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Studies on the effect of CO60—gamma radiation on Lupinus Termis
Radiation Botany, 1964, Vol. 4, pp. 95 to 100. Pergamon Press Ltd. Printed in Great Britain.
STUDIES ON T H E EFFECT OF Cos°iGAMMA RADIATION ON LUPINUS TERMIS S. A M E R a n d H . A. H A K E E M
National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, and Faculty of Girls, Ein-Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, U.A.R. (Received 12 Februao, 1963, and in revised form 5 August 1963) A b s t r a c t - - S e e d s of Lupinus tennis (variety Fayoum 45) were exposed to gamma rays resulting from Co 6° nearly 5 months prior to cultivation. The doses employed were 4, 7, 12, 16, 20 and 25 K r respectively. The effects of radiation on the percentage of germination, plant survival, plant growth, flowering and crop yield were studied for two successive years. No clear trend of germination or survival with dose was observed. Statistical analysis showed that the applied doses of Co *° gamma radiation had no significant effect on plant growth. No difference in the time of flowering of the irradiated plants as compared with the controls was observed; and the maximum flowering was reached at the same time as the control. From the treatments used, only the 12 Kr dose caused a significant increase in the crop yield in the second filial generation. R~sumf----Des graines de Lupinus tennis (vari6t6 Fayoum 45) ont dt6 exposdes aux rayons 7 provenant du Co e° pendant environ 5 mois avant la raise en culture. Les doses employdes fitaient respectivement 4, 7, 12, 16, 20 et 25 Kr. L~s effets des rayons sur le pgurcentage de germination, la survie des plantes, leur croissance, leur floraison, et le rendement ont dt~ successivement ~tudifis pendant 2 armies. Aucune modification de la germination et de la survie avec la dose n'a ~tfi observ~e. Une analyse statistique a montrfi que les doses de rayons T appliquds n'exercent pas d'effet signifieatifsur la croissance des plantes. Aucune difffirence du moment de floraison des plantes irradides n'a fit~ observd en comparaison avec les contr61es et le maximum de floraison est atteint en m~me temps que pour les contr61es. Parmi les traitements utilis~s, la dose de 12 Kr donne seulement un accroissement significatif du rendement ~ la seconde gdn~ration. Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g ~ S a r n e n yon Lupinus tennis (Varietiit Fayoum 45) wurden etwa fiinf Monate vor der Ankeimung mit Gammastrahlen (Co 6°) behandelt. Die angewandten Doses waren 4, 7, 12, 16, 20 und 25 kr. Der Einfluss der Bestrahlung auf Keimungsrate, 13berlebensrate, Wachstum, Bltitenbildung und Kornertrag wurde wiihrend der zwei folgenden Jahre gepriift. Keimlings- und lJberlebensrate zeigten keine deutliche Abhiingigkeit yon der Strahlendosis. Eine statistische Analyse liess keine signifikante Wirkung der angewandten Co 6°Gammastrahlen-Dosen auf das Wachstum erkennen. Die bestrahlten Pflanzen bltihten ebenso lange wie die Kontrollen, und die maximale Blfite wurde in beiden Fiillen zum selben Zeitpunkt erreicht. Unter den geprtiften Behandlungsarten gab nut die Bestrahlung mit 12 kr eine signifikante Erh6hung des Kornertrags in der II. Tochter-Generation. INTRODUCTION PREVIOUSLY, it was believed b y m a n y biologists t h a t the r a d i a t i o n effects on plants were mostly destructive. L a t e r , efforts were successfully d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s the use o f r a d i a t i o n for p l a n t i m p r o v e m e n t . O f special siglfificance was the i n d u c t i o n o f disease resistant m u t a n t s b y FREISLEBEN a n d LEIN,(3) a n d b y HANSEL a n d
ZAKOVSKY,(7) as well as the i n d u c t i o n o f useful m u t a t i o n s in rice using r a d i o a c t i v e p3~ b y KAWAI et al.( s} a n d b y using X - r a y s (BEKENDAMea)). T h e a i m of this w o r k was to e v a l u a t e the effects o f i r r a d i a t i o n on Lupinus termis seeds. T h e s t u d y includes the effect of r a d i a t i o n on seed g e r m i n a t i o n , p l a n t survival, g r o w t h o f t h e shoot, flowering, fruiting a a d the m e a n w e i g h t 95
96
