, constitute the E-waste or Electronic waste. Rapid changes in technology fall in prices and obsolescence has paved way in the rate of growth in the quantity of electronic waste. The composition of E-waste is shown in the Fig. 1 below. With growing concerns over the handling of e-waste all over the world, many countries have taken effective measures in devel-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.145 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: J. K. Kumar and V. P. Kumar, Soil stabilization using E-waste: A retrospective analysis, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.145
2
J.K. Kumar, V.P. Kumar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 1. Components of E-waste.
oping an optimum method of dismantling the obsolete electronic devices. Utilization of E-Waste along the building materials and research are in its embryonic stages and this study adds to the credibility in using so.
2. Literature study Afrin et al. [1] focuses on the chemical and mechanical properties of the stabilized soil. Different techniques for stabilization of soil were reviewed in this study. Factors such as organic matter, sulphates, sulphides, compaction, moisture content and temperature were analyzed upon. The study concluded the importance of understanding the inherent properties of a waste material when being added as a stabilizing agent in soil. Kumar et al. [2] studied on the properties of black cotton soil with copper slag and flyash blended in different percentages. The soil properties like liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, free swell, compaction test and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) were determined. The results indicated that the dry density, CBR values were improved and swelling was reduced due to addition of copper slag 30% and fly ash 10% (% by weight of soil) in the soil. This study outlines an idea of the percentages at which the electronic wastes are to be added, as it contains a certain percentile of copper component. Gupta et al. [3] carried out a stabilization technique over black cotton soil, where PCB wastes are mixed with Black cotton soil sample at different ratios such as 3, 6, 9 and 12% and tests were carried out. The objective of this study was to analyze the use of e-waste on expansive soils for embankments and pavement constructions. The Geotechnical properties of the stabilized soil sample were graphically compared and the results show an improvement in all properties. The results indicate that the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content for the soil sample mixed with ewaste were found to be optimum at 6% and attained higher CBR value at the same percentile. Upadhyay et al. [4] identified that with addition of ceramic waste, index properties like liquid limit and plastic limit showcased an detrimental effect and addition of electronic waste exhibited and increase in the same. Michael et al. [5] had reviewed about the stabilization using industrial solid wastes. In this paper, he studied about the replacement of different materials such as Red mud, copper slag, brick dust, polyvinyl waste, ceramic dust, sawdust and fly ash. The soil samples were tested by Atterberg limits, CBR and compaction test. The test results concluded that almost all the industrial wastes including electronic wastes have the ability to improve the expansive soil with less cost compared to conventional soil. Adams Joe et al. [6] used industrial waste in stabilising the soil. The waste included copper slag, cement and lime. Tests such as atterberg’s limits, proctor compaction, California bearing ratio were conducted over the soil sample. The results indicate the addition of lime and industrial
wastes in the soil increases the compressive strength when compared with ordinary soil sample. The findings of this study indicate improvement in index properties and other geotechnical properties and also emphasize in cost reduction in Ground improvement techniques. Chandrashekher et al. [7] had reviewed utilization of waste material copper slag in geotechnical applications. The soil sample was tested for specific gravity, grain size distribution, free swell index, compaction factor and CBR. The results were observed for 60% copper slag and 40% black cotton and it was concluded that the sub grade, sub base and engineering behaviour of soil was improved. And also the embankment construction, land reclamation of soil conditions was increased. Yilmaza et al. [8] experiments the use of wastes from stone industry as a stabilising agent in soil to improve its nature against freezing and thawing effect. The waste material infused soil sample is tested for its unconfined compressive strength and the results show a significant decrease in the value after freezing thawing cycles. The unconfined compressive strength shows an increase of 100% when compared to the conventional sample also exhibits a potential development in stabilizing properties of the soil. Jayapal et al. [9] had discussed about the comparison of different