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Spatio-temporal analysis of event-related potentials to contextually incongruous information
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The advantages and disadvantages of each of the three methods are considered, with particular reference to the possibility of implementation for automatic indication of a significant change in the EEG during monitoring for carotid surgery.
TIALS Joie
SIGNIFICANCE OF CEREBRAL EVOKED POTENIN THE REHABILITAT.IVE PROCESS. W.I. La (Milwaukee, Wis, USA)
The expanding field and importance of cerebral evoked potential (CEP) examination in neurophysiological diagnosis of neurological disorders is well known. An area largely overlooked is the value of CEPs in rehabilitation prognostication and treatment program planning, especially in non-communicative patients or in patients who are unreliable informants. Stroke patients with aphasia, confusion , letharqy and disorientation are good examples. Visual evoked ootentials (VEP) can be used to evaluate the presence or absence of a homonomous hemianopsia and may be helpful in distinguishing this from the hemi-inattention syndrome. In the presence of hemianopsia, it is important to teach visual scanninq techniques to the patient to utilize in wheelchair and upright ambulation. activities of dailv livina IADLI. homemaking and reading for safe and-effective functioning. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) are important in the evaluation of cognitive proprioceptive function in both the upper and lower extremities. When cognitive proprioception is absent i,n the presence of motor function, visual monitoring by the patient of the movements of the involved extremities is most important in the ambulatory process, in ADL and in homemaking activities. This must be taught to the patient for reasons of safety Prognosis for function is as well as function. poorer in a patient with significant proprioAuditory evoked potentials (AEP) ceptive loss. are also useful to detect and quantitate conductive and sensory neural hearing losses. C-13.06 MULTIPLE TEMPERATURE RECORDING WITHIN THE RABBIT'S CORTEX DURING NORMAL AND SEIZURE 0. Prohaska, G. Urban, F. Olcaytug, ACTIVITY. F. Kohl and R. Vollmer (Vienna, Austria) Nerve cell activity on the one hand causes temperature changes and on the other is dependent on the surrounding termperature (Paintal., J. Physiol 1965, 180, 1 and 20). Our aim, therefore, was the construction of a multiple temperature probe for the purpose of studying the connections and interdependances between EEG activity and the temperature profile within the To this end we developed a rabbit's cortex. thin-film resistance thermometer. It consists of a 0.25 pm thick germanium layer, connected with 0.1 pm thick chromium-gold double layer The recording area in 20 x conducting lines.
70 pm2. The probe consists of a 100 km thick needle-shaped glass substrate, provided with four temperature sensors arranged in a row at a distance of 500 urn, respectively. The whole probe is insulated' by a 2bm thick_Si N4 layer. The EEG was recorded bv a Aa/AaCl ba s 1 electrode (0.5 mm in diameter) on the-%face of the cortex (area striata) next to the inserted probe. The temperature profiles during normal as well as seizure activity will be presented. As a further step the potential electrodes will be integrated with the multiple temperature probe. C-I3.05A THIN FILM ELECTRODE PROBE FOR MULTIPLE pO2 RECORDING WITHIN A SMALL AREA OF THE RABBIT'S CORTEX. K. Estgfaller, F. Kohl, F. Olcaytug, 0. Prohaska and R. Vollmer(Vienna, Austria) Simultaneous recording of EEG and pD2 at one point on the surface or within the brain yields an important elucidation of the brain's mode of operation (Speckmann, Caspers, Pfliigers Arch. 1970, 318, 78). The existence of a changing potential profile within the cortex points to varying interconnections within the cortical layers as well as with subcortical structures (in: Architectonics of the Cerebral Cortex. ed. Brazier, Petsche, 1978). We therefore developed a multiple thin film pD2 probe based on the The special arrangement polarographic method.