THE EFFECT OF CoeO-GAMMA RADIATION ON LUPIaVUS TERMIS
of the produced seeds. The study was made for two successive years in order to study the effect of irradiation on the second filial generation. MATERIAL A N D M E T H O D S
Seeds of Lupinus termis (variety Fayoum 45) were irradiated by g a m m a rays (irradiation source Coe°). Irradiation doses were 4000 r, 7000 r, 12,000 r, 16,000 r, 20,000 r and 25,000 r. For every experiment I00 treated seeds were planted under normal field conditions in rows spaced about 50 cm apart, and with an interspace of about 30 cm between each two neighbour seeds. For the control experiments I00 untreated seeds were cultivated under the same experimental conditions. The irradiated seeds (1960) were planted after 5 months from the date of treatment. The number of germinating seeds was counted every week over a period of one month. The plant height was measured every 3 weeks until maturation. The n u m b e r of flowers was counted weekly during the flowerhag season until complete fruiting. The n u m b e r of fruits of each test group was also counted and the mean weight of 100 seeds was calculated for each one. Seeds of the first filial generation of the treated and control plants were cultivated again in the next year. T h e plant height was measured every six weeks. The other investigations were carried out in a similar manner as in the first year.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Percentage of germination T h e irradiated seeds germinated at the same rate as the controls. Only the 20 K r and 25 K r treatments caused in the first year a considerable drop in the percentage of germination. T h e other treated seeds showed, however, a slightly higher percentage of germination as compared with the control experiments. Similar results, showing inhibition of germination with high doses of Co 6° g a m m a radiation, were reported by HABER and LUIPPOLD(e) who found that 150 K r prevented about half the viable lettuce seeds from germinating. T h e effects of g a m m a radiation on seed germination resemble those of X-rays to a great extent. Whereas low doses of X-rays promote germination, higher doses show an inhibitory effect (cf. STem and R.ICHTER(10). In the second year, the ~crmination percentage did not differ markedly a m o n g the differently treated seeds and became near to that of the control (Table I). 2. Plant survival The percentage of plant survival was found to be only slightly affected during the two growing seasons when compared with the control. T h e used doses m a y be too small to cause any appreciable lowering in the percentage of plant survival. From the data shown in T a b l e 1 it can be seen, that there is no relation between
Table 1. Percentageof germlnation of the irradiated seeds and of plant survival in thefirst and secondyears Percentage of germination after three weeks
Dose (K.r)
Control 4 7 12 16 20 25
~
Percentage of plant survival
First year
Second year
First year
Second year
79 89 83 91 88 39
92 85 81 90 96 90
87 84 90 92 95 84
88 86 94 82 84 82
64
81
83
86
S. AMER and H. A. HAKEEM the used doses and the percentage of germination or plant survival.
3. Effect on plant growth Growth observations of the plants have not revealed any disturbance whatsoever. Statistical analysis showed that the applied doses of Co e°g a m m a radiation had no significant inhibitory or stimulatory effects oi1 the shoot in the two successive years. 4. Flowering and fruiting I n the first year flowering began at the same time as the control. Nearly all the treatments showed a m a x i m u m flowering at the same time of the control plants. T h e n u m b e r of flowers and fruits in the 25 K r treatment is significantly increased when compared with the n u m b e r of flowers and fruits in plants from untreated seeds; the other treated seeds gave, however, a lower percentage of flowering (Fig. 1). I n the second year, flowering began also at the same time in all irradiated plants as in the controls, reached a peak at the same time in the 4, 7, 16 and 20 K r treatments similar to that of the control experiments. T h e flowering peak was two weeks earlier in both the 12 and 25 K r treatments (Fig. 2).
