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Status Check: Journey of India's Energy Sustainability through Renewable Sources
9th IFAC symposium on Control of Power and Energy Systems 9th symposium on and 9th IFAC IFAC symposium on Control Control of of Power Power and Energy Energy Systems Available online Systems at www.sciencedirect.com Indian Institute of Technology Indian Institute of Technology 9th IFAC symposium on Control of Power and Energy Systems Indian Institute of Technology December 9-11, 2015. Delhi, India December 9-11, Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology December 9-11, 2015. 2015. Delhi, India India December 9-11, 2015. Delhi, India
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Status Status Check: Check: Journey Journey of of India’s India’s Energy Energy Sustainability Sustainability Status Check:through JourneyRenewable of India’s Energy Sustainability Sources through Renewable Sources through Renewable Sources
S. Ghosh*, V. K. Yadav**, G. Mehta**, V. Mukherjee***, R Birajdar* S. V. S. Ghosh*, Ghosh*, V. V. K. K. Yadav**, Yadav**, G. G. Mehta**, Mehta**, V. Mukherjee***, Mukherjee***, R R Birajdar* Birajdar* S. Ghosh*, V. K. Yadav**, G. Mehta**, V. Mukherjee***, R Birajdar* ** Research & Development (R&D) Department, Kirloskar Brothers Limited (Pune), Kirloskar * Research Research & & Development Development (R&D) (R&D) Department, Department, Kirloskar Brothers Brothers Limited Limited (Pune), (Pune), Maharashtra, India (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]). * Research &India Development (R&D) Department, Kirloskar Brothers Limited (Pune), Maharashtra, (e-mail: [email protected]). Maharashtra, India (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]). ** School of Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Galgotias University, India (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]). ** School Electrical, Electronics & Engineering, Galgotias **Maharashtra, School of ofNoida, Electrical, Electronics & Communication Communication Engineering, Galgotias University, University, Greater (UP), India (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]) ** Greater School of Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Galgotias University, (UP), India (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]) Greater Noida, Noida, (UP), India (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]) *** Department of Electrical Engineering, ISM Dhanbad, Greater Noida, (UP), India (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]) *** *** Department Department of of Electrical Electrical Engineering, Engineering, ISM ISM Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India [email protected]) *** Department of (e-mail: Electrical Engineering, ISM Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India (e-mail: [email protected]) Jharkhand, India (e-mail: [email protected]) Jharkhand, India (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: India, akin to the rest of the world today, is grappling with balancing act between ever Abstract: Abstract: India, India, akin akin to to the the rest rest of of the the world world today, today, is is grappling grappling with with balancing balancing act act between between ever ever increasing demand of energy and alarmingly high level of green house gas emission, which is inevitable Abstract: India, akin to the rest of the world today, is grappling with balancing act ever increasing demand of energy and alarmingly high level of green house gas emission, which is increasing demand of energy and alarmingly high level of green house gas emission, whichbetween is inevitable inevitable corollary of energy production in the conventional way. Researchers and energy policy makers around increasing demand of energy and alarmingly high level of green house gas emission, which is inevitable corollary of energy production in the conventional way. Researchers and energy policy makers around corollary of energy production in the conventional way. Researchers and energy policy makers around the world of areenergy now focusing on renewable energy (RE) technologies to find to this makers crisis. In India corollary production in the conventional way. Researchers and solution energy policy the on energy technologies to solution to India the world world are are now now focusing focusing on renewable renewable energy (RE) (RE) technologies to find find solution to this this crisis. crisis. In Inaround India various agencies at both national and state level has been set up and bestowed with responsibility of the world are now focusing on renewable energy (RE) technologies to find solution to this crisis. In India various agencies at both national and state level has been set up and bestowed with responsibility of various agencies at both national and state level has been set up and bestowed with responsibility of development of renewable energy technologies, viz. Ministry of New Renewable Energy (MNRE), various agencies at both national and state level has been set up and bestowed with responsibility of development of renewable energy technologies, viz. Ministry of New Renewable Energy (MNRE), development of renewable energy technologies, viz. Ministry of New Renewable Energy (MNRE), National Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Ltd. (NVVNL), Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited development of renewable energy technologies, viz. Ministry of New Renewable Energy (MNRE), National Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVNL), Indian Energy Development Agency Limited National Nigam Ltd. Ltd. (NVVNL), Indian Renewable Renewable Energy Development Limited (IREDA)Vidyut and REVyapar Development Agencies in respective states. In the present work, the Agency preparedness of National Nigam Ltd. (NVVNL), Indian Renewable Energy Development Limited (IREDA) and Development Agencies in states. present work, preparedness of (IREDA)Vidyut and RE REVyapar Development Agencies in respective respective states. In In the the present work, the the Agency preparedness of India in terms of forming institutional and policy frame work briefly discussed. Status of implementation (IREDA) and of REforming Development Agencies in respective states.briefly In thediscussed. present work, of India institutional and frame Status of implementation India in in terms terms of forming institutional and policy policy frame work work briefly discussed. Statusthe of preparedness implementation of RE technologies, state wise and of India as aa whole is critically reviewed. India in terms of forming institutional and policy frame work briefly discussed. Status of implementation of RE technologies, state wise and of India as whole is critically reviewed. of RE technologies, state wise and of India as a whole is critically reviewed. of state wise and of India as a whole is critically reviewed. © RE 2015,technologies, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting Keywords: Energy Policy, Energy Sustainability, Renewable Energy.by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Keywords: Energy Energy Policy, Policy, Energy Energy Sustainability, Sustainability, Renewable Renewable Energy. Energy. Keywords: Energy Policy, Energy Sustainability, Renewable Energy. plants coal plants are: are: social social and and environmental environmental hindrance hindrance in in 1. INTRODUCTION plants are: social and environmental hindrance in coal coal 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION mining, land acquisition, lack of necessary organizational plants are: social and environmental hindrance in coal mining, land acquisition, lack of necessary organizational mining, land acquisition, lack of necessary organizational 1. INTRODUCTION The exponential changes responsible for supply management of fuel mining, land acquisition, lack ofchain necessary organizational The exponential growth growth of of Indian Indian economy economy and and increasing increasing The exponential growth of Indian economy and increasing changes changes responsible responsible for for supply supply chain chain management management of of fuel fuel population are outpacing the rate of augmentation of The exponential growth of Indian economy and increasing required to cater for added capacity, the exorbitant cost of changes responsible for supply chain management of fuel population are are outpacing outpacing the the rate rate of of augmentation augmentation of of population required to to cater cater for for added added capacity, capacity, the the exorbitant exorbitant cost cost of required of electricity generation capacity in India. Energy shortage and population are outpacing the rate of augmentation of capital unpredictability of required to most cater importantly for added capacity, the exorbitant cost of electricity electricity generation generation capacity capacity in in India. India. Energy Energy shortage shortage and and capital and and most importantly unpredictability of government government capital and most importantly unpredictability of government peaking inflated to Energy 11.1% shortage and 11.9% electricityshortage generationwere capacity in India. and policies. In most addition, heavy dependence on imports of coal capital and importantly unpredictability of government peaking peaking shortage shortage were were inflated inflated to to 11.1% 11.1% and and 11.9% 11.9% policies. policies. In In addition, addition, heavy heavy dependence dependence on on imports imports of of coal coal respectively in 2008-09 from the level of 8.1% and 11.3% in peaking shortage were inflated to 11.1% and 11.9% and petroleum fuels and volatility of world oil market are policies. In addition, heavy dependence on imports of coal respectively respectively in in 2008-09 2008-09 from from the the level level of of 8.1% 8.1% and and 11.3% 11.3% in in and petroleum petroleum fuels fuels and and volatility volatility of of world world oil oil market market are and are 1997-98 [1]. Though, due to the subsequent addition of respectively in 2008-09 from the level of 8.1% and 11.3% in making power financing extremely [5]. and petroleum fuels and volatility of worldrisky oil market are 1997-98 1997-98 [1]. [1]. Though, Though, due due to to the the subsequent subsequent addition addition of of making power projects projects financing extremely risky [5]. In In this this making power projects financing extremely risky [5]. In this installed capacity, the country of energy 1997-98 [1]. Though, due to theaverage subsequent additionand of scenario, for bridging over this ever widening gap between making power projects financing extremely risky [5]. In this installed capacity, the country average of energy and installed capacity, the country average of energy and scenario, scenario, for for bridging bridging