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Some investigations on the composition of manganese nodules, with particular reference to certain trace elements
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Oceanographic Abstracts
oceanographic research are--apart from several restrictions--judged to be favourab'le, especially for oceanographic forecasts. WILLIAMS, J., 1960. A small portable unit for making in situ salinity and temperature measurements. Proc. lnstrum, Soc., Amer., lnstrurn.-Autorn. Conf. and Exhib., New York, Sept. 26-30, 1960, Preprint, 4 3 - N Y 6 0 : 6 pp. Also in: Chesapeake Bay Inst., Coll. Reprints, 5 (1963). Salinity may be calculated from a known relationship by measuring the electrical conductivity and water temperature in situ. A small portable instrument, operating from flashlight batteries which measures these two variables and essentially performs the calculation to a direct reading accuracy of less than ± 1 per cent of full scale is described.
WILLIS,J. P., and L. H. AHRENS,1962. Some investigations on the composition of manganese nodules, with particular reference to certain trace elements. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 26: 751-764. Using spectrochemical techniques Fe, Si, Mg, Co, Ni, Cu, V, Mo, Ti and T1 have been estimated in nineteen manganese nodules, eight from the Atlantic ocean, seven from the Pacific ocean and four from the Indian Ocean. Though data on more samples are required before firm and detailed conclusions can be made about the distribution of elements in manganese nodules, several distinct features appear when the data on the nineteen samples are examined. (i) Certain elements appear to enrich more strongly than others. For example, relative to igneous rocks Mo is much more strongly enriched than V. For several elements (Ni, Cu and particularly Co and TI) the degree of enrichment in two Fe-low nodules is far smaller than in the other nodules. (ii) The magnitude of dispersion of concentration appears to vary considerably for different elements; thus, whereas variation of concentration of V is relatively small, that of Ni, Cu, Co and Tl is far larger. (iii) The statistical nature of the distribution of Fe in manganese nodules appears to be characteristic and different from that of the other elements studied so far. (iv) Of the possible inter-element relationships examined that of Ni-Cu appears to be the most strongly developed. YABUKI,B., 1963. Reports of the marine meteorological condition of Typhoon No. 6118 (the Murato Typhoon lI) (based on the weather reports from ships) (In Japanese; English abstract). Bull, Kobe Mar. Obs., No. 170: 58-75. When Japan was ' a t t a c k e d ' by Typhoon No. 6118 (the Murato Typhoon lI) meteorological observations were made on board many ships near the coast. On the basis of these data, the meteorological conditions at that time became known. The distribution of the wind force in the Osaka and Tokyo bays was compared with those obtained during the ' a t t a c k ' of Typhoon No. 5915 (the Ise Bay Typhoon) and No. 6016 (Typhoon Della). YAMAGUTI, S., 1962. On the change in the height of mean sea-level at San Francisco. J. Oceanogr. Soc., Jap., 20th Ann. Vol.: 159-168. Monthly deviations of sea-levels from a 61 yr mean are calculated for each month and denoted by &L', the values of which may be considered to be corrected with the factors due to the changes of sea-water temperature and barometric pressure near the tidal station, as a first approximation. For the values of AL' during a period of 37 yr, the residual correction for sea water temperature AT', corresponding to AL', was given and denoted by AL". Yearly mean sea-levels, calculated from the values of AL' and A L ' , were smoothed, as well as yearly mean sea-water temperature and plotted against the years. The curve of AL" shows a clearer increasing tendency from the year 1922 to 1958 continuously, than the curve of AL', notwithstanding the correction due to sea-water temperature. This fact may be considered as showing an actual slow subsidence of the earth's crust relative mean to sea-level at a rate of about 4 mm/yr, but not showing the increase of the total mass of water in North Pacific Ocean. This phenomenon is also seen by comparing the changes in the height of yearly, mean sea-level at San Francisco, with that at Aburatubo in Japan.
Oceanographic Abstracts
oceanographic research are--apart from several restrictions--judged to be favourab'le, especially for oceanographic forecasts. WILLIAMS, J., 1960. A small portable unit for making in situ salinity and temperature measurements. Proc. lnstrum, Soc., Amer., lnstrurn.-Autorn. Conf. and Exhib., New York, Sept. 26-30, 1960, Preprint, 4 3 - N Y 6 0 : 6 pp. Also in: Chesapeake Bay Inst., Coll. Reprints, 5 (1963). Salinity may be calculated from a known relationship by measuring the electrical conductivity and water temperature in situ. A small portable instrument, operating from flashlight batteries which measures these two variables and essentially performs the calculation to a direct reading accuracy of less than ± 1 per cent of full scale is described.
WILLIS,J. P., and L. H. AHRENS,1962. Some investigations on the composition of manganese nodules, with particular reference to certain trace elements. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 26: 751-764. Using spectrochemical techniques Fe, Si, Mg, Co, Ni, Cu, V, Mo, Ti and T1 have been estimated in nineteen manganese nodules, eight from the Atlantic ocean, seven from the Pacific ocean and four from the Indian Ocean. Though data on more samples are required before firm and detailed conclusions can be made about the distribution of elements in manganese nodules, several distinct features appear when the data on the nineteen samples are examined. (i) Certain elements appear to enrich more strongly than others. For example, relative to igneous rocks Mo is much more strongly enriched than V. For several elements (Ni, Cu and particularly Co and TI) the degree of enrichment in two Fe-low nodules is far smaller than in the other nodules. (ii) The magnitude of dispersion of concentration appears to vary considerably for different elements; thus, whereas variation of concentration of V is relatively small, that of Ni, Cu, Co and Tl is far larger. (iii) The statistical nature of the distribution of Fe in manganese nodules appears to be characteristic and different from that of the other elements studied so far. (iv) Of the possible inter-element relationships examined that of Ni-Cu appears to be the most strongly developed. YABUKI,B., 1963. Reports of the marine meteorological condition of Typhoon No. 6118 (the Murato Typhoon lI) (based on the weather reports from ships) (In Japanese; English abstract). Bull, Kobe Mar. Obs., No. 170: 58-75. When Japan was ' a t t a c k e d ' by Typhoon No. 6118 (the Murato Typhoon lI) meteorological observations were made on board many ships near the coast. On the basis of these data, the meteorological conditions at that time became known. The distribution of the wind force in the Osaka and Tokyo bays was compared with those obtained during the ' a t t a c k ' of Typhoon No. 5915 (the Ise Bay Typhoon) and No. 6016 (Typhoon Della). YAMAGUTI, S., 1962. On the change in the height of mean sea-level at San Francisco. J. Oceanogr. Soc., Jap., 20th Ann. Vol.: 159-168. Monthly deviations of sea-levels from a 61 yr mean are calculated for each month and denoted by &L', the values of which may be considered to be corrected with the factors due to the changes of sea-water temperature and barometric pressure near the tidal station, as a first approximation. For the values of AL' during a period of 37 yr, the residual correction for sea water temperature AT', corresponding to AL', was given and denoted by AL". Yearly mean sea-levels, calculated from the values of AL' and A L ' , were smoothed, as well as yearly mean sea-water temperature and plotted against the years. The curve of AL" shows a clearer increasing tendency from the year 1922 to 1958 continuously, than the curve of AL', notwithstanding the correction due to sea-water temperature. This fact may be considered as showing an actual slow subsidence of the earth's crust relative mean to sea-level at a rate of about 4 mm/yr, but not showing the increase of the total mass of water in North Pacific Ocean. This phenomenon is also seen by comparing the changes in the height of yearly, mean sea-level at San Francisco, with that at Aburatubo in Japan.