the current, indicating the ~02, advantage: does not flow through the tissue but only within the Al203 layer, not influencing or irritating For the first investigathe brain activity. tions four such electrode sets are arranged on a needle-shaped glass carrier (100 urn thick) in one row, with an-interdistance-of 6bO pm. The EEG was recorded bv a Ao/AaCl ball electrode on the surface of ihe cortex next to the inserted probe. As a further step, the potential electrodes will be integrated with the multiple ~02 probe. D-7.03 SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS TO CONTEXTUALLY INCONGRUOUS INFORF. Kondo (Kyoto, Japan) MATION. The experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that the frontal P300 to conceptually incongruous events varies with background contextual predictability of sequential event ERPs to tachystoscopically flashed structure. Subslides were recorded from twelve adults. jects were instructed to detect the contextually incongruous stimuli randomly interposed in two types of background sequences. The one was regularly arranged Japanese kana symbols for both phonemes and serial positions (predictable),
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the other was irregularly arranged for serial oositions (unoredictable). ERPs to four congruous and‘twb incongruous (morphologically and conceptually) informations for each sequence were recorded from Oz, Pz, Cz,Fz and Fpz and processed with the use of the Kyoto Univ. comSpatio-temporal potential maps puter network. showed the following results. When the background was predictable, the P300 to conceptually incongruous information produced parietal maximum late positive components for both predictable and unpredictable backgrounds. Scalp distributions of P300 to contextually congruous information varied from nonspecific positivity to parietal late positivity as a funciton of stimulus position. A-2.03 VIBRATION-INDUCED GRASP REFLEX AND ACUPUNCTURE. S. Homma (Chiba, Japan)
played with a reddish tint and the negative Potential aradients ones with a bluish tint. between electrodes were calculated according to the sampling theorem proposed by Miyagawa The color distribution and its move(1959). ment on the cathode-ray tube were recorded cinematographically. H and TVR waves were initiated in the soleus and the middle parts of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles and moved down. Some M and T waves were initiated in the upper parts of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius and moved up. D-20.05 INFLUENCE OF ENDOCRINOLOGICAL VARIABLES ON THE EEG OF PERIODIC PSYCHOSIS IN ADOLESCENCE K. Yui (Hirosaki, Japan)
Forced vibration of a human muscle elicits gradually increasing involuntary muscle contraction. This phenomenon has been called the tonic vibration reflex, TVR (Hagbarth & Eklund, The major afferent source of this re1966). flex is the spindle primary endings which are highly sensitive to vibration. But, such mechanical vibration also stimulates skin mechanoIt has been shown that vibration receptors. applied to a finger induces tonic finger flexion (Abbruzzere, Hagbarth, Homma, I. & Wallin, 1978). This reflex has been called the exteroceptive vibration-induced finger flexion reflex (Eklund, Hagbarth & Torebjork, 1978). Subjects were asked to hold a cylindrical vibrator so that all fingers were vibrated simultaneously at about 130 Hz. A qrasp-like movement of the hand waselicited'by such stimulation. This reflex was called the vibration-induced grasp reflex. Thumb flexion was measured quasi-isometrically. The tension developed gradually during vibration. It was recently reported that the index finger flexion induced by vibration was inhibbited by application of acupuncture in the Waikuan (Homma, I., Endo & Sakai, 1950). The vibration-induced grasp reflex was also inhibited 'by acupuncture in three acupoints of Shou sanli, Szuta and Chihcheng.
EEG investigations were made on seven female adolescent patients who had repetitive, psychotic episodes, associated with menstruation. In 4 patients whose psychotic episodes were associated with anovulatory menstruation (type I), slow waves and paroxysmal abnormalities were found in the lucid intervals, but the findings decreased or disappeared in the psychotic episodes. The energy % of components of the EEG slower than 10 c/set sreatlv decreased in the central area in the piychotic episodes in comparison with that in the lucid intervals. On the other hand, in 3 patients with ovulatory menstruation (type II), no correlation was observed between the psychotic episodes and EEG findings. Progesterone was injected in 3 patients of type I and 8 healthv volunteers. This accentuated-alpha activity and fast waves, and greatly decreased the energy % in the patients of type I in the phychotic episodes. However, it produced no obvious changes in the EEG in the patients in remission and in the healthy From the endocrinological point of volunteers. view, the author presumed that there was vulnerability of function of the diencephalopituitary system in these 3 patients. The results seemed to suggest the presence of a correlation between EEG abnormalities and brain mechanisms relating to progesterone secretion and ovulation.
B-4.04 AREAL DISPLAY OF EVOKED POTENTIALS IN HUMAN MUSCLES. S. Homma and K. Hayashi (Chiba, Japan)
B-6.02 DYSRHYTHMIA IN THE HEART AND BRAIN. S. Tsukamoto, K. Takemura, Y. Hori and S. Utsumi (Nara, Japan)
H and M waves, elicited by electrical stimulation of the tibia1 nerve, and T and TVR waves induced by a tap and vibration of the Achilles tendon were topographically recorded from the triceps surae muscle of a man. Twelve or sixteen surface electrodes were attached over the triceps surae muscle. The EMGs were analysed The analysed data were by a signal processor. displayed on a color cathode-ray-tube. The amplitude of the potentials was divided into eleven parts, the'positive divisions being dis-
The authors had opportunities of treating a lot of "dizzy" patients with complaints of vertigo, dizziness, light-headedness and syncope or vague cerebral manifestations. Hitherto, these patients used to be treated at the otological clinic, but the non-otogenic patients are an unexpectedly large population. This study aims at detecting the cardiac arrhythmias and EEG changes. Various types of cardiac arrhythmias were detected in non-otogenic patients:
The advantages and disadvantages of each of the three methods are considered, with particular reference to the possibility of implementation for automatic indication of a significant change in the EEG during monitoring for carotid surgery.