admixtures using weak soil stabilization. In this paper, admixtures such as quarry dust, fly ash and lime were compared. The tests such as liquid limit, plastic limit, modified proctor compaction, sieve analysis, differential free swell and CBR were conducted. The tests concluded that the addition of quarry dust, lime and fly ash had not prevented the swelling nature. Malhotra et al. [10] investigated about stabilization of expansive soils by using low cost materials. This study was carried over fly-ash and lime being added as stabilizing agents with varying percentages. The tests concluded that partial replacement of soil with both lime and fly-ash showed a considerable increase in properties like unequal settlement. Results indicated a detrimental nature in shrinkage and swelling characteristics of the soil. Li et al. [11] emphasizes on the importance of handling E-waste and its effects over environment if not disposed off with proper precautions. This study serves as a base for using E-waste in stabilizing soil as the study mainly focuses on soil contamination of E-waste. Findings from the study will enable to identify the quantity of E-waste material to be added to the soil sample. Chatterjee et al. [12] focuses on the importance of recycling E-waste among different sectors which forms the scope of current project work. This study gives a wide area of electronic waste generation under Indian conditions, emphasizing the importance of using E-waste, thereby reducing the stagnation of waste among the surroundings. 3. Conclusion The studies conducted previously have exhibited a fair amount of increase in geotechnical properties making the usage of waste materials and natural fibers an optimum choice of addition. Properties like shear strength, index properties, bearing ratio are showing a positive signs towards soil stabilization, which emphasizes to use the same material at different percentages. At present global scenario the generation of electronic waste are at an alarming rate with obsolescence and advancement in technology day-to-day. Further this data analysed above, the method of addition, percentages to be added and the tests to be carried over, will be benchmarked for carrying out the stabilization process by adding electronic waste in the soil. Studies of adding electronic waste over the soil sample have not been focused upon yet and this paper lays the foundation for carrying out the same. References [1] Habiba Afrin, A review on different types soil stabilization techniques, IJTET 3 (2) (2017) 19, https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijtet.20170302.12.
Please cite this article as: J. K. Kumar and V. P. Kumar, Soil stabilization using E-waste: A retrospective analysis, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.145
J.K. Kumar, V.P. Kumar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx [2] P. Rajendra Kumar, P. Suresh Praveen Kumar, G. Maheswari, Laboratory study of black cotton soil blended with copper slag and fly ash, Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. (2) (2017). [3] Rahul Gupta, Anand Kumar Raghuwanshi, Utilization of E-waste in strength enhancement of black cotton soil, J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 1 (3) (2016). [4] Ajay Upadhyay, Suneet Kaur, Review on soil stabilization using ceramic waste, Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. (IRJET) 03 (07) (2016), E-ISSN: 2395-0056, P-ISSN: 2395-0072. [5] Tiza Michael1, Sitesh Kumar Singh, Anand Kumar, Expansive soil stabilization using industrial solid wastes a review, Int. J. Adv. Technol. Eng. Sci. 4 (9) (2016) 2348–7550. [6] M. Adams Joe, A. Maria Rajesh, Soil stabilization using industrial waste and lime, Int. J. Sci. Res. Eng. Technol. (IJSRET) 4 (7) (2015), ISSN 2278-0882. [7] Jink Chandrshekhar, Timir A. Chokshi, Paliwal, A Review on utilization of waste material copper slag in geotechnical applications, Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Technol. 1 (12) (2015).
3
[8] F. Yilmaza, H.A. Kamilog˘lua, E. Sßadog˘lub, Soil stabilization with using waste materials against freezing thawing effect, in: International Conference On Computational And Experimental Science And Engineering (ICCESEN 2014), 2014. [9] S. Jayapal, M. Samuel Boobathiraja Thanaraj, K. Priyadharshini, Weak soil stabilization using different admixtures a comparative study, Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 3 (10) (2014). [10] Monica Malhotra, Sanjeev Naval, Stabilization of expansive soils using low cost materials, Int. J. Eng. Innov. Technol. 02 (11) (2013). [11] Jinhui Li, Huabo Duan, Pixing Shi, Heavy metal contamination of surface soil in electronic waste dismantling area: site investigation and sourceapportionment analysis, Waste Manage. Res. 29 (7) (2011) 727–738, https:// doi.org/10.1177/0734242X10397580. [12] S. Chatterjee, Krishna Kumar, Effective electronic waste management and recycling process involving formal and non-formal sectors, Int. J. Phys. Sci. 4 (13) (2009) 893–905, ISSN 1992-1950 Ó 2009 Academic Journals.
Please cite this article as: J. K. Kumar and V. P. Kumar, Soil stabilization using E-waste: A retrospective analysis, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.145
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Soil stabilization using E-waste: A retrospective analysis J. Kiran Kumar ⇑, V. Praveen Kumar Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 25 July 2019 Received in revised form 17 September 2019 Accepted 24 September 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Soil stabilization Pavement Geotechnical Electronic wastes Environment
a b s t r a c t Enhancing the properties of the soil has been a long driven process and will continue infinitely as the scope for research and development is vast. Soil stabilization finds its way mainly in highway engineering as strengthening of subgrade play a key role in an effective pavement. Many materials have been added to the soil mixture to achieve only one objective, to enhance the inherited geotechnical properties of the soil. This study helps in identifying the type of materials that have been added to stabilize the soil till date, the tests conducted over the samples and the results achieved. This paper gives an overall picture of the research carried towards soil stabilization and formulates a platform for introducing waste materials towards enhancing the properties of the soil, thereby reducing the impact of wastes on the environment. One such waste is electronic waste and addition of it for stabilizing the soil have not been much researched upon and this paper will form the base for achieving stabilisation of soil using electronic waste. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction The soil which contains the silt and clay particles shows considerable sign of distress accompanied by loss of strength of the soil during rainy seasons and shrinkage during summer. Black cotton soil is one such type of soil which loses its strength during rainy season due to their expansive behaviour. Soil mixture becomes unsuitable for engineering purposes when the sample fails in shear, crushing and exhibits excessive settlement and previous studies also focuses on the same. Soil stabilization can be used as a tool to enhance the geotechnical properties like shear strength, density, slope stability and to minimise the settlement of structure under loads. Stabilization is technique of improving characteristics of native soil or granular material used for construction of pavement layers and it is required where the road alignment passing through poor soil sub grade does not comply with the engineering properties as per any given standard specification. The process may include the blending of soils to commercially available admixtures, waste materials and natural fibers that may alter the gradation, texture or plasticity, or act as a binder for cementation of the soil. Soil stabilization is the method of improving the shear strength parameters of soil and increasing the bearing capacity of soil. It ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (J.K. Kumar).
is considered when the soil available for construction is not fit to carry structural load. Soil stabilization is done to reduce permeability and compressibility of the soil mass in earth structures and to improve its shear strength. Thus to reduce the settlement of structures soil stabilization involves the use of stabilizing agents (binder materials) in weak soils to improve its geotechnical properties such as compressibility, strength, permeability and durability. This paper analyses the previous studies and research carried out towards soil stabilization and also prompts the readers to use waste materials to enhance the soil properties and improving the resistance to slope failures. Globally, technological advancements has been occurring every day making the predecessor obsolete with latest upgrades thereby taking the level of competition among the market to a higher level. Indirectly this advancement has also added to the increment in pollution content impacting the environment to a greater extent. The sustainability of the future generation is at stake as this rate of pollution grows from time to time rather decreasing. Discarded materials of the components such as computers, mobile phones, televisions, refrigerators etc, constitute the E-waste or Electronic waste. Rapid changes in technology fall in prices and obsolescence has paved way in the rate of growth in the quantity of electronic waste. The composition of E-waste is shown in the Fig. 1 below. With growing concerns over the handling of e-waste all over the world, many countries have taken effective measures in devel-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.145 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: J. K. Kumar and V. P. Kumar, Soil stabilization using E-waste: A retrospective analysis, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.145
2
J.K. Kumar, V.P. Kumar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 1. Components of E-waste.
oping an optimum method of dismantling the obsolete electronic devices. Utilization of E-Waste along the building materials and research are in its embryonic stages and this study adds to the credibility in using so.
