- Email: [email protected]
Special issue «From Membranes to Pathologies»
Biochimie 107 (2014) 1e2
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Biochimie journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biochi
Editorial
Special issue «From Membranes to Pathologies» Lipids and membrane proteins (MPs) are essential components of cell membranes. MPs account for roughly 30% of all open reading frames in fully sequenced genomes. Interactions between lipids and MPs are of major importance to living cells. They are involved in fundamental biological processes like ion, water or solute transport, sensing changes in the cellular environment, signal transduction, and control of cellecell contacts required to maintain cellular homeostasis and ensure coordinated cellular activity in all organisms. Dysfunctions in MPs, membrane lipid composition and MP-lipid interactions are responsible for numerous pathologies as diverse as cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cancers, cystic fibrosis, epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. The international joint meeting “GEMGERLI - From Membranes to Pathologies” which was held in Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat (France) in November 2013 provided the impetus for publishing this special issue. The meeting was the 16th GEM meeting and the 10th GERLI lipidomics meeting but was unique as it was the first joint meeting between the two French societies GEM and GERLI. The GEM (Groupe d'Etude des Membranes) has expertise in membrane biophysics and receptor signalling at the plasma membrane. The GERLI (Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche en LIpidomique) is active in lipid sciences since 1978 and moved a decade ago to the era of Lipidomics, studying molecular and cellular biology of lipids in all states. There are however many common aspects of lipid science that are covered by both the GEM and GERLI societies. As in all life sciences, there is an obvious complementarity between the development of biophysical methods and the exploration of lipid functions at the cellular and molecular levels. From this evidence emerged the idea of a joint meeting uniting the two communities, as well as other colleagues from France and abroad. The GEMGERLI meeting was successful, and this special issue simply reflects the major meeting objective: “From Membranes to Pathologies”. The special issue comprises 17 mini-reviews and 4 original articles which exemplify all aspects of lipid and protein membrane components, their role in cell function and the consequences of the dysfunction of the membrane components. This special issue provides examples of lipids acting as signaling molecules for membrane sensing by G-protein coupled receptors and other membrane proteins, of the roles of lipids as regulators of receptors or other proteins embedded into the membrane and as precursors of lipid mediators generated by specific enzymes involved in their metabolism and remodeling, and finally of novel tools and methods to characterize and investigate the function of membrane components, including lipids, receptors and enzymes up to possible therapeutic avenues.
Ligands such as hormones, neurotransmitters, odorants, dietary lipids and many more transmit their signal through more than 800 different G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in humans. Several papers present different aspects of the perception of lipid-based extracellular signals. Golebiowski and de March present a review of studies performed by the combination of experimental data and molecular modelling on the protagonists of the perception of smell: odorant-binding proteins and olfactory membrane receptors. Results presented by Dramane and colleagues suggest that fatty acid-induced Ca2þ signalling might be involved in orogustatory perception of dietary lipids which are responsible for several metabolic disorders and the spontaneous preference for fat. The mini-review from Koutroumpa and Jacquin-Joly addresses the molecular mechanisms of moth sex pheromone biosynthesis and reception which open new perspectives for insect control. GPCRs are also involved in viral entry into host cells, and Dumas and colleagues discuss how the host receptor lipid microenvironment can affect the mode of entry of HIV. Gawrisch and colleagues then discuss the receptor structural transitions needed for the signal transmission in response to ligand binding and how the lipid composition surrounding these receptors modulate the signal transmission using the prototypic GPCR rhodopsin. Other membrane proteins are also regulated by the membrane microenvironment. For example, results presented by Souabni and Baciou suggest that the NADPH-oxidase activity and the production of reactive oxygen species depend on the presence of sterols in the enzyme microenvironment. Lipids act as modulators of membrane shape and lipid mediators that play key roles in signal transmission and cell function. Several examples are reported in this issue. Kobayashi and colleagues present recent advances showing that membrane composition can influence the transbilayer movement of diacylglycerol, which is a key intermediate in lipid metabolism and a second messenger in lipid-mediated signalling. As reported by Vitale and co-workers, phosphatidic acid (PA), the simplest phospholipid naturally existing in living organisms, provides flexibility and negative curvature to the lipid bilayer, allows the recruitment of positively charged molecules to membranes, and is essential for neuronal development. Acar and colleagues discuss the role of plasmalogens, which are specific and abundant glycerophospholipids in brain and retina membranes, and are important in the regulation of retinal vascular development and neurodegenerative disorders such as glaucoma. Draeger and colleagues discuss the involvement of ceramide-driven invagination of the lipid bilayer and membrane blebbing to rescue membrane integrity and prevent cell lysis after cell injury. Moreover, abnormal cellular lipid composition and metabolism is linked to the development of various diseases. Setou and colleagues developed an innovative lipidomic method at the
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2014.10.012 te française de biochimie et biologie Mole culaire (SFBBM). All rights reserved. 0300-9084/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. and Socie
2
Editorial / Biochimie 107 (2014) 1e2
single cell level to show different lipid compositions between cancer and non cancer stem cells. Sugimoto and co-authors give an overview of mechanisms involving distinct prostanoids and receptors in skin inflammation. Several reports discuss the effect of nutrients in membrane lipid protection. As an example, dietary polyphenols present in vegetables and beverages like red wine and tea have been reported to possess antioxidant properties. an and colleagues describe a new non invasive method using Ge NMR to determine the antioxidant efficiency of red wine tannins on model membranes. Likewise, Lagarde and colleagues discuss the biochemistry and role of specific “EZE” omega-3 fatty acids called poxytrins that have potent anti-inflammatory properties. There are many classes of lipid-modifying enzymes among which phospholipases A2 play a major role by hydrolyzing various types of phospholipids at the sn-2 position, thereby remodeling phospholipids and producing various lipid mediators and precursors of many others. Wu and colleagues describe the importance of cytosolic phospholipase A2 during infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. Murakami and colleagues update the recently discovered biological roles of secreted phospholipases A2, a unique subgroup of enzymes acting on various extracellular membranes including not only the plasma membrane, but also shed microparticles like microvesicles and exosomes or membranes of various pathogens. Petan and colleagues review the specific roles of secreted phospholipases A2 in cancer, where these enzymes can be either pro- or anti-tumorigenic by activating different lipid-based molecular pathways. Finally, Canaan and colleagues present an original approach to identify lipases by a proteomic fishing method based on an affinity column with lipase inhibitors. Studying lipids and their modifying enzymes also requires new tools and methods. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in signal transmission, biomimetic membrane models have been developed. Girard-Egrot and colleagues present a novel tethered lipid bilayer bioassay, a promising tool for efficient MP reconstitution and molecular studies of cell membrane processes.
Finally, large cargos such as proteins, DNA, antibodies, imaging agents and nanoparticle drug carriers are not able to cross the plasma membrane. Many lipid-based therapies have been developed to deliver cargos into target cells. Here, Barratt and colleagues present the development of original anti-leishmanial lipid nanocomplexes based on a new lipid formulation with nanocochleates. Finally, Jobin and Alves discuss the use of cell penetrating peptides to specifically deliver cargos inside tumor target cells based on different membrane lipid compositions. To conclude, this special issue thus provides a series of reviews and original articles covering various aspects of membrane components from the intricate interactions between lipids and proteins within membranes to their function in cell physiology and pathologies, when there is a dysfunction of such membrane components. Acknowledgements We are particularly grateful to all the researchers who have enthusiastically answered our invitation to contribute articles to this special issue of Biochimie, and to the dedicated reviewers who helped us to reach the highest standard. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Regional Editor, Dr Claude Forest, and the skill of the Editorial Assistant Malika Hassini, for assembling this special issue. rard Lambeau* Isabelle Mus-Veteau*, Ge Institut de Pharmacologie Mol eculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit e de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7275, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France *
Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (I. Mus-Veteau), [email protected] (G. Lambeau). Available online 22 October 2014
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Biochimie journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biochi
Editorial
Special issue «From Membranes to Pathologies» Lipids and membrane proteins (MPs) are essential components of cell membranes. MPs account for roughly 30% of all open reading frames in fully sequenced genomes. Interactions between lipids and MPs are of major importance to living cells. They are involved in fundamental biological processes like ion, water or solute transport, sensing changes in the cellular environment, signal transduction, and control of cellecell contacts required to maintain cellular homeostasis and ensure coordinated cellular activity in all organisms. Dysfunctions in MPs, membrane lipid composition and MP-lipid interactions are responsible for numerous pathologies as diverse as cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cancers, cystic fibrosis, epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. The international joint meeting “GEMGERLI - From Membranes to Pathologies” which was held in Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat (France) in November 2013 provided the impetus for publishing this special issue. The meeting was the 16th GEM meeting and the 10th GERLI lipidomics meeting but was unique as it was the first joint meeting between the two French societies GEM and GERLI. The GEM (Groupe d'Etude des Membranes) has expertise in membrane biophysics and receptor signalling at the plasma membrane. The GERLI (Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche en LIpidomique) is active in lipid sciences since 1978 and moved a decade ago to the era of Lipidomics, studying molecular and cellular biology of lipids in all states. There are however many common aspects of lipid science that are covered by both the GEM and GERLI societies. As in all life sciences, there is an obvious complementarity between the development of biophysical methods and the exploration of lipid functions at the cellular and molecular levels. From this evidence emerged the idea of a joint meeting uniting the two communities, as well as other colleagues from France and abroad. The GEMGERLI meeting was successful, and this special issue simply reflects the major meeting objective: “From Membranes to Pathologies”. The special issue comprises 17 mini-reviews and 4 original articles which exemplify all aspects of lipid and protein membrane components, their role in cell function and the consequences of the dysfunction of the membrane components. This special issue provides examples of lipids acting as signaling molecules for membrane sensing by G-protein coupled receptors and other membrane proteins, of the roles of lipids as regulators of receptors or other proteins embedded into the membrane and as precursors of lipid mediators generated by specific enzymes involved in their metabolism and remodeling, and finally of novel tools and methods to characterize and investigate the function of membrane components, including lipids, receptors and enzymes up to possible therapeutic avenues.
Ligands such as hormones, neurotransmitters, odorants, dietary lipids and many more transmit their signal through more than 800 different G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in humans. Several papers present different aspects of the perception of lipid-based extracellular signals. Golebiowski and de March present a review of studies performed by the combination of experimental data and molecular modelling on the protagonists of the perception of smell: odorant-binding proteins and olfactory membrane receptors. Results presented by Dramane and colleagues suggest that fatty acid-induced Ca2þ signalling might be involved in orogustatory perception of dietary lipids which are responsible for several metabolic disorders and the spontaneous preference for fat. The mini-review from Koutroumpa and Jacquin-Joly addresses the molecular mechanisms of moth sex pheromone biosynthesis and reception which open new perspectives for insect control. GPCRs are also involved in viral entry into host cells, and Dumas and colleagues discuss how the host receptor lipid microenvironment can affect the mode of entry of HIV. Gawrisch and colleagues then discuss the receptor structural transitions