TIALS Joie
SIGNIFICANCE OF CEREBRAL EVOKED POTENIN THE REHABILITAT.IVE PROCESS. W.I. La (Milwaukee, Wis, USA)
The expanding field and importance of cerebral evoked potential (CEP) examination in neurophysiological diagnosis of neurological disorders is well known. An area largely overlooked is the value of CEPs in rehabilitation prognostication and treatment program planning, especially in non-communicative patients or in patients who are unreliable informants. Stroke patients with aphasia, confusion , letharqy and disorientation are good examples. Visual evoked ootentials (VEP) can be used to evaluate the presence or absence of a homonomous hemianopsia and may be helpful in distinguishing this from the hemi-inattention syndrome. In the presence of hemianopsia, it is important to teach visual scanninq techniques to the patient to utilize in wheelchair and upright ambulation. activities of dailv livina IADLI. homemaking and reading for safe and-effective functioning. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) are important in the evaluation of cognitive proprioceptive function in both the upper and lower extremities. When cognitive proprioception is absent i,n the presence of motor function, visual monitoring by the patient of the movements of the involved extremities is most important in the ambulatory process, in ADL and in homemaking activities. This must be taught to the patient for reasons of safety Prognosis for function is as well as function. poorer in a patient with significant proprioAuditory evoked potentials (AEP) ceptive loss. are also useful to detect and quantitate conductive and sensory neural hearing losses. C-13.06 MULTIPLE TEMPERATURE RECORDING WITHIN THE RABBIT'S CORTEX DURING NORMAL AND SEIZURE 0. Prohaska, G. Urban, F. Olcaytug, ACTIVITY. F. Kohl and R. Vollmer (Vienna, Austria) Nerve cell activity on the one hand causes temperature changes and on the other is dependent on the surrounding termperature (Paintal., J. Physiol 1965, 180, 1 and 20). Our aim, therefore, was the construction of a multiple temperature probe for the purpose of studying the connections and interdependances between EEG activity and the temperature profile within the To this end we developed a rabbit's cortex. thin-film resistance thermometer. It consists of a 0.25 pm thick germanium layer, connected with 0.1 pm thick chromium-gold double layer The recording area in 20 x conducting lines.
70 pm2. The probe consists of a 100 km thick needle-shaped glass substrate, provided with four temperature sensors arranged in a row at a distance of 500 urn, respectively. The whole probe is insulated' by a 2bm thick_Si N4 layer. The EEG was recorded bv a Aa/AaCl ba s 1 electrode (0.5 mm in diameter) on the-%face of the cortex (area striata) next to the inserted probe. The temperature profiles during normal as well as seizure activity will be presented. As a further step the potential electrodes will be integrated with the multiple temperature probe. C-I3.05A THIN FILM ELECTRODE PROBE FOR MULTIPLE pO2 RECORDING WITHIN A SMALL AREA OF THE RABBIT'S CORTEX. K. Estgfaller, F. Kohl, F. Olcaytug, 0. Prohaska and R. Vollmer(Vienna, Austria) Simultaneous recording of EEG and pD2 at one point on the surface or within the brain yields an important elucidation of the brain's mode of operation (Speckmann, Caspers, Pfliigers Arch. 1970, 318, 78). The existence of a changing potential profile within the cortex points to varying interconnections within the cortical layers as well as with subcortical structures (in: Architectonics of the Cerebral Cortex. ed. Brazier, Petsche, 1978). We therefore developed a multiple thin film pD2 probe based on the The special arrangement polarographic method.