over over this this ever ever widening widening gap gap between between peeking has been brought down 2.1% and installed capacity, energy and demand supply of on scenario, and for bridging overelectrical this ever energy, wideningleveraging gap between peeking shortage shortage hasthe beencountry broughtaverage down to to of 2.1% and 2.6% 2.6% peeking shortage has been brought down to 2.1% and 2.6% demand and supply of electrical energy, leveraging on demand and supply of electrical energy, leveraging on as on July 2015, however the state/region wise data mining peeking shortage has been brought down to 2.1% and 2.6% renewable technologies has become imperative. demand and supply of electrical energy, leveraging on as on July 2015, however the state/region wise data mining as on July 2015, however the state/region wise data mining renewable technologies technologies has has become become imperative. imperative. renewable reveals that some of the states faced energy shortage of as on July 2015, however the state/region wise data mining renewable technologies has become imperative. reveals that some of the states faced energy shortage of reveals that some of the states faced energy shortage of 17.1% shortage of high 21% Aprreveals thatpeeking some of the states energy shortage of 17.1% and and peeking shortage of as asfaced high as as 21% during during Apr17.1% and peeking shortage of as high as 21% during Apr2. PRESENT INDIAN POWER SECTOR SCENARIO 2. July 2015 [1],[8]. About 1.5-2 billion people in developing 17.1% and peeking shortage of as high as 21% during Apr2. PRESENT PRESENT INDIAN INDIAN POWER POWER SECTOR SECTOR SCENARIO SCENARIO July 2015 2015 [1],[8]. [1],[8]. About About 1.5-2 1.5-2 billion billion people people in in developing developing July 2. PRESENT INDIAN POWER SECTOR SCENARIO Presently (as on July 2015) India is the sixth largest countries do not have access to the electricity and 450 July 2015 [1],[8]. About 1.5-2 billion people in developing Presently countries Presently (as (as on on July July 2015) 2015) India India is is the the sixth sixth largest largest countries do do not not have have access access to to the the electricity electricity and and 450 450 producer of electric energy in the world with total million of them are in India alone. Only about 56% of rural Presently (as on July 2015) India is the sixthinstalled largest countries do not have access to the electricity and 450 producer of of electric electric energy energy in in the the world world with with total total installed million of of them them are are in in India India alone. alone. Only Only about about 56% 56% of of rural rural producer installed million capacity of 2,75,912 MW [1]. The major chunk of it, households and 93% of urban households has been so far producer of electric energy in the world with total installed million of them are in India alone. Only about 56% of rural capacity of of 2,75,912 2,75,912 MW MW [1]. [1]. The The major major chunk chunk of of it, it, about about households and and 93% 93% of of urban urban households households has has been been so so far far capacity about households 69.5% is contributed by thermal power plants, while electrified in India [2] [3]. Hence there is an urgent need of capacity of 2,75,912 MW [1]. The major chunk of it,15.2% about households and 93% of urban households has been so far 69.5% is contributed by thermal power plants, while 15.2% electrified in India [2] [3]. Hence there is an urgent need of 69.5% is contributed by thermal power plants, while 15.2% electrified in India [2] [3]. Hence there is an urgent need of comes from hydro, 2% from Nuclear, and 13.21% comes rapid expansion of generation and transmission capacity to 69.5% is contributed by thermal power plants, while 15.2% electrified in India [2] [3]. Hence there is an urgent need of comes rapid comes from from hydro, hydro, 2% 2% from from Nuclear, Nuclear, and and 13.21% 13.21% comes comes rapid expansion expansion of of generation generation and and transmission transmission capacity capacity to to from renewable energy sources [1],[8]. Though coal deal with the present demand [2] and more so for the future. comes from hydro, 2% from Nuclear, and 13.21% comes rapid expansion of generation and transmission capacity to from renewable renewable energy energy sources sources [1],[8]. [1],[8]. Though Though rich rich in in coal deal with with the the present present demand demand [2] [2] and and more more so so for for the the future. future. from rich in coal deal reserves and bestowed abundantly with renewable energy India would be required to generate an estimated massive from renewable energy sources [1],[8]. Though rich in coal deal with the present demand [2] and more so for the future. reserves and bestowed abundantly with renewable energy India would be required to generate an estimated massive reserves and bestowed abundantly with renewable energy India would be required to generate an estimated massive resources in the form of solar, wind, small hydro and bio3400 TWhe/year of energy to take care of its 1700 million reserves and bestowedofabundantly with renewable energy India TWhe/year would be required to generate an estimated massive resources 3400 resources in in the the form form of solar, solar, wind, wind, small small hydro hydro and and biobio3400 TWhe/year of of energy energy to to take take care care of of its its 1700 1700 million million energy, and with small hydrocarbon reserves (0.4% of the people by 2070, considering per capita electricity resources in with the form solar, wind, reserves small hydro andofbio3400 of energy to take care its 1700 million energy, and and smallofhydrocarbon hydrocarbon (0.4% the peopleTWhe/year by 2070, 2070, considering per of capita electricity energy, with small reserves (0.4% of the people by considering per capita electricity world’s total), India is aa net importer of primary consumption merely 2000 kWh/annum [4]. Even in this energy, and with small hydrocarbon reserves (0.4%energy. of the people by of 2070, considering per capita electricity world’s total), India is net importer of primary energy. consumption of merely 2000 kWh/annum [4]. Even in this world’s total), India is a net importer of primary energy. consumption of merely 2000 kWh/annum [4]. Even in this More than country’sof primary energy scenario the socio-economic political [4]. scenario world’s total),35% India of is a the net importer primary energy. consumption of merely 2000 and kWh/annum EvenininIndia this More scenario More than than 35% 35% of of the the country’s country’s primary primary energy energy scenario the the socio-economic socio-economic and and political political scenario scenario in in India India requirements are met through imports [6]. The institutional is making it difficult to enhance generation capacity, based More than are 35% the imports country’s energy scenario socio-economic and generation political scenario in based India requirements met of through [6]. primary The institutional institutional is makingthe it difficult difficult to enhance enhance capacity, requirements are met through imports [6]. The is making it to generation capacity, based frame work of Indian Power Sector, under central on conventional technologies for both public and private requirements are met through imports [6]. The institutional is making it difficult to enhance generation capacity, based frame work work of of Indian Indian Power Power Sector, Sector, under under central central on conventional conventional technologies technologies for for both both public public and and private private frame on government, summarized in Table 1. power producers. The factors inhibiting setting new frame workis of Indian Power Sector, under central on conventional technologies for both public andup private government, is summarized in Table 1. power producers. The factors inhibiting setting up new government, is summarized in Table 1. power producers. The factors inhibiting setting up new government, is summarized in Table 1. power producers. The factors inhibiting setting up new
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Central Electricity Authority (CEA) was constituted under the aegis of Electricity Act 2003 (EA 2003) [7]. Policy recommendations, evaluation of electricity sector performance, advising the Ministry of power on technical issues, data management of the power sector, preparation of technical standards for electrical plants, electric lines and connectivity to the grid are some of the major responsibility of this organization. Central electricity regulatory commission (CERC) had been constituted under EA 2003 to promote competition, efficiency and investments and quality of supply. It also plays an advisory role for government on various issues such as availability of fuel and raw materials, generation from renewable resources; tariff based competitive bidding, open access for power transmission and import of electricity from other countries. CERC also plays instrumental role in formulating various policies. Rural electrification policy, tariff policy, national electricity policy, Rajiv Gandhi Gramin Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY)-A policy initiative to provide electricity to all un electrified villages of India, had come into existence under this commission [8]. Table 1. Indian Power Sector organizational structure at different level of governance Functions Policy Planning Regulation Generation Transmission Execution Distribution Trade Energy Efficiency Law
Central State Government Government (GOI) MOP, MNRE State Govt. Ministry for Power and RE CEA SEB CERC SERC NGU GENCO PGCIL STU NLDC, RLDC SLDC State distribution utilities PTC India Ltd. Licensee Licensee BEE
Non Govt. (Private) IPP PTSP
457
2.2 The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) It is an agency of GOI, under the Ministry of Power created in March 2002, with prime responsibility to increase the conservation and efficient use of energy in India. GOI has proposed to make it mandatory for all appliances in India to have ratings by the BEE starting in January 2010 [9], with primary objective to mitigate the demand supply gap through demand side management. 3. POLICY INITIATIVES OF GOI FOR POWER SECTOR REFORMS AND PROMOTION OF RE TECHNOLOGIES Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act 1998, Electricity Bill 2001 and The Electricity Act 2003 (EA 2003) were enacted by Indian parliament to bolster the power sector reform process by addressing the major issues involving generation, distribution, transmission, trading and privatization of power sector and promotion of RE technologies [10]. Salient features of EA 2003 are:
Generation of power has been de-licensed and captive generation is freely permitted, Large Hydro-projects, however need concurrence from CEA.
Open access in transmission. Unbundling of State Electricity Boards. State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) establishment is made mandatory. Stand-alone systems for rural and remote area. Privatization of power sector.
PDSP Licensee
Appellate Tribunal
MOP: Ministry of Power; MNRE: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy; NGU: National Generating Units; PGCIL: Power Grid Corporation of India Limited; NLDC/RLDC/SLDC: National/Regional/State Load Dispatch Centre; PTC: Power Trading Corporation of India Limited; BEE: Bureau of Energy Efficiency; SEB: State Electricity Board; GENCO: Generation Company (State); STU: State Transmission Utility; IPP: Independent Power Producer; PTSP/PDSP: Power Transmission/ Distribution Service Provider.
2.1 State electricity regulatory commissions(SERC) SERCs have the responsibilities to determine the tariff for generation, transmission, distribution and wheeling of electricity within the respective states. SERCs regulate electricity purchase, the operations of intrastate transmission, distribution of licenses including the price for distribution and supply within the state [8]. They are also responsible for encouraging cogeneration and generation of electricity from renewable and environmental friendly sources of energy. 457
EA 2003 also made provision for the promotion of renewable energy and co-generation technologies, and provided policy frame work for purchase of electricity from these sources. The regulators’ forum constituted in line with the provisions of EA 2003, National Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy, notified guidelines for procurement share of different renewable energy sources within overall renewable procurement obligation (RPO) percentage, guidelines for process of competitive procurement of renewable energy and introduced renewable energy certificate (REC) mechanism [10]. The primary objective of REC mechanism is to bridge the gap between availability of renewable energy resources in a particular state and the requirement of the renewable procurement obligation (RPO). Further, the GOI has released its National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in mid-2008, in which eight critical missions have been identified, viz. Nation Solar Mission, National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency and National Mission for Green India etc. with one of its
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prime objective to increase share of renewable energy in India’s power portfolio. As per the assessment of the NAPCC, as high as 15% of India’s energy demand, could be fulfilled by renewable sources by 2020 and presently has set a target of 5% of power purchase share from renewable sources, which will be increased by 1% each year to finally achieve 15% by 2020 [11]. Brief description of some revolutionary concepts introduced by the policies pertaining to power sector and EA 2003 are as below: 3.1 Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) RPO makes it mandatory for all electricity distribution licensees to purchase or produce a specified quantity of their requirements from Renewable Energy Sources as per the provisions of EA 2003. Minimum RPO for the State is specified by Electricity Regulatory Commissions of Individual States (SERCs) [12]. 3.2 Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) It is an instrument though which producers of electricity from RE sources are provided with incentives [12]. The power producers can register with the national agency named National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC) and obtain RECs for each MWh of electricity generation. RECs can be procured by other power producers who are failing to meet the RPO otherwise.
3.6 Open Access Open access is non-discriminatory sale or purchase of electric power between two parties utilizing the interconnecting system (third party). 3.7 Availability based tariff (ABT) ABT has been implemented by Central Commission in all the five regions of the country which have built-in mechanism for energy accounting in respect of any deviations from the declared schedules [13]. The prime objective if ABT is to move away the cost plus tariff approach. The above land mark acts and policies of GOI, has enabled faster overall growth of renewable energy sector in India over the last decade. India is presently ranked seventh in the world for investment in RE technologies. The present installed capacity of electrical Power from RE sources of India vis-à-vis other top countries and world as on 2014 are presented in table 2. More recent data for India is presented in table 3. Investment in RE technology rose by 15.6% to $7.4 billion in 2014 [6]. This is likely to grow further as India has initiated one of the largest programs in the world for implementation of technologies for harnessing energy from renewable sources [14]. Table 2. Renewable Electric Power Installed Capacity, 2014 [6]
3.3 Nodal Agency The agency designated by the state governments for promotion and smooth coordination with government for electricity generation from renewable energy sources are designated as Nodal agency. 3.4 Grid Code It is the specification of the required behavior of a connected generator in terms of voltage regulation, power factor limits and reactive power supply, response to a system fault (short-circuit), and response to frequency changes on the grid and requirement to "ride through" short interruptions of the connection during system disturbances.
World BRIC EU-28 US China Germany Spain Total Technology Installed Capacity (GW) Wind power 370 145 95 65 115 39 23 Biomass power 93 18 45 18 8 9 3 Solar PV 177 35 35 18 28 37 6 ~0 ~0 Geothermal power 12.8 ~ 0 1 3.5 ~ 0 ~0 Solar thermal power 4.4 3.5 1 0.2 3.1 0.15 Total renewable 657 206 255 105 153 86 32 power capacity* Hydropower 1,055 468 145 79** 285 7** 20 Total renewable power capacity including Hydro Power
1,712 674
400
184
438
93
52
India
22 5 3.5 ~0 ~0
31 45* * 76
* Not including hydropower, **Data for the United States, Germany, and India includes conventional hydropower capacity. Data in the order of a fractional GW, are designated by “~ 0”.
3.5 Multi Year Tariff (MYT)
4. INSTITUTIONAL FRAME WORK FOR FOSTERING RENEWABLE ENERGY UNDER GOI.
MYT is introduced to mitigate the financial risk for the power producers and the distribution companies by ensuring tariffs do not fluctuate beyond a certain bandwidth unless there are force majeure conditions [13].
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the nodal Ministry of GOI to promote all renewable energy resources. India is the first country in the world to set up a ministry of non-conventional energy resources, in early 1980s. The main aim of the Ministry is to develop and
458
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employ new and renewable energy for meeting the increasing energy demand of the country. MNRE came in to existence as Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES) In 1982 and was converted in a separate ministry in 1992 and rechristened as Ministry of Nonconventional Energy Sources. In October 2006 it was further renamed as the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Grid connected power, off grid power, research and development and its demonstration and human resource development are some of the major areas of focus of this ministry. Following institutions have been established under MNRE to help the ministry realize its goal [12] as depicted in figure 1. 4.1 National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE)
Government of India
Power and Energy Division
Ministry of Coal
Ministry of Power CERC
CEA
REC
NTPC
PTC
PFC
NHPC
MNRE
PGCIL
1982. Prime objective of this institute is to promote research and development in the field of Small Hydro Power Projects and hybrid energy. Power System Planning and Operation, Energy Auditing, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Eco-restoration, R&D in the Field of Other Renewable Energy Sources (Solar, Biomass, and Wind etc.) are also handled by this institution. 4.4 Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) IREDA is a Financial Institution under MNRE which arranges the finance for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects [15]. 4.5 Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI)
This institution came in to existence as the Solar Energy Centre (SEC) in 1982, with prime objective to develop solar energy technologies. To accomplish its objective, the Centre has been working on solar resource utilization and technology development in association with other research institutions, agencies and industries. Various facilities such as technology evaluation, technology validation, testing and standardization, reliability, monitoring, data analysis and training have been developed to speed up the process [12].
Planning Commission
459
SECI was set up on 20th September 2001, by MNRE under Section-25 of the Companies Act 1956 as an institution committed to Solar Energy sector. It supports various activities to facilitate implementation of Jawaharlal Nehru national solar mission (JNNSM), to promote ecologically sustainable growth while keeping in view the India's energy security challenge [16]. The Mission was launched on the 11th January, 2010 with the ambition of deploying 20,000 MW of grid connected solar power by 2022. Main objective of the mission is to make India a global leader in solar energy. 5. STATUS OF STATE RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas IREDA SEC CWET SNAs AHEC
Figure 1: The institutional frame work of Indian Power Sector at Central Govt. of India (GOI)
4.2 National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) NIWE was established in the year 1998, as an independent research and development (R&D) institution by MNRE. The institute provides services and at the same time strives to solve different problems to carry out improvements in the entire spectrum of the wind energy sector. Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) has been established by MNRE; to help NIWE to improve the quality and quantity of wind energy produced [12]. 4.3 Alternate Hydro Energy Centre (AHEC) AHEC was founded in Indian Institution of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, with collaboration of MNRE in the year 459
Respective renewable energy development authorities in states are working in synergy with MNRE and IREDA for implementation of various non-conventional and renewable energy projects at grass root level along with projects of industrial scale. The activities include: disseminating awareness and popularizing small roof-top solar systems for domestic application, various energy conservation techniques such as energy saving, auditing, industrial energy efficiency, energy performance, demand side management. They are also working on Installation of “Akshay Urja” shops for easy access to RE technologies, Implementation of solar city projects of MNRE in respective states [17]-[38]. These efforts have led some of the states to achieve significant feet. E.g. Kerala produces about 65% of its energy from renewable sources and has become self-sufficient in energy. Tamil Nadu presently produces about 34% (7.275 GW) of whole of India’s Wind energy Installed capacity [24]. Rajasthan Govt. has signed MOU with Clinton Foundation in January 2010 for setting up 3000 MW Solar Parks [30]. West Bengal installed India’s first solar power plant of MW scale in Asansol [35]. Uttar Pradesh has signed PPAs with 6 developers for setting up a total of 110 MW of solar power projects under the
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state’s Solar Power Policy 2013 which targets 500 MW solar capacity by 2017 [37]. State wise installed/ identified capacity of solar and wind power are presented vis-à-vis their potential in table 4. Table 3. Technology Wise Breakup of Installed Capacity of RE in India as on 31 July 2015 (in MW) [41] Grid Connected RE
Stand Alone/ Captive Power
Wind Energy Small/mini/micro Hydro Power
23864.91 4101.68
NA 17.21
Biomass+ Cogeneration
4418.55
772.37
waste to Power Solar power Aero Generator/Hybrid System Total
127.08 4130.55
146.51 234.35 2.67 1173.11
Sources of RE
36642.77
Table 4. State wise Installed Capacity of Solar and Wind Power vis-à-vis their potential [39-42].
now imperative to take refuge of RE sources and to develop technologies for extraction of power from these efficiently. India has taken adequate steps to form institutional and policy framework to deal with this and achieved significant growth in the area of RE. In India about 36643 MW (about 13.3 % of total installed capacity) of power is generated from RE sources as on July 2015. Though India has made remarkable progress in exploiting wind energy but despite all efforts, huge solar potential still remain unexploited. The nodal agencies at GOI and State level and Industries need to collaborate and walk extra mile in terms of integrating the resources to harness this abundantly available natural resource, to meet the present and future demand of this energy starving country. REFERENCES [1] Ministry of Power, Government of India. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://www.powermin.nic.in.
States
Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Total of others (*) Total
ESPP (GW)
38.44 8.65 13.76 11.2 18.27 2.05 0.88 35.77 4.56 33.84 111.05 18.18 24.7 6.11 61.66 64.32 10.63 5.86 9.09 7.29 25.78 2.81 142.31 4.94 17.67 20.41 2.08 22.83 16.8 6.26 0.79 748.99
[2] V.K. Yadav, N.P. Padhy, and H.O. Gupta, “A micro level study of
CISPU WEP WEP WEIC under upto 50 upto 80 m JNNSM (GW) m 0.08 NA NA NA 0.004 NA NA 0.02 0.0098 NA NA 0.016 0.01 NA 0.00525 0.021 NA NA NA NA 0.013 0.0155 0.58 NA 0.012 NA NA 0.008 0.005 NA 0.001 0.80055
5.4 0.2 0.053 0 0.023 0 NA 10.6 0 0.02 5.311 0 8.591 0.79 0.92 5.439 0.007 0.044 NA 0.003 0.91 NA 5.005 0.098 5.374 NA NA 0.137 0.161 0.022 0.016 49.124
14.5 0.236 0.112 0.114 0.314 0.004 NA 35.071 0.093 0.064 5.685 0.091 13.593 0.837 2.931 5.961 0.056 0.082 NA 0.016 1.384 NA 5.05 0.098 14.152 NA NA 1.26 0.534 0.022 0.014 102.274
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0.783 * * * * * * 3.447 * * * * 2.324 0.035 0.423 4.064 * * * * * * 2.783 * 7.275 * * * * * * 0.0043 21.1383
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Status Status Check: Check: Journey Journey of of India’s India’s Energy Energy Sustainability Sustainability Status Check:through JourneyRenewable of India’s Energy Sustainability Sources through Renewable Sources through Renewable Sources
S. Ghosh*, V. K. Yadav**, G. Mehta**, V. Mukherjee***, R Birajdar* S. V. S. Ghosh*, Ghosh*, V. V. K. K. Yadav**, Yadav**, G. G. Mehta**, Mehta**, V. Mukherjee***, Mukherjee***, R R Birajdar* Birajdar* S. Ghosh*, V. K. Yadav**, G. Mehta**, V. Mukherjee***, R Birajdar* ** Research & Development (R&D) Department, Kirloskar Brothers Limited (Pune), Kirloskar * Research Research & & Development Development (R&D) (R&D) Department, Department, Kirloskar Brothers Brothers Limited Limited (Pune), (Pune), Maharashtra, India (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]). * Research &India Development (R&D) Department, Kirloskar Brothers Limited (Pune), Maharashtra, (e-mail: [email protected]). Maharashtra, India (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]). ** School of Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Galgotias University, India (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]). ** School Electrical, Electronics & Engineering, Galgotias **Maharashtra, School of ofNoida, Electrical, Electronics & Communication Communication Engineering, Galgotias University, University, Greater (UP), India (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]) ** Greater School of Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Galgotias University, (UP), India (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]) Greater Noida, Noida, (UP), India (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]) *** Department of Electrical Engineering, ISM Dhanbad, Greater Noida, (UP), India (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]) *** *** Department Department of of Electrical Electrical Engineering, Engineering, ISM ISM Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India [email protected]) *** Department of (e-mail: Electrical Engineering, ISM Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India (e-mail: [email protected]) Jharkhand, India (e-mail: [email protected]) Jharkhand, India (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: India, akin to the rest of the world today, is grappling with balancing act between ever Abstract: Abstract: India, India, akin akin to to the the rest rest of of the the world world today, today, is is grappling grappling with with balancing balancing act act between between ever ever increasing demand of energy and alarmingly high level of green house gas emission, which is inevitable Abstract: India, akin to the rest of the world today, is grappling with balancing act ever increasing demand of energy and alarmingly high level of green house gas emission, which is increasing demand of energy and alarmingly high level of green house gas emission, whichbetween is inevitable inevitable corollary of energy production in the conventional way. Researchers and energy policy makers around increasing demand of energy and alarmingly high level of green house gas emission, which is inevitable corollary of energy production in the conventional way. Researchers and energy policy makers around corollary of energy production in the conventional way. Researchers and energy policy makers around the world of areenergy now focusing on renewable energy (RE) technologies to find to this makers crisis. In India corollary production in the conventional way. Researchers and solution energy policy the on energy technologies to solution to India the world world are are now now focusing focusing on renewable renewable energy (RE) (RE) technologies to find find solution to this this crisis. crisis. In Inaround India various agencies at both national and state level has been set up and bestowed with responsibility of the world are now focusing on renewable energy (RE) technologies to find solution to this crisis. In India various agencies at both national and state level has been set up and bestowed with responsibility of various agencies at both national and state level has been set up and bestowed with responsibility of development of renewable energy technologies, viz. Ministry of New Renewable Energy (MNRE), various agencies at both national and state level has been set up and bestowed with responsibility of development of renewable energy technologies, viz. Ministry of New Renewable Energy (MNRE), development of renewable energy technologies, viz. Ministry of New Renewable Energy (MNRE), National Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Ltd. (NVVNL), Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited development of renewable energy technologies, viz. Ministry of New Renewable Energy (MNRE), National Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVNL), Indian Energy Development Agency Limited National Nigam Ltd. Ltd. (NVVNL), Indian Renewable Renewable Energy Development Limited (IREDA)Vidyut and REVyapar Development Agencies in respective states. In the present work, the Agency preparedness of National Nigam Ltd. (NVVNL), Indian Renewable Energy Development Limited (IREDA) and Development Agencies in states. present work, preparedness of (IREDA)Vidyut and RE REVyapar Development Agencies in respective respective states. In In the the present work, the the Agency preparedness of India in terms of forming institutional and policy frame work briefly discussed. Status of implementation (IREDA) and of REforming Development Agencies in respective states.briefly In thediscussed. present work, of India institutional and frame Status of implementation India in in terms terms of forming institutional and policy policy frame work work briefly discussed. Statusthe of preparedness implementation of RE technologies, state wise and of India as aa whole is critically reviewed. India in terms of forming institutional and policy frame work briefly discussed. Status of implementation of RE technologies, state wise and of India as whole is critically reviewed. of RE technologies, state wise and of India as a whole is critically reviewed. of state wise and of India as a whole is critically reviewed. © RE 2015,technologies, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting Keywords: Energy Policy, Energy Sustainability, Renewable Energy.by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Keywords: Energy Energy Policy, Policy, Energy Energy Sustainability, Sustainability, Renewable Renewable Energy. Energy. Keywords: Energy Policy, Energy Sustainability, Renewable Energy. plants coal plants are: are: social social and and environmental environmental hindrance hindrance in in 1. INTRODUCTION plants are: social and environmental hindrance in coal coal 1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION mining, land acquisition, lack of necessary organizational plants are: social and environmental hindrance in coal mining, land acquisition, lack of necessary organizational mining, land acquisition, lack of necessary organizational 1. INTRODUCTION The exponential changes responsible for supply management of fuel mining, land acquisition, lack ofchain necessary organizational The exponential growth growth of of Indian Indian economy economy and and increasing increasing The exponential growth of Indian economy and increasing changes changes responsible responsible for for supply supply chain chain management management of of fuel fuel population are outpacing the rate of augmentation of The exponential growth of Indian economy and increasing required to cater for added capacity, the exorbitant cost of changes responsible for supply chain management of fuel population are are outpacing outpacing the the rate rate of of augmentation augmentation of of population required to to cater cater for for added added capacity, capacity, the the exorbitant exorbitant cost cost of required of electricity generation capacity in India. Energy shortage and population are outpacing the rate of augmentation of capital unpredictability of required to most cater importantly for added capacity, the exorbitant cost of electricity electricity generation generation capacity capacity in in India. India. Energy Energy shortage shortage and and capital and and most importantly unpredictability of government government capital and most importantly unpredictability of government peaking inflated to Energy 11.1% shortage and 11.9% electricityshortage generationwere capacity in India. and policies. In most addition, heavy dependence on imports of coal capital and importantly unpredictability of government peaking peaking shortage shortage were were inflated inflated to to 11.1% 11.1% and and 11.9% 11.9% policies. policies. In In addition, addition, heavy heavy dependence dependence on on imports imports of of coal coal respectively in 2008-09 from the level of 8.1% and 11.3% in peaking shortage were inflated to 11.1% and 11.9% and petroleum fuels and volatility of world oil market are policies. In addition, heavy dependence on imports of coal respectively respectively in in 2008-09 2008-09 from from the the level level of of 8.1% 8.1% and and 11.3% 11.3% in in and petroleum petroleum fuels fuels and and volatility volatility of of world world oil oil market market are and are 1997-98 [1]. Though, due to the subsequent addition of respectively in 2008-09 from the level of 8.1% and 11.3% in making power financing extremely [5]. and petroleum fuels and volatility of worldrisky oil market are 1997-98 1997-98 [1]. [1]. Though, Though, due due to to the the subsequent subsequent addition addition of of making power projects projects financing extremely risky [5]. In In this this making power projects financing extremely risky [5]. In this installed capacity, the country of energy 1997-98 [1]. Though, due to theaverage subsequent additionand of scenario, for bridging over this ever widening gap between making power projects financing extremely risky [5]. In this installed capacity, the country average of energy and installed capacity, the country average of energy and scenario, scenario, for for bridging bridging over over this this ever ever widening widening gap gap between between peeking has been brought down 2.1% and installed capacity, energy and demand supply of on scenario, and for bridging overelectrical this ever energy, wideningleveraging gap between peeking shortage shortage hasthe beencountry broughtaverage down to to of 2.1% and 2.6% 2.6% peeking shortage has been brought down to 2.1% and 2.6% demand and supply of electrical energy, leveraging on demand and supply of electrical energy, leveraging on as on July 2015, however the state/region wise data mining peeking shortage has been brought down to 2.1% and 2.6% renewable technologies has become imperative. demand and supply of electrical energy, leveraging on as on July 2015, however the state/region wise data mining as on July 2015, however the state/region wise data mining renewable technologies technologies has has become become imperative. imperative. renewable reveals that some of the states faced energy shortage of as on July 2015, however the state/region wise data mining renewable technologies has become imperative. reveals that some of the states faced energy shortage of reveals that some of the states faced energy shortage of 17.1% shortage of high 21% Aprreveals thatpeeking some of the states energy shortage of 17.1% and and peeking shortage of as asfaced high as as 21% during during Apr17.1% and peeking shortage of as high as 21% during Apr2. PRESENT INDIAN POWER SECTOR SCENARIO 2. July 2015 [1],[8]. About 1.5-2 billion people in developing 17.1% and peeking shortage of as high as 21% during Apr2. PRESENT PRESENT INDIAN INDIAN POWER POWER SECTOR SECTOR SCENARIO SCENARIO July 2015 2015 [1],[8]. [1],[8]. About About 1.5-2 1.5-2 billion billion people people in in developing developing July 2. PRESENT INDIAN POWER SECTOR SCENARIO Presently (as on July 2015) India is the sixth largest countries do not have access to the electricity and 450 July 2015 [1],[8]. About 1.5-2 billion people in developing Presently countries Presently (as (as on on July July 2015) 2015) India India is is the the sixth sixth largest largest countries do do not not have have access access to to the the electricity electricity and and 450 450 producer of electric energy in the world with total million of them are in India alone. Only about 56% of rural Presently (as on July 2015) India is the sixthinstalled largest countries do not have access to the electricity and 450 producer of of electric electric energy energy in in the the world world with with total total installed million of of them them are are in in India India alone. alone. Only Only about about 56% 56% of of rural rural producer installed million capacity of 2,75,912 MW [1]. The major chunk of it, households and 93% of urban households has been so far producer of electric energy in the world with total installed million of them are in India alone. Only about 56% of rural capacity of of 2,75,912 2,75,912 MW MW [1]. [1]. The The major major chunk chunk of of it, it, about about households and and 93% 93% of of urban urban households households has has been been so so far far capacity about households 69.5% is contributed by thermal power plants, while electrified in India [2] [3]. Hence there is an urgent need of capacity of 2,75,912 MW [1]. The major chunk of it,15.2% about households and 93% of urban households has been so far 69.5% is contributed by thermal power plants, while 15.2% electrified in India [2] [3]. Hence there is an urgent need of 69.5% is contributed by thermal power plants, while 15.2% electrified in India [2] [3]. Hence there is an urgent need of comes from hydro, 2% from Nuclear, and 13.21% comes rapid expansion of generation and transmission capacity to 69.5% is contributed by thermal power plants, while 15.2% electrified in India [2] [3]. Hence there is an urgent need of comes rapid comes from from hydro, hydro, 2% 2% from from Nuclear, Nuclear, and and 13.21% 13.21% comes comes rapid expansion expansion of of generation generation and and transmission transmission capacity capacity to to from renewable energy sources [1],[8]. Though coal deal with the present demand [2] and more so for the future. comes from hydro, 2% from Nuclear, and 13.21% comes rapid expansion of generation and transmission capacity to from renewable renewable energy energy sources sources [1],[8]. [1],[8]. Though Though rich rich in in coal deal with with the the present present demand demand [2] [2] and and more more so so for for the the future. future. from rich in coal deal reserves and bestowed abundantly with renewable energy India would be required to generate an estimated massive from renewable energy sources [1],[8]. Though rich in coal deal with the present demand [2] and more so for the future. reserves and bestowed abundantly with renewable energy India would be required to generate an estimated massive reserves and bestowed abundantly with renewable energy India would be required to generate an estimated massive resources in the form of solar, wind, small hydro and bio3400 TWhe/year of energy to take care of its 1700 million reserves and bestowedofabundantly with renewable energy India TWhe/year would be required to generate an estimated massive resources 3400 resources in in the the form form of solar, solar, wind, wind, small small hydro hydro and and biobio3400 TWhe/year of of energy energy to to take take care care of of its its 1700 1700 million million energy, and with small hydrocarbon reserves (0.4% of the people by 2070, considering per capita electricity resources in with the form solar, wind, reserves small hydro andofbio3400 of energy to take care its 1700 million energy, and and smallofhydrocarbon hydrocarbon (0.4% the peopleTWhe/year by 2070, 2070, considering per of capita electricity energy, with small reserves (0.4% of the people by considering per capita electricity world’s total), India is aa net importer of primary consumption merely 2000 kWh/annum [4]. Even in this energy, and with small hydrocarbon reserves (0.4%energy. of the people by of 2070, considering per capita electricity world’s total), India is net importer of primary energy. consumption of merely 2000 kWh/annum [4]. Even in this world’s total), India is a net importer of primary energy. consumption of merely 2000 kWh/annum [4]. Even in this More than country’sof primary energy scenario the socio-economic political [4]. scenario world’s total),35% India of is a the net importer primary energy. consumption of merely 2000 and kWh/annum EvenininIndia this More scenario More than than 35% 35% of of the the country’s country’s primary primary energy energy scenario the the socio-economic socio-economic and and political political scenario scenario in in India India requirements are met through imports [6]. The institutional is making it difficult to enhance generation capacity, based More than are 35% the imports country’s energy scenario socio-economic and generation political scenario in based India requirements met of through [6]. primary The institutional institutional is makingthe it difficult difficult to enhance enhance capacity, requirements are met through imports [6]. The is making it to generation capacity, based frame work of Indian Power Sector, under central on conventional technologies for both public and private requirements are met through imports [6]. The institutional is making it difficult to enhance generation capacity, based frame work work of of Indian Indian Power Power Sector, Sector, under under central central on conventional conventional technologies technologies for for both both public public and and private private frame on government, summarized in Table 1. power producers. The factors inhibiting setting new frame workis of Indian Power Sector, under central on conventional technologies for both public andup private government, is summarized in Table 1. power producers. The factors inhibiting setting up new government, is summarized in Table 1. power producers. The factors inhibiting setting up new government, is summarized in Table 1. power producers. The factors inhibiting setting up new
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Central Electricity Authority (CEA) was constituted under the aegis of Electricity Act 2003 (EA 2003) [7]. Policy recommendations, evaluation of electricity sector performance, advising the Ministry of power on technical issues, data management of the power sector, preparation of technical standards for electrical plants, electric lines and connectivity to the grid are some of the major responsibility of this organization. Central electricity regulatory commission (CERC) had been constituted under EA 2003 to promote competition, efficiency and investments and quality of supply. It also plays an advisory role for government on various issues such as availability of fuel and raw materials, generation from renewable resources; tariff based competitive bidding, open access for power transmission and import of electricity from other countries. CERC also plays instrumental role in formulating various policies. Rural electrification policy, tariff policy, national electricity policy, Rajiv Gandhi Gramin Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY)-A policy initiative to provide electricity to all un electrified villages of India, had come into existence under this commission [8]. Table 1. Indian Power Sector organizational structure at different level of governance Functions Policy Planning Regulation Generation Transmission Execution Distribution Trade Energy Efficiency Law
Central State Government Government (GOI) MOP, MNRE State Govt. Ministry for Power and RE CEA SEB CERC SERC NGU GENCO PGCIL STU NLDC, RLDC SLDC State distribution utilities PTC India Ltd. Licensee Licensee BEE
Non Govt. (Private) IPP PTSP
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2.2 The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) It is an agency of GOI, under the Ministry of Power created in March 2002, with prime responsibility to increase the conservation and efficient use of energy in India. GOI has proposed to make it mandatory for all appliances in India to have ratings by the BEE starting in January 2010 [9], with primary objective to mitigate the demand supply gap through demand side management. 3. POLICY INITIATIVES OF GOI FOR POWER SECTOR REFORMS AND PROMOTION OF RE TECHNOLOGIES Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act 1998, Electricity Bill 2001 and The Electricity Act 2003 (EA 2003) were enacted by Indian parliament to bolster the power sector reform process by addressing the major issues involving generation, distribution, transmission, trading and privatization of power sector and promotion of RE technologies [10]. Salient features of EA 2003 are:
Generation of power has been de-licensed and captive generation is freely permitted, Large Hydro-projects, however need concurrence from CEA.
Open access in transmission. Unbundling of State Electricity Boards. State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) establishment is made mandatory. Stand-alone systems for rural and remote area. Privatization of power sector.
PDSP Licensee
Appellate Tribunal
MOP: Ministry of Power; MNRE: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy; NGU: National Generating Units; PGCIL: Power Grid Corporation of India Limited; NLDC/RLDC/SLDC: National/Regional/State Load Dispatch Centre; PTC: Power Trading Corporation of India Limited; BEE: Bureau of Energy Efficiency; SEB: State Electricity Board; GENCO: Generation Company (State); STU: State Transmission Utility; IPP: Independent Power Producer; PTSP/PDSP: Power Transmission/ Distribution Service Provider.
2.1 State electricity regulatory commissions(SERC) SERCs have the responsibilities to determine the tariff for generation, transmission, distribution and wheeling of electricity within the respective states. SERCs regulate electricity purchase, the operations of intrastate transmission, distribution of licenses including the price for distribution and supply within the state [8]. They are also responsible for encouraging cogeneration and generation of electricity from renewable and environmental friendly sources of energy. 457
EA 2003 also made provision for the promotion of renewable energy and co-generation technologies, and provided policy frame work for purchase of electricity from these sources. The regulators’ forum constituted in line with the provisions of EA 2003, National Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy, notified guidelines for procurement share of different renewable energy sources within overall renewable procurement obligation (RPO) percentage, guidelines for process of competitive procurement of renewable energy and introduced renewable energy certificate (REC) mechanism [10]. The primary objective of REC mechanism is to bridge the gap between availability of renewable energy resources in a particular state and the requirement of the renewable procurement obligation (RPO). Further, the GOI has released its National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in mid-2008, in which eight critical missions have been identified, viz. Nation Solar Mission, National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency and National Mission for Green India etc. with one of its
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prime objective to increase share of renewable energy in India’s power portfolio. As per the assessment of the NAPCC, as high as 15% of India’s energy demand, could be fulfilled by renewable sources by 2020 and presently has set a target of 5% of power purchase share from renewable sources, which will be increased by 1% each year to finally achieve 15% by 2020 [11]. Brief description of some revolutionary concepts introduced by the policies pertaining to power sector and EA 2003 are as below: 3.1 Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) RPO makes it mandatory for all electricity distribution licensees to purchase or produce a specified quantity of their requirements from Renewable Energy Sources as per the provisions of EA 2003. Minimum RPO for the State is specified by Electricity Regulatory Commissions of Individual States (SERCs) [12]. 3.2 Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) It is an instrument though which producers of electricity from RE sources are provided with incentives [12]. The power producers can register with the national agency named National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC) and obtain RECs for each MWh of electricity generation. RECs can be procured by other power producers who are failing to meet the RPO otherwise.
3.6 Open Access Open access is non-discriminatory sale or purchase of electric power between two parties utilizing the interconnecting system (third party). 3.7 Availability based tariff (ABT) ABT has been implemented by Central Commission in all the five regions of the country which have built-in mechanism for energy accounting in respect of any deviations from the declared schedules [13]. The prime objective if ABT is to move away the cost plus tariff approach. The above land mark acts and policies of GOI, has enabled faster overall growth of renewable energy sector in India over the last decade. India is presently ranked seventh in the world for investment in RE technologies. The present installed capacity of electrical Power from RE sources of India vis-à-vis other top countries and world as on 2014 are presented in table 2. More recent data for India is presented in table 3. Investment in RE technology rose by 15.6% to $7.4 billion in 2014 [6]. This is likely to grow further as India has initiated one of the largest programs in the world for implementation of technologies for harnessing energy from renewable sources [14]. Table 2. Renewable Electric Power Installed Capacity, 2014 [6]
3.3 Nodal Agency The agency designated by the state governments for promotion and smooth coordination with government for electricity generation from renewable energy sources are designated as Nodal agency. 3.4 Grid Code It is the specification of the required behavior of a connected generator in terms of voltage regulation, power factor limits and reactive power supply, response to a system fault (short-circuit), and response to frequency changes on the grid and requirement to "ride through" short interruptions of the connection during system disturbances.
World BRIC EU-28 US China Germany Spain Total Technology Installed Capacity (GW) Wind power 370 145 95 65 115 39 23 Biomass power 93 18 45 18 8 9 3 Solar PV 177 35 35 18 28 37 6 ~0 ~0 Geothermal power 12.8 ~ 0 1 3.5 ~ 0 ~0 Solar thermal power 4.4 3.5 1 0.2 3.1 0.15 Total renewable 657 206 255 105 153 86 32 power capacity* Hydropower 1,055 468 145 79** 285 7** 20 Total renewable power capacity including Hydro Power
1,712 674
400
184
438
93
52
India
22 5 3.5 ~0 ~0
31 45* * 76
* Not including hydropower, **Data for the United States, Germany, and India includes conventional hydropower capacity. Data in the order of a fractional GW, are designated by “~ 0”.
3.5 Multi Year Tariff (MYT)
4. INSTITUTIONAL FRAME WORK FOR FOSTERING RENEWABLE ENERGY UNDER GOI.
MYT is introduced to mitigate the financial risk for the power producers and the distribution companies by ensuring tariffs do not fluctuate beyond a certain bandwidth unless there are force majeure conditions [13].
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the nodal Ministry of GOI to promote all renewable energy resources. India is the first country in the world to set up a ministry of non-conventional energy resources, in early 1980s. The main aim of the Ministry is to develop and
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employ new and renewable energy for meeting the increasing energy demand of the country. MNRE came in to existence as Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES) In 1982 and was converted in a separate ministry in 1992 and rechristened as Ministry of Nonconventional Energy Sources. In October 2006 it was further renamed as the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Grid connected power, off grid power, research and development and its demonstration and human resource development are some of the major areas of focus of this ministry. Following institutions have been established under MNRE to help the ministry realize its goal [12] as depicted in figure 1. 4.1 National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE)
Government of India
Power and Energy Division
Ministry of Coal
Ministry of Power CERC
CEA
REC
NTPC
PTC
PFC
NHPC
MNRE
PGCIL
1982. Prime objective of this institute is to promote research and development in the field of Small Hydro Power Projects and hybrid energy. Power System Planning and Operation, Energy Auditing, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Eco-restoration, R&D in the Field of Other Renewable Energy Sources (Solar, Biomass, and Wind etc.) are also handled by this institution. 4.4 Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) IREDA is a Financial Institution under MNRE which arranges the finance for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects [15]. 4.5 Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI)
This institution came in to existence as the Solar Energy Centre (SEC) in 1982, with prime objective to develop solar energy technologies. To accomplish its objective, the Centre has been working on solar resource utilization and technology development in association with other research institutions, agencies and industries. Various facilities such as technology evaluation, technology validation, testing and standardization, reliability, monitoring, data analysis and training have been developed to speed up the process [12].
Planning Commission
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SECI was set up on 20th September 2001, by MNRE under Section-25 of the Companies Act 1956 as an institution committed to Solar Energy sector. It supports various activities to facilitate implementation of Jawaharlal Nehru national solar mission (JNNSM), to promote ecologically sustainable growth while keeping in view the India's energy security challenge [16]. The Mission was launched on the 11th January, 2010 with the ambition of deploying 20,000 MW of grid connected solar power by 2022. Main objective of the mission is to make India a global leader in solar energy. 5. STATUS OF STATE RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas IREDA SEC CWET SNAs AHEC
Figure 1: The institutional frame work of Indian Power Sector at Central Govt. of India (GOI)
4.2 National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) NIWE was established in the year 1998, as an independent research and development (R&D) institution by MNRE. The institute provides services and at the same time strives to solve different problems to carry out improvements in the entire spectrum of the wind energy sector. Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) has been established by MNRE; to help NIWE to improve the quality and quantity of wind energy produced [12]. 4.3 Alternate Hydro Energy Centre (AHEC) AHEC was founded in Indian Institution of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, with collaboration of MNRE in the year 459
Respective renewable energy development authorities in states are working in synergy with MNRE and IREDA for implementation of various non-conventional and renewable energy projects at grass root level along with projects of industrial scale. The activities include: disseminating awareness and popularizing small roof-top solar systems for domestic application, various energy conservation techniques such as energy saving, auditing, industrial energy efficiency, energy performance, demand side management. They are also working on Installation of “Akshay Urja” shops for easy access to RE technologies, Implementation of solar city projects of MNRE in respective states [17]-[38]. These efforts have led some of the states to achieve significant feet. E.g. Kerala produces about 65% of its energy from renewable sources and has become self-sufficient in energy. Tamil Nadu presently produces about 34% (7.275 GW) of whole of India’s Wind energy Installed capacity [24]. Rajasthan Govt. has signed MOU with Clinton Foundation in January 2010 for setting up 3000 MW Solar Parks [30]. West Bengal installed India’s first solar power plant of MW scale in Asansol [35]. Uttar Pradesh has signed PPAs with 6 developers for setting up a total of 110 MW of solar power projects under the
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state’s Solar Power Policy 2013 which targets 500 MW solar capacity by 2017 [37]. State wise installed/ identified capacity of solar and wind power are presented vis-à-vis their potential in table 4. Table 3. Technology Wise Breakup of Installed Capacity of RE in India as on 31 July 2015 (in MW) [41] Grid Connected RE
Stand Alone/ Captive Power
Wind Energy Small/mini/micro Hydro Power
23864.91 4101.68
NA 17.21
Biomass+ Cogeneration
4418.55
772.37
waste to Power Solar power Aero Generator/Hybrid System Total
127.08 4130.55
146.51 234.35 2.67 1173.11
Sources of RE
36642.77
Table 4. State wise Installed Capacity of Solar and Wind Power vis-à-vis their potential [39-42].
now imperative to take refuge of RE sources and to develop technologies for extraction of power from these efficiently. India has taken adequate steps to form institutional and policy framework to deal with this and achieved significant growth in the area of RE. In India about 36643 MW (about 13.3 % of total installed capacity) of power is generated from RE sources as on July 2015. Though India has made remarkable progress in exploiting wind energy but despite all efforts, huge solar potential still remain unexploited. The nodal agencies at GOI and State level and Industries need to collaborate and walk extra mile in terms of integrating the resources to harness this abundantly available natural resource, to meet the present and future demand of this energy starving country. REFERENCES [1] Ministry of Power, Government of India. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://www.powermin.nic.in.
States
Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Total of others (*) Total
ESPP (GW)
38.44 8.65 13.76 11.2 18.27 2.05 0.88 35.77 4.56 33.84 111.05 18.18 24.7 6.11 61.66 64.32 10.63 5.86 9.09 7.29 25.78 2.81 142.31 4.94 17.67 20.41 2.08 22.83 16.8 6.26 0.79 748.99
[2] V.K. Yadav, N.P. Padhy, and H.O. Gupta, “A micro level study of
CISPU WEP WEP WEIC under upto 50 upto 80 m JNNSM (GW) m 0.08 NA NA NA 0.004 NA NA 0.02 0.0098 NA NA 0.016 0.01 NA 0.00525 0.021 NA NA NA NA 0.013 0.0155 0.58 NA 0.012 NA NA 0.008 0.005 NA 0.001 0.80055
5.4 0.2 0.053 0 0.023 0 NA 10.6 0 0.02 5.311 0 8.591 0.79 0.92 5.439 0.007 0.044 NA 0.003 0.91 NA 5.005 0.098 5.374 NA NA 0.137 0.161 0.022 0.016 49.124
14.5 0.236 0.112 0.114 0.314 0.004 NA 35.071 0.093 0.064 5.685 0.091 13.593 0.837 2.931 5.961 0.056 0.082 NA 0.016 1.384 NA 5.05 0.098 14.152 NA NA 1.26 0.534 0.022 0.014 102.274
an Indian electric utility for efficiency enhancement” Energy, vol. 35, pp. 4053-4063, 2010.
[3] Renewable Energy Report 2009. An overview of status of renewable
0.783 * * * * * * 3.447 * * * * 2.324 0.035 0.423 4.064 * * * * * * 2.783 * 7.275 * * * * * * 0.0043 21.1383
energy technologies in India, Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the United Nations – Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP).
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[11] GOI. National Action Plan on Climate Change Government of India; 2008. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://pmindia.nic.in/ climate change.htm.
[12] GoI, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://mnre.gov.in/
[13] R. Bhakar, N.P. Padhy, and H. O. Gupta, “ State of Art of the regulatory process in India” IEEE, PES, General Meeting, 2008.
[14] R. Singh, Y.R. Sood. “Current status and analysis of renewable promotional policies in Indian restructured power sector: a review”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 15, pp. 657–64, 2011.
[15] Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. (2015,
Note: ESPP: Estimated Solar Power Potential (GW) as on Feb 2014;
August). [Online]. Available: www.ireda.gov.in.
CISPU: Capacity of Identified Solar Projects under JNNSM (GW) as on 2012; WEP: Wind Energy Potential Mar 2014; WEIC: wind energy Installed capacity as on 2014.
[16] Solar Energy Corporation of India. (2015, August).[online].
6. CONCLUSIONS
[17] Non-conventional Energy Development Corporation of Andhra
With sustained threats of global warming and exhaustion of petroleum and coal reserves, hovering before the world, it is 460
Available http://www.seci.gov.in/. Pradesh. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://www.nedcap.gov.in/ EC_Demand_Side_Management.aspx
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[18] Assam Energy Development Agency. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://www.assamrenewable.org/ achievements.html).
[19] Chhattisgarh a Booming Solar Power Hub—by Sanjeev Jain chief engineer. (CREDA) Chhattisgarh
[20] Maharashtra Energy Development Agency. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://www.mahaurja.com/
[21] Punjab Energy Development Agency. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://peda.gov.in/eng/index.html
[22] New and Renewable Energy Department Government of Madhya Pradesh (2015, August). http://mpnred.com/Home/Index.aspx
[Online].
Available:
[23] Agency of Non-Conventional Energy and Rural Development. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://anert.gov.in/index.php
[24] Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://www.teda.in/
[25] Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://www kredlinfo.in/.
[26] Manipur Renewable Energy Development Agency. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://www manireda.com/
[27] Himachal Pradesh Energy Development Agency. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://himurja.nic.in/.
[28] Jharkhand Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://www.jreda.com/.
[29] J& K Energy Development Agency. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://www.jakeda.nic.in/
[30] Rajasthan Electricity Regulatory Commission, (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://www.rerc.gov.in
[31] Odisha Renewable Energy Development. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://oredaodisha.com/.
[32] Haryana Renewable Energy Development Agency. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://www.hareda.gov.in/.
[33] Goa Energy Development Agency. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://geda.goa.gov.in/
[34] Gujrat Energy Development Agency. (2015, August). [Online]. Available:: http://geda.gujarat.gov.in/.
[35] West Bengal Green Energy Development Cooperation. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://www.wbgedcl.in/projects/
[36] Bihar Renewable Energy Development Agency. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://www.breda.in/
[37] Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Development Agency. (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://neda.up.nic.in/.
[38] Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency. (2015, August). [Online]. Available:http://ureda.uk.gov.in/
[39] Report: State wise Estimated Solar Power Potential in the Country, MNRE, GOI, 2014.
[40] India Energy Congress, World Energy council India, India Energy Book (IEB) (2015, August). [Online]. Available: http://www.indiaenergy congress.in/iec/ ieb2012_1.pdf, (2012)
[41] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India, Annual Report (2013-14).
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