I n the first year, the n u m b e r of fruits per 100 plants in the 4-16 K r treatments did not differ significantly from each other, but were all lower than the controls. T h e other treatments, however, did not differ markedly from the controls (Fig. 3). In the second year, the n u m b e r of fruits in the 4 and 16-25 K r treatments differed only slightly from the control, whereas the 7 K r treatment showed a slight decrease in the number of fruits. T h e fruit yield in the 12 K r treatment exceeded significantly all the other irradiated plants as well as the control plants (Fig. 4). This increase in the fruit yield is also accompanied by an increase in the mean weight of the produced seeds (cf. Table 2). GR~.OORv,CS) and FREvC4) have demonstrated also increased yielding ability in m u t a n t strains of Peanut and Oats respectively as a result of X - r a y treatments. SARrC et al.(8) have reported that definite doses of radiation act as stimulants on the growth and development of the plant or on its yield. Whereas the 12 K r treatment acted as a stimulant on the plant yield, there was no stimulation of earlier flowering or fruiting by all the used doses of g a m m a radiation.
Control Ra
5000 [ - -
/
•
/ '~ 4000 I ~
a
/
•~
sooo
o
2000
"6
97
/ ~
/
=/./ /
|
/\ ' "\
,,
Li
~2
~-'~R ....
R~
R3 4
"--~
,/~D'~
~"--
"
,/#_/
~" ~-- ~ ' *
/ "z
,oooL
•
F,.u,ts
I ;,/,7
0
78
92
106
120
134
148
162
Days ofler planting
Fie. 1. The effect of irradiation on flowering and fruiting of Lupinus termis in the first year represented as number of flowers/fruits per 100 plants, plotted against the number of days after planting. Rx-R.6 represent the different irradiation doses 4, 7, 12, 16, 20 and 25 Kr respectively.
98
THE EFFECT OF Co'°-GAMMA R A D I A T I O N ON LUPIAfUS TERMIS
,200o
~
-
: ":.x .-AN..
,oooo
,~'-
9000
--
8000
--
7000
--
6000
--
~
;
j
¢,9
o. 0
i
o
i °
]I
m
~_
'!'
--
•5 0 0 0
Z
4000
'
~
.
e
l
I
3000-/~-# "~
~',~ru,,s "
Conlrol -----
2000
---------
RI Rz R~ R4
----------
Rs Re
.
Flowers I000
--
I 0
94
I
I 108
I
I 122 Doys
I
.
.
.
.
I 1:36 ofter
I
•
I 150
f
I 164
~
I 178
=
I 192
plonling
FIG. 2. The effect of irradiation on flowering and fruiting of Lupinus t~rmisin the second year represented as number of flowers/fruits per 100 plants, plotted against the number of days after planting. ~ t - R o represent the different irradiation doses 4, 7, 12, 16, 20 and 25 K r respectively.
S. AMER and H. A. HAKEEM
99
800 600 D 400 200 B E 20OO
-X
0 800 0 "~- 600
4oo "6
2OO
I000 Z
800
600 400
200
~::~ RI
R3
Rz
R4
R
Rs
Doses
Control
F*o. 3. Graphic representation of the number offruits per 100 Lupinus termls plants in the different groups of plants R,-R6 in the first year. R,-R6 represent the used doses of irradiation (4, 7, 12, 16, 20 and 25 Kr respectively).
4000
3000 o
]
2000
E Z
/ / / / / / / / / / /
I000 z
z
RI
R
R3
Doses
R4
As
R6 Control
FIG. 4. Graphic representation of the number of fruits per 100 Lupinus termis plants in the different groups of plants R1-Re in the second year. R1-R6 represent the used doses of irradiation (4, 7, 12, 16, 20 and 25 Kr respectively).
100
THE EFFECT OF Co6°-GAMMA R A D I A T I O N ON LUPIaVUS TERMIS
Table 2.
Mean weight of 1O0 seeds in thefirst and se¢ondyears
Dose (Kr) Control 4 7 12 16 20 25
Mean weight of 1O0 seeds in grams First year Second year 39.38 38.54 37.72 38.55 41.60 36.09 41.64
5. Mean weight of 100 seeds I n the first year the 4-12 K r and the 20 K r treatments showed a slight decrease in the seed weight. T h e seed weight of the 16 and 25 K r treatment, however, increased slightly c o m p a r e d with the control. I n the second year, only the 4 K r treatment increased significantly c o m p a r e d with the control. However, the 12 K r treatment which yielded fruits more than the control, showed a slight increase in the m e a n weight of its seeds (Table 2). T h e irregular variations in the n u m b e r of fruits and the m e a n weight of seeds m a y agree with the results of BAUd.R/1) who introduced a n u m b e r of sports including some with larger or smaller fruits, or fewer seeds in Ribes nigrum after irradiation.
CONCLUSIONS 1. By using the degree of growth inhibition and that of plant survival as a measure of radiation damage, it m a y be concluded that the employed doses of Coe°-gamma radiation had no destructive effect on Lupinus termis. 2. T h e 12 K r treatment proved to be the best treatment for yield improvement, since the n u m b e r of fruits per 100 plants was higher by about 35 per cent than that of the control; in the same time the m e a n weight of 100 seeds was also higher by about 4.6 g.
Aeknowledgmmt--Treatments of the seeds with Co 6°gamma radiation have been kindly carried out by the "American Atomic Energy Commission" Egypt 1960, to whom the authors wish to acknowledge their deep appreciation.
42.37 57.92 46-06 46.97 41.52 48.48 48.93
REFERENCES 1. BAUER R. (1957) The induction of vegetative mutations in Ribes nigrum. Hereditas 43, 323-337. 2. BEKENDAMJ. (1961) X-ray-induced mutations in rice. Effects of ionizing radiations on seeds. IAEA, Vienna. pp. 609-629. * 3. FREISLEBEN R. and LExr~ A. (1942 ~ b e r die Auffindung einer mehltauresistenten Mutante nach R6ntgen Bestrahlung einer anf~illigen reinen Linie yon Sommergerste../Vaturwissenschaften 30, 608. 4. FaEY K. J. (1955) Agronomic mutations in oats induced by X-ray treatment. Agron. 07. 47, 207210. 5. Gm~ooRY W. C .(1955) X-ray breeding of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) Agron. 07. 47, 396--399. 6. HABER A. H. and LUIPPOLDH. J. (1959) Dormancy resulting from gamma irradiation of lettuce seeds. Intern. 07. Radiation Biol. 4, 317-327. 7. HANSEL H. and ZAKOVSKYJ. (1956) R6ntgen induzierte Mutanten der Vollkorngerste (Hordeum distichum nutans) I Bestrahlung und Auslese auf Mehltauresistenz. Bodenkultur 9, 50-64. 8. KAWAt T., SATO H. and MASX~AI. (1961) Shortculm mutations in rice induced by ps2. Effects of ionizing radiations on seeds. IAEA, Vienna, pp. 565579. 9. SAme M., CuRse R.., CEsJe I. and HADZIJEV D. (1961) Effects of gamma irradiation of some varieties of wheat seed on the morphophysiological characteristics of the seedlings. Effects of ionizing radiations on seeds. IAEA, Vienna, pp. 503517. 10. STRING. and RICHTER 1~. (1961) The effect of X-ray irradiation in conjunction with red and far-red light on lettuce seed germination. Effects of ionizing radiations on seeds. I/LEA, Vienna, pp. 197-199.