the current, indicating the ~02, advantage: does not flow through the tissue but only within the Al203 layer, not influencing or irritating For the first investigathe brain activity. tions four such electrode sets are arranged on a needle-shaped glass carrier (100 urn thick) in one row, with an-interdistance-of 6bO pm. The EEG was recorded bv a Ao/AaCl ball electrode on the surface of ihe cortex next to the inserted probe. As a further step, the potential electrodes will be integrated with the multiple ~02 probe. D-7.03 SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS TO CONTEXTUALLY INCONGRUOUS INFORF. Kondo (Kyoto, Japan) MATION. The experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that the frontal P300 to conceptually incongruous events varies with background contextual predictability of sequential event ERPs to tachystoscopically flashed structure. Subslides were recorded from twelve adults. jects were instructed to detect the contextually incongruous stimuli randomly interposed in two types of background sequences. The one was regularly arranged Japanese kana symbols for both phonemes and serial positions (predictable),
S77
the other was irregularly arranged for serial oositions (unoredictable). ERPs to four congruous and‘twb incongruous (morphologically and conceptually) informations for each sequence were recorded from Oz, Pz, Cz,Fz and Fpz and processed with the use of the Kyoto Univ. comSpatio-temporal potential maps puter network. showed the following results. When the background was predictable, the P300 to conceptually incongruous information produced parietal maximum late positive components for both predictable and unpredictable backgrounds. Scalp distributions of P300 to contextually congruous information varied from nonspecific positivity to parietal late positivity as a funciton of stimulus position. A-2.03 VIBRATION-INDUCED GRASP REFLEX AND ACUPUNCTURE. S. Homma (Chiba, Japan)
played with a reddish tint and the negative Potential aradients ones with a bluish tint. between electrodes were calculated according to the sampling theorem proposed by Miyagawa The color distribution and its move(1959). ment on the cathode-ray tube were recorded cinematographically. H and TVR waves were initiated in the soleus and the middle parts of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles and moved down. Some M and T waves were initiated in the upper parts of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius and moved up. D-20.05 INFLUENCE OF ENDOCRINOLOGICAL VARIABLES ON THE EEG OF PERIODIC PSYCHOSIS IN ADOLESCENCE K. Yui (Hirosaki, Japan)
Forced vibration of a human muscle elicits gradually increasing involuntary muscle contraction. This phenomenon has been called the tonic vibration reflex, TVR (Hagbarth & Eklund, The major afferent source of this re1966). flex is the spindle primary endings which are highly sensitive to vibration. But, such mechanical vibration also stimulates skin mechanoIt has been shown that vibration receptors. applied to a finger induces tonic finger flexion (Abbruzzere, Hagbarth, Homma, I. & Wallin, 1978). This reflex has been called the exteroceptive vibration-induced finger flexion reflex (Eklund, Hagbarth & Torebjork, 1978). Subjects were asked to hold a cylindrical vibrator so that all fingers were vibrated simultaneously at about 130 Hz. A qrasp-like movement of the hand waselicited'by such stimulation. This reflex was called the vibration-induced grasp reflex. Thumb flexion was measured quasi-isometrically. The tension developed gradually during vibration. It was recently reported that the index finger flexion induced by vibration was inhibbited by application of acupuncture in the Waikuan (Homma, I., Endo & Sakai, 1950). The vibration-induced grasp reflex was also inhibited 'by acupuncture in three acupoints of Shou sanli, Szuta and Chihcheng.
EEG investigations were made on seven female adolescent patients who had repetitive, psychotic episodes, associated with menstruation. In 4 patients whose psychotic episodes were associated with anovulatory menstruation (type I), slow waves and paroxysmal abnormalities were found in the lucid intervals, but the findings decreased or disappeared in the psychotic episodes. The energy % of components of the EEG slower than 10 c/set sreatlv decreased in the central area in the piychotic episodes in comparison with that in the lucid intervals. On the other hand, in 3 patients with ovulatory menstruation (type II), no correlation was observed between the psychotic episodes and EEG findings. Progesterone was injected in 3 patients of type I and 8 healthv volunteers. This accentuated-alpha activity and fast waves, and greatly decreased the energy % in the patients of type I in the phychotic episodes. However, it produced no obvious changes in the EEG in the patients in remission and in the healthy From the endocrinological point of volunteers. view, the author presumed that there was vulnerability of function of the diencephalopituitary system in these 3 patients. The results seemed to suggest the presence of a correlation between EEG abnormalities and brain mechanisms relating to progesterone secretion and ovulation.
B-4.04 AREAL DISPLAY OF EVOKED POTENTIALS IN HUMAN MUSCLES. S. Homma and K. Hayashi (Chiba, Japan)
B-6.02 DYSRHYTHMIA IN THE HEART AND BRAIN. S. Tsukamoto, K. Takemura, Y. Hori and S. Utsumi (Nara, Japan)
H and M waves, elicited by electrical stimulation of the tibia1 nerve, and T and TVR waves induced by a tap and vibration of the Achilles tendon were topographically recorded from the triceps surae muscle of a man. Twelve or sixteen surface electrodes were attached over the triceps surae muscle. The EMGs were analysed The analysed data were by a signal processor. displayed on a color cathode-ray-tube. The amplitude of the potentials was divided into eleven parts, the'positive divisions being dis-
The authors had opportunities of treating a lot of "dizzy" patients with complaints of vertigo, dizziness, light-headedness and syncope or vague cerebral manifestations. Hitherto, these patients used to be treated at the otological clinic, but the non-otogenic patients are an unexpectedly large population. This study aims at detecting the cardiac arrhythmias and EEG changes. Various types of cardiac arrhythmias were detected in non-otogenic patients: