- Email: [email protected]
Studies on the Pathology of Chronic Respiratory Disease of Poultry in India
944
R. L. S Q U I B B
min supplementation, growth or mortality. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES Boyd, F. M., and H. M. Edwards, 1962. The effect of vitamin A on the course of Mycoplasma infection in chicks. Poultry Sci. 41: 750-754.
Studies on the Pathology of Chronic Respiratory Disease of Poultry in India 2. PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN UNCOMPLICATED CASES AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH CULTURAL AND SEROLOGICAL RESULTS IN RELATION TO P.P.L.O. BALWANT SINGH* AND C. M. SINGH Department of Pathology &* Bacteriology, U.P. College of Veterinary Science and Animal Malhura, U.P., India
Husbandry,
(Received for publication January 18, 1963)
T
HE role of pleuropneumonialike organisms (PPLO) in relation to chronic respiratorydisease (CRD) of poultry has long been recognized by several workers (Nelson, 1935; Delaplane and Stuart, 1943; Markham and Wong, 1952; and Jungherr and Luginbuhl, 1952). However, the difficulty in producing the clinical manifestations of a natural outbreak by experimental inoculation of * Present address: Department of Pathology & Bacteriology, Punjab College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Hissar (Punjab), India.
PPLO has been realized by many workers. Jungherr et al. (1955) reported the occurrence of histopathologic lesions of CRD in birds which did not show gross lesions and could be considered as uncomplicated cases of CRD. Smibert et al. (1959) also reproduced lymphofollicular lesions in air-sac of 4-week-old germ-free turkeys by inoculation of PPLO alone. Adler (1960), Jungherr (1960), Olesiuk and Van Roekel (1960) reported similar lesions by PPLO alone. However, the lympho-follicular lesions are reported to
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 31, 2015
The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Harry Veros in the feeding and management of the birds and the HI determinations, and Marie Utzinger in the analysis of the data and preparation of the manuscript. The work was supported in part by U. S. Public Health Grant E-3645 and the Cooperative Grange League Federation, Ithaca, N. Y.
Cooperman, J. M., H. C. Lichstein, R. F. Clark and C. A. Elvehjem, 1946. The influence of thiamine on the susceptibility of chicks to avian encephalomyelitis. J. Bact. 52:467-470. Cunningham, C. H., 1960. A Laboratory Guide in Virology, 4th Ed., Burgess Pub. Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Little, P. A., J. J. Oleson and Y. SubbaRow, 1948. The effect of nutrition on the tumor response in Rous chicken sarcoma. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 33: 1139-1143. Sanslone, W. R., and R. L. Squibb, 1962. Avian disease virus and nutrition relationships. 3. Effect of Newcastle disease virus on nitrogen retention in the immature fowl. J. Nutr. 76:86-89. Snedecor, G. W., 1957. Statistical Methods, Iowa State College Press, Ames. Squibb, R. L., 1961. Avian disease virus and nutrition relationships. 1. Effect of vitamin A on growth, symptoms, mortality and vitamin A reserves of White Leghorn chicks infected with Newcastle disease virus. Poultry Sci. 40: 425-433.
945
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY D I S E A S E
,ving lymphofollicular focus in the tertiary bronchus bulging into its lumen. H. & E. X150.
have been produced in lungs and air sacs by Fahey and Crawley virus alone (Johnson and Domermuth, 1956). Beasley et al. (1961) also reproduced lymphoid follicles in air-sac of turkeys with the ornithosis agent alone. The occurrence of P P L O infection in relation to C R D in India has been established by P a t h a k and Singh (1959) who isolated P P L O from living and dead birds showing gross lesions similar to those of C R D . This was followed by the work of Adlakha and Singh (1962) and Kharc (1962). The present investigation was undertaken to elucidate the occurrence of histopathological lesions ascribed to C R D but showing no gross lesions and to correlate them with cultural and serological examinations.
the Government Poultry Farm, M a t h u r a , where the incidence of C R D has already been established by pathological, cultural and serological examinations. No a t t e m p t was made to keep these chicks under complete isolation as the a t t e n d a n t s had free access to the poultry farm and the chicks were fed on feed obtained from the poultry farm. The lungs and tracheas of these chicks were collected when they were sacrificed at 147 days of age. Similar tissues were also collected from nine adult birds (two dead and seven killed) which were obtained from the same poultry farm and kept under similar conditions in the Pathology and Bacteriology D e p a r t m e n t . The details of cultural and serological examinations are reported elsewhere (Singh and Singh, 1963).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The histopathological examination revealed one to many lymphofollicular foci in the tertiary bronchi and in their septa in a perivascular position of the lungs
RESULTS
The study was conducted on 355 chicks maintained in the D e p a r t m e n t of Animal Genetics and Breeding and hatched at
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 31, 2015
FIG. I. 51SP/61. Lur
946
B. S I N G H AND C. M.
SINGH
.»•.
wp VIM « .
9khfe^.\ ^b>. • FIG. 2. 6SP/61. Trachea showing lymphoid follicle under the epithelium. H. & E. X230.
(Fig. 1). The lesions in the trachea ranged from lymphofollicular foci in the submucosa, vacuolar degeneration and tuboalveolar elongation of intraepithelial glands of the mucosa to diffuse lymphocytic infiltration in the submucosa (Figs.
2, 3 and 4). T h e number and types of histopathological lesions involving lungs and trachea are shown in Table 1 and the correlation of histopathological, serological and cultural examinations are shown in Table 2.
FIG. 3. 196SP/62. Trachea showing extreme vacuolar degeneration and tubo-alveolar elongation of intra-epithelial glands. H. & E. X230.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 31, 2015
HI
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY D I S E A S E
947
DISCUSSION
The result of this study clearly indicate the importance of carrying out histopathological studies when no detectable gross lesions are observed, though the flock might have a history of C R D infection. It is obvious from Table 2 that 130 out of 355 (36.6%) birds sacrificed at 147 days of age showed lymphofollicular lesions in lungs or trachea which are considered to be characteristic lesions of C R D . Seven of the nine adult birds revealed similar lesions in lungs and tracheas. These findings are in accordance with Jungherr et al. (1953), Johnson (1954) and Van Roekel et al. (1957). The lymphofollicular lesions in lungs, trachea and air-sacs have also been produced by P P L O inoculation alone (Adler, 1960; Jungherr, 1960; Olesiuk and Van Roekel, 1960). Moreover, Smibert et al. (1959) produced lymphofollicular foci in air-sacs of 4-week-old germ free turkeys by P P L O alone. .
It is considered that the occurrence of tuboalveolar elongation and vacuolar degeneration in the tracheal mucosa and TABLE 1.—Number and type of histo pathological lesions in lungs and trachea Birds sacrificed Adult at 147 birds days of age Total No. examined No. with gross lesions No. with microscopic lesions No. with lesions in lungs (a) No. with lymphofollicular foci in tertiary bronchi. (b) No. with lymphofollicular foci in the septa of tertiary bronchi. No. with lesions in trachea. (a) No. with lymphoid follicles in submucosa. (b) No. with vacuolar degeneration and tuboalveolar elongation of glands. (c) No. with diffuse lymphocytic infiltration in submucosa. No. with lesions in both lungs and trachea. No. with lymphofollicular foci in lungs and trachea.
9
355 Nil 156 104
Nil 7 7
89
7
63 120
6 3
43
0
99
3
60
—
70
3
25
3
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 31, 2015
FIG. 4. 197SP/62. Trachea showing lymphoid follicle and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration and slight vacuolar degeneration. H. & E. XI10.
948
B. SINGH AND C. M. SINGH TABLE 2.—Correlation of histopathological, cultural and serological examinations
Total number examined No. culturally positive No. serologically positive
22 40 58 2 69
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Lymphofollicular foci in the tertiary bronchi of lungs trachea or both are only taken as typical histopathological lesions in cases stated as histopathologically positive in Table 2.
diffuse lymphocytic infiltration in the submucosa could be considered as associated lesions similar to those described by Jungherr et al. (1953), Adler and Shifrine (1960) and Jungherr (1960) Little apparently has been done to establish the correlation between pathological lesions, cultural and serological examination, both under natural as well as experimental conditions. Barnes et al. (1960) reported microscopic lesions in trachea and air-sac in 4 out of 15 noninfected birds with negative cultural and serological results. Data of Table 2 show that in 22 cases the histopathological lesions coincided with positive isolation of PPLO and serological tests. The necessity of carrying out further studies particularly by experimental trials for the elucidation of correlation between histopathological, serological and cultural examination is stressed. SUMMARY
Of 355 birds sacrificed at 147 days of age 130 revealed in lungs or trachea
The authors are thankful to Sri C. V. G. Choudary, Principal, U. P. Veterinary College, Mathura for the facilities provided. REFERENCES Adlakha, S. C , and C. M. Singh, 1962. Incidence of pleuropneumonia-like organisms in poultry. Ind. J. Microbiol, (accepted for publication). Adler, H. E., 1960. Mycoplasma, the cause of chronic respiratory disease. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 79: 703-712. 'Adler, H. E., and M. Shifrine, 1960. Nutrition, metabolism and pathogenicity of Mycoplasma. Annual Review of Microbiology, 14: 141-160. Barnes, L. E., E. E. Ose and F. O. Gossett, 1960. Treatment of experimental PPLO infection on young chickens with Tylosin a new antibiotic. Poultry Sci. 39: 1376-1381. Beasley, J. N., R. W. Moore and J. Watkins, 1961. The histopathologic characters of diseases producing inflammation of the air sacs of turkeys. A comparative study of pleuropneumonia-like organisms and ornithosis in pure and mixed infections. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 22: 85-92. Delaplane, J. P., and H. O. Stuart, 1943. The propagation of a virus in embryonated chicken eggs causing a chronic respiratory disease of chickens. Am. J. Vet. Res. 4: 325-332. Johnson, E. P., 1954. The specificity of lymphofollicular lesions in the diagnosis of chronic respiratory disease. Cornell. Vet. 44: 230-239. Johnson, E. P., and C. H. Domermuth, 1956. Some factors in the aetiology and control of so-called avian air-sac disease. Cornell. Vet. 46: 409^118.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 31, 2015
No. histopathologically positive No. culturally, serologically and histopathologically positive No. culturally and serologically positive and histopathologically negative No. culturally and histopathologically positive and serologically negative No. serologically and histopathologically positive and culturally negative No. culturally, serologically and histopathologically negative
355 225 out of 338 examined. 68 out of 346 examined. 130
lymphofollicular lesions which were considered characteristic of CRD. Two hundred and twenty-five cases were positive for PPLO isolation and 68 for PPLO agglutinins; 22 cases were positive by histopathological, cultural and serological examinations. Seven out of nine adult birds revealed lymphofollicular lesions in lungs or trachea. PPLO were isolated from seven cases but only two cases were positive histopathologically, serologically and culturally. The implication of these findings and the necessity of carrying out further work are stressed.
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Nelson, J. B., 1935. Coccobacilliform bodies associated with an infectious coryza. Science, 82:43-44. Olesiuk, 0. M., and H. Van Roekel, 1960. Pathological and immunological observations concerning avian pleuropneumonialike organisms. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 79: 727-739. Pathak, R. C , and C. M. Singh, 1959. A preliminary report on the isolation and identification of pleuropneumonialike organisms from poultry. Poultry Sci. 38: 956-959. Singh, S. B., and C. M. Singh, 1963. Studies on avian pleuropneumonialike organisms and other filterable agents. I. Evidence of chronic respiratory disease in India. (In preparation.) Smibert, R. M., M. Forbes, J. E. Faber, A. R. Gabuten and H. M. DeVolt, 1959. Studies on "air-sac" infection in poultry 1. Infection of germfree turkeys with Mycoplasma gallinarum (avian PPLO) from sinal exudate and both cultures. Poultry Sci. 38:676-684. Van Roekel, H., J. E. Gray, N. L. Shipkowitz, M. K. Clarke and R. M. Luchini, 1957. Aetiology and pathology of the chronic respiratory disease complex in chickens. Massachusetts Exptl. Sta. Bull, 486: 1-94.
The Biological Activity of p-Carotene in Poultry and Rats W. MARUSICH AND J. C. BAUERNEEIND Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, N. J. (Received for publication January 21, 1963
P
ROBABLY no other nutrient has been so extensively studied as carotene as a vitamin A source for poultry and the larger domestic animals with more variable results. The International Unit (or U.S.P. unit) of vitamin A is equivalent to 0.6 micrograms of /3-carotene or 0.3 micrograms of vitamin A (alcohol). These values were established by The Expert Committee on Biological Standardization of the World Health Organization (1950) after careful statistical evaluation of collaborative rat curative-growth bioassays of j8carotene and vitamin A. After an initial
collaborative assay in Great Britain in 1939, another collaborative assay was sponsored by the United States Pharmacopeia (1946-47) with 12 laboratories participating. Based on the potency of 1,667,000 I.U. per gram for ^-carotene, the potency of vitamin A (alcohol) was found to be 3,300,000 I.U. per gram. Thus, one microgram of vitamin A (alcohol) is recognized as equivalent to 2 micrograms of /3-carotene in biological activity. Crystalline carotene extracted from natural sources was used for these studies. Marusich et al. (1957) reported the
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 31, 2015
Jungherr, E. L., 1960. Basic pathological responses to avian PPLO in chickens and chicken embryos. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 79: 750-755. Jungherr, E., and R. E. Luginbuhl, 1952. The pathology of chronic respiratory disease as a diagnostic aid. Poultry Sci. 31:922. Jungherr, E. L., R. E. Luginbuhl and R. E. Jacobs, 1953. Pathology and serology of air-sac infection. Proc. Book, Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 19th Ann. Meet. : 303-311. Jungherr, E. L., R. E. Luginbuhl, Y. V. Pereira and M. Tourtellotte, 1955. Correlation of clinical, cultural, serological and histological examination for PPLO. Proc. 27th Ann. Meet. North Eastern Conf. Lab. Wkrs. Pullorum. Dis. Confr. University of New Hampshire, Durham, N. H. June 14-15. Khare, G. P., 1961. Studies on the pathology of respiratory system of poultry with special reference to chronic respiratory disease. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Agra University. Markham, F. S., and S. C. Wong, 1952. Observations on pleuropneumonialike organisms in chronic respiratory disease of chickens and turkey sinusitis. Poultry Sci. 31: 926.
949
R. L. S Q U I B B
min supplementation, growth or mortality. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES Boyd, F. M., and H. M. Edwards, 1962. The effect of vitamin A on the course of Mycoplasma infection in chicks. Poultry Sci. 41: 750-754.
Studies on the Pathology of Chronic Respiratory Disease of Poultry in India 2. PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN UNCOMPLICATED CASES AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH CULTURAL AND SEROLOGICAL RESULTS IN RELATION TO P.P.L.O. BALWANT SINGH* AND C. M. SINGH Department of Pathology &* Bacteriology, U.P. College of Veterinary Science and Animal Malhura, U.P., India
Husbandry,
(Received for publication January 18, 1963)
T
HE role of pleuropneumonialike organisms (PPLO) in relation to chronic respiratorydisease (CRD) of poultry has long been recognized by several workers (Nelson, 1935; Delaplane and Stuart, 1943; Markham and Wong, 1952; and Jungherr and Luginbuhl, 1952). However, the difficulty in producing the clinical manifestations of a natural outbreak by experimental inoculation of * Present address: Department of Pathology & Bacteriology, Punjab College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Hissar (Punjab), India.
PPLO has been realized by many workers. Jungherr et al. (1955) reported the occurrence of histopathologic lesions of CRD in birds which did not show gross lesions and could be considered as uncomplicated cases of CRD. Smibert et al. (1959) also reproduced lymphofollicular lesions in air-sac of 4-week-old germ-free turkeys by inoculation of PPLO alone. Adler (1960), Jungherr (1960), Olesiuk and Van Roekel (1960) reported similar lesions by PPLO alone. However, the lympho-follicular lesions are reported to
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 31, 2015
The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Harry Veros in the feeding and management of the birds and the HI determinations, and Marie Utzinger in the analysis of the data and preparation of the manuscript. The work was supported in part by U. S. Public Health Grant E-3645 and the Cooperative Grange League Federation, Ithaca, N. Y.
Cooperman, J. M., H. C. Lichstein, R. F. Clark and C. A. Elvehjem, 1946. The influence of thiamine on the susceptibility of chicks to avian encephalomyelitis. J. Bact. 52:467-470. Cunningham, C. H., 1960. A Laboratory Guide in Virology, 4th Ed., Burgess Pub. Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Little, P. A., J. J. Oleson and Y. SubbaRow, 1948. The effect of nutrition on the tumor response in Rous chicken sarcoma. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 33: 1139-1143. Sanslone, W. R., and R. L. Squibb, 1962. Avian disease virus and nutrition relationships. 3. Effect of Newcastle disease virus on nitrogen retention in the immature fowl. J. Nutr. 76:86-89. Snedecor, G. W., 1957. Statistical Methods, Iowa State College Press, Ames. Squibb, R. L., 1961. Avian disease virus and nutrition relationships. 1. Effect of vitamin A on growth, symptoms, mortality and vitamin A reserves of White Leghorn chicks infected with Newcastle disease virus. Poultry Sci. 40: 425-433.