STUDIES ON T H E EFFECT OF Cos°iGAMMA RADIATION ON LUPINUS TERMIS S. A M E R a n d H . A. H A K E E M
National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, and Faculty of Girls, Ein-Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, U.A.R. (Received 12 Februao, 1963, and in revised form 5 August 1963) A b s t r a c t - - S e e d s of Lupinus tennis (variety Fayoum 45) were exposed to gamma rays resulting from Co 6° nearly 5 months prior to cultivation. The doses employed were 4, 7, 12, 16, 20 and 25 K r respectively. The effects of radiation on the percentage of germination, plant survival, plant growth, flowering and crop yield were studied for two successive years. No clear trend of germination or survival with dose was observed. Statistical analysis showed that the applied doses of Co *° gamma radiation had no significant effect on plant growth. No difference in the time of flowering of the irradiated plants as compared with the controls was observed; and the maximum flowering was reached at the same time as the control. From the treatments used, only the 12 Kr dose caused a significant increase in the crop yield in the second filial generation. R~sumf----Des graines de Lupinus tennis (vari6t6 Fayoum 45) ont dt6 exposdes aux rayons 7 provenant du Co e° pendant environ 5 mois avant la raise en culture. Les doses employdes fitaient respectivement 4, 7, 12, 16, 20 et 25 Kr. L~s effets des rayons sur le pgurcentage de germination, la survie des plantes, leur croissance, leur floraison, et le rendement ont dt~ successivement ~tudifis pendant 2 armies. Aucune modification de la germination et de la survie avec la dose n'a ~tfi observ~e. Une analyse statistique a montrfi que les doses de rayons T appliquds n'exercent pas d'effet signifieatifsur la croissance des plantes. Aucune difffirence du moment de floraison des plantes irradides n'a fit~ observd en comparaison avec les contr61es et le maximum de floraison est atteint en m~me temps que pour les contr61es. Parmi les traitements utilis~s, la dose de 12 Kr donne seulement un accroissement significatif du rendement ~ la seconde gdn~ration. Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g ~ S a r n e n yon Lupinus tennis (Varietiit Fayoum 45) wurden etwa fiinf Monate vor der Ankeimung mit Gammastrahlen (Co 6°) behandelt. Die angewandten Doses waren 4, 7, 12, 16, 20 und 25 kr. Der Einfluss der Bestrahlung auf Keimungsrate, 13berlebensrate, Wachstum, Bltitenbildung und Kornertrag wurde wiihrend der zwei folgenden Jahre gepriift. Keimlings- und lJberlebensrate zeigten keine deutliche Abhiingigkeit yon der Strahlendosis. Eine statistische Analyse liess keine signifikante Wirkung der angewandten Co 6°Gammastrahlen-Dosen auf das Wachstum erkennen. Die bestrahlten Pflanzen bltihten ebenso lange wie die Kontrollen, und die maximale Blfite wurde in beiden Fiillen zum selben Zeitpunkt erreicht. Unter den geprtiften Behandlungsarten gab nut die Bestrahlung mit 12 kr eine signifikante Erh6hung des Kornertrags in der II. Tochter-Generation. INTRODUCTION PREVIOUSLY, it was believed b y m a n y biologists t h a t the r a d i a t i o n effects on plants were mostly destructive. L a t e r , efforts were successfully d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s the use o f r a d i a t i o n for p l a n t i m p r o v e m e n t . O f special siglfificance was the i n d u c t i o n o f disease resistant m u t a n t s b y FREISLEBEN a n d LEIN,(3) a n d b y HANSEL a n d
ZAKOVSKY,(7) as well as the i n d u c t i o n o f useful m u t a t i o n s in rice using r a d i o a c t i v e p3~ b y KAWAI et al.( s} a n d b y using X - r a y s (BEKENDAMea)). T h e a i m of this w o r k was to e v a l u a t e the effects o f i r r a d i a t i o n on Lupinus termis seeds. T h e s t u d y includes the effect of r a d i a t i o n on seed g e r m i n a t i o n , p l a n t survival, g r o w t h o f t h e shoot, flowering, fruiting a a d the m e a n w e i g h t 95
96
THE EFFECT OF CoeO-GAMMA RADIATION ON LUPIaVUS TERMIS
of the produced seeds. The study was made for two successive years in order to study the effect of irradiation on the second filial generation. MATERIAL A N D M E T H O D S