needed for the signal transmission in response to ligand binding and how the lipid composition surrounding these receptors modulate the signal transmission using the prototypic GPCR rhodopsin. Other membrane proteins are also regulated by the membrane microenvironment. For example, results presented by Souabni and Baciou suggest that the NADPH-oxidase activity and the production of reactive oxygen species depend on the presence of sterols in the enzyme microenvironment. Lipids act as modulators of membrane shape and lipid mediators that play key roles in signal transmission and cell function. Several examples are reported in this issue. Kobayashi and colleagues present recent advances showing that membrane composition can influence the transbilayer movement of diacylglycerol, which is a key intermediate in lipid metabolism and a second messenger in lipid-mediated signalling. As reported by Vitale and co-workers, phosphatidic acid (PA), the simplest phospholipid naturally existing in living organisms, provides flexibility and negative curvature to the lipid bilayer, allows the recruitment of positively charged molecules to membranes, and is essential for neuronal development. Acar and colleagues discuss the role of plasmalogens, which are specific and abundant glycerophospholipids in brain and retina membranes, and are important in the regulation of retinal vascular development and neurodegenerative disorders such as glaucoma. Draeger and colleagues discuss the involvement of ceramide-driven invagination of the lipid bilayer and membrane blebbing to rescue membrane integrity and prevent cell lysis after cell injury. Moreover, abnormal cellular lipid composition and metabolism is linked to the development of various diseases. Setou and colleagues developed an innovative lipidomic method at the
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2014.10.012 te française de biochimie et biologie Mole culaire (SFBBM). All rights reserved. 0300-9084/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. and Socie
2
Editorial / Biochimie 107 (2014) 1e2
single cell level to show different lipid compositions between cancer and non cancer stem cells. Sugimoto and co-authors give an overview of mechanisms involving distinct prostanoids and receptors in skin inflammation. Several reports discuss the effect of nutrients in membrane lipid protection. As an example, dietary polyphenols present in vegetables and beverages like red wine and tea have been reported to possess antioxidant properties. an and colleagues describe a new non invasive method using Ge NMR to determine the antioxidant efficiency of red wine tannins on model membranes. Likewise, Lagarde and colleagues discuss the biochemistry and role of specific “EZE” omega-3 fatty acids called poxytrins that have potent anti-inflammatory properties. There are many classes of lipid-modifying enzymes among which phospholipases A2 play a major role by hydrolyzing various types of phospholipids at the sn-2 position, thereby remodeling phospholipids and producing various lipid mediators and precursors of many others. Wu and colleagues describe the importance of cytosolic phospholipase A2 during infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. Murakami and colleagues update the recently discovered biological roles of secreted phospholipases A2, a unique subgroup of enzymes acting on various extracellular membranes including not only the plasma membrane, but also shed microparticles like microvesicles and exosomes or membranes of various pathogens. Petan and colleagues review the specific roles of secreted phospholipases A2 in cancer, where these enzymes can be either pro- or anti-tumorigenic by activating different lipid-based molecular pathways. Finally, Canaan and colleagues present an original approach to identify lipases by a proteomic fishing method based on an affinity column with lipase inhibitors. Studying lipids and their modifying enzymes also requires new tools and methods. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in signal transmission, biomimetic membrane models have been developed. Girard-Egrot and colleagues present a novel tethered lipid bilayer bioassay, a promising tool for efficient MP reconstitution and molecular studies of cell membrane processes.
Finally, large cargos such as proteins, DNA, antibodies, imaging agents and nanoparticle drug carriers are not able to cross the plasma membrane. Many lipid-based therapies have been developed to deliver cargos into target cells. Here, Barratt and colleagues present the development of original anti-leishmanial lipid nanocomplexes based on a new lipid formulation with nanocochleates. Finally, Jobin and Alves discuss the use of cell penetrating peptides to specifically deliver cargos inside tumor target cells based on different membrane lipid compositions. To conclude, this special issue thus provides a series of reviews and original articles covering various aspects of membrane components from the intricate interactions between lipids and proteins within membranes to their function in cell physiology and pathologies, when there is a dysfunction of such membrane components. Acknowledgements We are particularly grateful to all the researchers who have enthusiastically answered our invitation to contribute articles to this special issue of Biochimie, and to the dedicated reviewers who helped us to reach the highest standard. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Regional Editor, Dr Claude Forest, and the skill of the Editorial Assistant Malika Hassini, for assembling this special issue. rard Lambeau* Isabelle Mus-Veteau*, Ge Institut de Pharmacologie Mol eculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit e de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7275, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France *
Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (I. Mus-Veteau), [email protected] (G. Lambeau). Available online 22 October 2014