2. Literature study Afrin et al. [1] focuses on the chemical and mechanical properties of the stabilized soil. Different techniques for stabilization of soil were reviewed in this study. Factors such as organic matter, sulphates, sulphides, compaction, moisture content and temperature were analyzed upon. The study concluded the importance of understanding the inherent properties of a waste material when being added as a stabilizing agent in soil. Kumar et al. [2] studied on the properties of black cotton soil with copper slag and flyash blended in different percentages. The soil properties like liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, free swell, compaction test and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) were determined. The results indicated that the dry density, CBR values were improved and swelling was reduced due to addition of copper slag 30% and fly ash 10% (% by weight of soil) in the soil. This study outlines an idea of the percentages at which the electronic wastes are to be added, as it contains a certain percentile of copper component. Gupta et al. [3] carried out a stabilization technique over black cotton soil, where PCB wastes are mixed with Black cotton soil sample at different ratios such as 3, 6, 9 and 12% and tests were carried out. The objective of this study was to analyze the use of e-waste on expansive soils for embankments and pavement constructions. The Geotechnical properties of the stabilized soil sample were graphically compared and the results show an improvement in all properties. The results indicate that the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content for the soil sample mixed with ewaste were found to be optimum at 6% and attained higher CBR value at the same percentile. Upadhyay et al. [4] identified that with addition of ceramic waste, index properties like liquid limit and plastic limit showcased an detrimental effect and addition of electronic waste exhibited and increase in the same. Michael et al. [5] had reviewed about the stabilization using industrial solid wastes. In this paper, he studied about the replacement of different materials such as Red mud, copper slag, brick dust, polyvinyl waste, ceramic dust, sawdust and fly ash. The soil samples were tested by Atterberg limits, CBR and compaction test. The test results concluded that almost all the industrial wastes including electronic wastes have the ability to improve the expansive soil with less cost compared to conventional soil. Adams Joe et al. [6] used industrial waste in stabilising the soil. The waste included copper slag, cement and lime. Tests such as atterberg’s limits, proctor compaction, California bearing ratio were conducted over the soil sample. The results indicate the addition of lime and industrial
wastes in the soil increases the compressive strength when compared with ordinary soil sample. The findings of this study indicate improvement in index properties and other geotechnical properties and also emphasize in cost reduction in Ground improvement techniques. Chandrashekher et al. [7] had reviewed utilization of waste material copper slag in geotechnical applications. The soil sample was tested for specific gravity, grain size distribution, free swell index, compaction factor and CBR. The results were observed for 60% copper slag and 40% black cotton and it was concluded that the sub grade, sub base and engineering behaviour of soil was improved. And also the embankment construction, land reclamation of soil conditions was increased. Yilmaza et al. [8] experiments the use of wastes from stone industry as a stabilising agent in soil to improve its nature against freezing and thawing effect. The waste material infused soil sample is tested for its unconfined compressive strength and the results show a significant decrease in the value after freezing thawing cycles. The unconfined compressive strength shows an increase of 100% when compared to the conventional sample also exhibits a potential development in stabilizing properties of the soil. Jayapal et al. [9] had discussed about the comparison of different admixtures using weak soil stabilization. In this paper, admixtures such as quarry dust, fly ash and lime were compared. The tests such as liquid limit, plastic limit, modified proctor compaction, sieve analysis, differential free swell and CBR were conducted. The tests concluded that the addition of quarry dust, lime and fly ash had not prevented the swelling nature. Malhotra et al. [10] investigated about stabilization of expansive soils by using low cost materials. This study was carried over fly-ash and lime being added as stabilizing agents with varying percentages. The tests concluded that partial replacement of soil with both lime and fly-ash showed a considerable increase in properties like unequal settlement. Results indicated a detrimental nature in shrinkage and swelling characteristics of the soil. Li et al. [11] emphasizes on the importance of handling E-waste and its effects over environment if not disposed off with proper precautions. This study serves as a base for using E-waste in stabilizing soil as the study mainly focuses on soil contamination of E-waste. Findings from the study will enable to identify the quantity of E-waste material to be added to the soil sample. Chatterjee et al. [12] focuses on the importance of recycling E-waste among different sectors which forms the scope of current project work. This study gives a wide area of electronic waste generation under Indian conditions, emphasizing the importance of using E-waste, thereby reducing the stagnation of waste among the surroundings. 3. Conclusion The studies conducted previously have exhibited a fair amount of increase in geotechnical properties making the usage of waste materials and natural fibers an optimum choice of addition. Properties like shear strength, index properties, bearing ratio are showing a positive signs towards soil stabilization, which emphasizes to use the same material at different percentages. At present global scenario the generation of electronic waste are at an alarming rate with obsolescence and advancement in technology day-to-day. Further this data analysed above, the method of addition, percentages to be added and the tests to be carried over, will be benchmarked for carrying out the stabilization process by adding electronic waste in the soil. Studies of adding electronic waste over the soil sample have not been focused upon yet and this paper lays the foundation for carrying out the same. References [1] Habiba Afrin, A review on different types soil stabilization techniques, IJTET 3 (2) (2017) 19, https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijtet.20170302.12.
Please cite this article as: J. K. Kumar and V. P. Kumar, Soil stabilization using E-waste: A retrospective analysis, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.145
J.K. Kumar, V.P. Kumar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx [2] P. Rajendra Kumar, P. Suresh Praveen Kumar, G. Maheswari, Laboratory study of black cotton soil blended with copper slag and fly ash, Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. (2) (2017). [3] Rahul Gupta, Anand Kumar Raghuwanshi, Utilization of E-waste in strength enhancement of black cotton soil, J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 1 (3) (2016). [4] Ajay Upadhyay, Suneet Kaur, Review on soil stabilization using ceramic waste, Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. (IRJET) 03 (07) (2016), E-ISSN: 2395-0056, P-ISSN: 2395-0072. [5] Tiza Michael1, Sitesh Kumar Singh, Anand Kumar, Expansive soil stabilization using industrial solid wastes a review, Int. J. Adv. Technol. Eng. Sci. 4 (9) (2016) 2348–7550. [6] M. Adams Joe, A. Maria Rajesh, Soil stabilization using industrial waste and lime, Int. J. Sci. Res. Eng. Technol. (IJSRET) 4 (7) (2015), ISSN 2278-0882. [7] Jink Chandrshekhar, Timir A. Chokshi, Paliwal, A Review on utilization of waste material copper slag in geotechnical applications, Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Technol. 1 (12) (2015).
3
[8] F. Yilmaza, H.A. Kamilog˘lua, E. Sßadog˘lub, Soil stabilization with using waste materials against freezing thawing effect, in: International Conference On Computational And Experimental Science And Engineering (ICCESEN 2014), 2014. [9] S. Jayapal, M. Samuel Boobathiraja Thanaraj, K. Priyadharshini, Weak soil stabilization using different admixtures a comparative study, Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 3 (10) (2014). [10] Monica Malhotra, Sanjeev Naval, Stabilization of expansive soils using low cost materials, Int. J. Eng. Innov. Technol. 02 (11) (2013). [11] Jinhui Li, Huabo Duan, Pixing Shi, Heavy metal contamination of surface soil in electronic waste dismantling area: site investigation and sourceapportionment analysis, Waste Manage. Res. 29 (7) (2011) 727–738, https:// doi.org/10.1177/0734242X10397580. [12] S. Chatterjee, Krishna Kumar, Effective electronic waste management and recycling process involving formal and non-formal sectors, Int. J. Phys. Sci. 4 (13) (2009) 893–905, ISSN 1992-1950 Ó 2009 Academic Journals.
Please cite this article as: J. K. Kumar and V. P. Kumar, Soil stabilization using E-waste: A retrospective analysis, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.145