Seeds of Lupinus termis (variety Fayoum 45) were irradiated by g a m m a rays (irradiation source Coe°). Irradiation doses were 4000 r, 7000 r, 12,000 r, 16,000 r, 20,000 r and 25,000 r. For every experiment I00 treated seeds were planted under normal field conditions in rows spaced about 50 cm apart, and with an interspace of about 30 cm between each two neighbour seeds. For the control experiments I00 untreated seeds were cultivated under the same experimental conditions. The irradiated seeds (1960) were planted after 5 months from the date of treatment. The number of germinating seeds was counted every week over a period of one month. The plant height was measured every 3 weeks until maturation. The n u m b e r of flowers was counted weekly during the flowerhag season until complete fruiting. The n u m b e r of fruits of each test group was also counted and the mean weight of 100 seeds was calculated for each one. Seeds of the first filial generation of the treated and control plants were cultivated again in the next year. T h e plant height was measured every six weeks. The other investigations were carried out in a similar manner as in the first year.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Percentage of germination T h e irradiated seeds germinated at the same rate as the controls. Only the 20 K r and 25 K r treatments caused in the first year a considerable drop in the percentage of germination. T h e other treated seeds showed, however, a slightly higher percentage of germination as compared with the control experiments. Similar results, showing inhibition of germination with high doses of Co 6° g a m m a radiation, were reported by HABER and LUIPPOLD(e) who found that 150 K r prevented about half the viable lettuce seeds from germinating. T h e effects of g a m m a radiation on seed germination resemble those of X-rays to a great extent. Whereas low doses of X-rays promote germination, higher doses show an inhibitory effect (cf. STem and R.ICHTER(10). In the second year, the ~crmination percentage did not differ markedly a m o n g the differently treated seeds and became near to that of the control (Table I). 2. Plant survival The percentage of plant survival was found to be only slightly affected during the two growing seasons when compared with the control. T h e used doses m a y be too small to cause any appreciable lowering in the percentage of plant survival. From the data shown in T a b l e 1 it can be seen, that there is no relation between
Table 1. Percentageof germlnation of the irradiated seeds and of plant survival in thefirst and secondyears Percentage of germination after three weeks
Dose (K.r)
Control 4 7 12 16 20 25
~
Percentage of plant survival
First year
Second year
First year
Second year
79 89 83 91 88 39
92 85 81 90 96 90
87 84 90 92 95 84
88 86 94 82 84 82
64
81
83
86
S. AMER and H. A. HAKEEM the used doses and the percentage of germination or plant survival.
3. Effect on plant growth Growth observations of the plants have not revealed any disturbance whatsoever. Statistical analysis showed that the applied doses of Co e°g a m m a radiation had no significant inhibitory or stimulatory effects oi1 the shoot in the two successive years. 4. Flowering and fruiting I n the first year flowering began at the same time as the control. Nearly all the treatments showed a m a x i m u m flowering at the same time of the control plants. T h e n u m b e r of flowers and fruits in the 25 K r treatment is significantly increased when compared with the n u m b e r of flowers and fruits in plants from untreated seeds; the other treated seeds gave, however, a lower percentage of flowering (Fig. 1). I n the second year, flowering began also at the same time in all irradiated plants as in the controls, reached a peak at the same time in the 4, 7, 16 and 20 K r treatments similar to that of the control experiments. T h e flowering peak was two weeks earlier in both the 12 and 25 K r treatments (Fig. 2).
I n the first year, the n u m b e r of fruits per 100 plants in the 4-16 K r treatments did not differ significantly from each other, but were all lower than the controls. T h e other treatments, however, did not differ markedly from the controls (Fig. 3). In the second year, the n u m b e r of fruits in the 4 and 16-25 K r treatments differed only slightly from the control, whereas the 7 K r treatment showed a slight decrease in the number of fruits. T h e fruit yield in the 12 K r treatment exceeded significantly all the other irradiated plants as well as the control plants (Fig. 4). This increase in the fruit yield is also accompanied by an increase in the mean weight of the produced seeds (cf. Table 2). GR~.OORv,CS) and FREvC4) have demonstrated also increased yielding ability in m u t a n t strains of Peanut and Oats respectively as a result of X - r a y treatments. SARrC et al.(8) have reported that definite doses of radiation act as stimulants on the growth and development of the plant or on its yield. Whereas the 12 K r treatment acted as a stimulant on the plant yield, there was no stimulation of earlier flowering or fruiting by all the used doses of g a m m a radiation.
Control Ra
5000 [ - -
/
•
/ '~ 4000 I ~
a
/
•~
sooo
o
2000
"6
97
/ ~
/
=/./ /
|
/\ ' "\
,,
Li
~2
~-'~R ....
R~
R3 4
"--~
,/~D'~
~"--
"
,/#_/
~" ~-- ~ ' *
/ "z
,oooL
•
F,.u,ts
I ;,/,7
0
78
92
106
120
134
148
162
Days ofler planting
Fie. 1. The effect of irradiation on flowering and fruiting of Lupinus termis in the first year represented as number of flowers/fruits per 100 plants, plotted against the number of days after planting. Rx-R.6 represent the different irradiation doses 4, 7, 12, 16, 20 and 25 Kr respectively.
98
THE EFFECT OF Co'°-GAMMA R A D I A T I O N ON LUPIAfUS TERMIS
,200o
~
-
: ":.x .-AN..
,oooo
,~'-
9000
--
8000
--
7000
--
6000
--
~
;
j
¢,9
o. 0
i
o
i °
]I
m
~_
'!'
--
•5 0 0 0
Z
4000
'
~
.
e
l
I
3000-/~-# "~
~',~ru,,s "
Conlrol -----
2000
---------
RI Rz R~ R4
----------
Rs Re
.
Flowers I000
--
I 0
94
I
I 108
I
I 122 Doys
I
.
.
.
.
I 1:36 ofter
I
•
I 150
f
I 164
~
I 178
=
I 192
plonling
FIG. 2. The effect of irradiation on flowering and fruiting of Lupinus t~rmisin the second year represented as number of flowers/fruits per 100 plants, plotted against the number of days after planting. ~ t - R o represent the different irradiation doses 4, 7, 12, 16, 20 and 25 K r respectively.
S. AMER and H. A. HAKEEM
99
800 600 D 400 200 B E 20OO
-X
0 800 0 "~- 600
4oo "6
2OO
I000 Z
800
600 400
200
~::~ RI
R3
Rz
R4
R
Rs
Doses
Control
F*o. 3. Graphic representation of the number offruits per 100 Lupinus termls plants in the different groups of plants R,-R6 in the first year. R,-R6 represent the used doses of irradiation (4, 7, 12, 16, 20 and 25 Kr respectively).
4000
3000 o
]
2000
E Z
/ / / / / / / / / / /
I000 z
z
RI
R
R3
Doses
R4
As
R6 Control
FIG. 4. Graphic representation of the number of fruits per 100 Lupinus termis plants in the different groups of plants R1-Re in the second year. R1-R6 represent the used doses of irradiation (4, 7, 12, 16, 20 and 25 Kr respectively).
100
THE EFFECT OF Co6°-GAMMA R A D I A T I O N ON LUPIaVUS TERMIS
Table 2.
Mean weight of 1O0 seeds in thefirst and se¢ondyears
Dose (Kr) Control 4 7 12 16 20 25
Mean weight of 1O0 seeds in grams First year Second year 39.38 38.54 37.72 38.55 41.60 36.09 41.64
5. Mean weight of 100 seeds I n the first year the 4-12 K r and the 20 K r treatments showed a slight decrease in the seed weight. T h e seed weight of the 16 and 25 K r treatment, however, increased slightly c o m p a r e d with the control. I n the second year, only the 4 K r treatment increased significantly c o m p a r e d with the control. However, the 12 K r treatment which yielded fruits more than the control, showed a slight increase in the m e a n weight of its seeds (Table 2). T h e irregular variations in the n u m b e r of fruits and the m e a n weight of seeds m a y agree with the results of BAUd.R/1) who introduced a n u m b e r of sports including some with larger or smaller fruits, or fewer seeds in Ribes nigrum after irradiation.
CONCLUSIONS 1. By using the degree of growth inhibition and that of plant survival as a measure of radiation damage, it m a y be concluded that the employed doses of Coe°-gamma radiation had no destructive effect on Lupinus termis. 2. T h e 12 K r treatment proved to be the best treatment for yield improvement, since the n u m b e r of fruits per 100 plants was higher by about 35 per cent than that of the control; in the same time the m e a n weight of 100 seeds was also higher by about 4.6 g.
Aeknowledgmmt--Treatments of the seeds with Co 6°gamma radiation have been kindly carried out by the "American Atomic Energy Commission" Egypt 1960, to whom the authors wish to acknowledge their deep appreciation.
42.37 57.92 46-06 46.97 41.52 48.48 48.93
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