945
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY D I S E A S E
,ving lymphofollicular focus in the tertiary bronchus bulging into its lumen. H. & E. X150.
have been produced in lungs and air sacs by Fahey and Crawley virus alone (Johnson and Domermuth, 1956). Beasley et al. (1961) also reproduced lymphoid follicles in air-sac of turkeys with the ornithosis agent alone. The occurrence of P P L O infection in relation to C R D in India has been established by P a t h a k and Singh (1959) who isolated P P L O from living and dead birds showing gross lesions similar to those of C R D . This was followed by the work of Adlakha and Singh (1962) and Kharc (1962). The present investigation was undertaken to elucidate the occurrence of histopathological lesions ascribed to C R D but showing no gross lesions and to correlate them with cultural and serological examinations.
the Government Poultry Farm, M a t h u r a , where the incidence of C R D has already been established by pathological, cultural and serological examinations. No a t t e m p t was made to keep these chicks under complete isolation as the a t t e n d a n t s had free access to the poultry farm and the chicks were fed on feed obtained from the poultry farm. The lungs and tracheas of these chicks were collected when they were sacrificed at 147 days of age. Similar tissues were also collected from nine adult birds (two dead and seven killed) which were obtained from the same poultry farm and kept under similar conditions in the Pathology and Bacteriology D e p a r t m e n t . The details of cultural and serological examinations are reported elsewhere (Singh and Singh, 1963).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The histopathological examination revealed one to many lymphofollicular foci in the tertiary bronchi and in their septa in a perivascular position of the lungs
RESULTS
The study was conducted on 355 chicks maintained in the D e p a r t m e n t of Animal Genetics and Breeding and hatched at
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 31, 2015
FIG. I. 51SP/61. Lur
946
B. S I N G H AND C. M.
SINGH
.»•.
wp VIM « .
9khfe^.\ ^b>. • FIG. 2. 6SP/61. Trachea showing lymphoid follicle under the epithelium. H. & E. X230.
(Fig. 1). The lesions in the trachea ranged from lymphofollicular foci in the submucosa, vacuolar degeneration and tuboalveolar elongation of intraepithelial glands of the mucosa to diffuse lymphocytic infiltration in the submucosa (Figs.
2, 3 and 4). T h e number and types of histopathological lesions involving lungs and trachea are shown in Table 1 and the correlation of histopathological, serological and cultural examinations are shown in Table 2.
FIG. 3. 196SP/62. Trachea showing extreme vacuolar degeneration and tubo-alveolar elongation of intra-epithelial glands. H. & E. X230.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 31, 2015
HI
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY D I S E A S E
947
DISCUSSION
The result of this study clearly indicate the importance of carrying out histopathological studies when no detectable gross lesions are observed, though the flock might have a history of C R D infection. It is obvious from Table 2 that 130 out of 355 (36.6%) birds sacrificed at 147 days of age showed lymphofollicular lesions in lungs or trachea which are considered to be characteristic lesions of C R D . Seven of the nine adult birds revealed similar lesions in lungs and tracheas. These findings are in accordance with Jungherr et al. (1953), Johnson (1954) and Van Roekel et al. (1957). The lymphofollicular lesions in lungs, trachea and air-sacs have also been produced by P P L O inoculation alone (Adler, 1960; Jungherr, 1960; Olesiuk and Van Roekel, 1960). Moreover, Smibert et al. (1959) produced lymphofollicular foci in air-sacs of 4-week-old germ free turkeys by P P L O alone. .
It is considered that the occurrence of tuboalveolar elongation and vacuolar degeneration in the tracheal mucosa and TABLE 1.—Number and type of histo pathological lesions in lungs and trachea Birds sacrificed Adult at 147 birds days of age Total No. examined No. with gross lesions No. with microscopic lesions No. with lesions in lungs (a) No. with lymphofollicular foci in tertiary bronchi. (b) No. with lymphofollicular foci in the septa of tertiary bronchi. No. with lesions in trachea. (a) No. with lymphoid follicles in submucosa. (b) No. with vacuolar degeneration and tuboalveolar elongation of glands. (c) No. with diffuse lymphocytic infiltration in submucosa. No. with lesions in both lungs and trachea. No. with lymphofollicular foci in lungs and trachea.
9
355 Nil 156 104
Nil 7 7
89
7
63 120
6 3
43
0
99
3
60
—
70
3
25
3
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 31, 2015
FIG. 4. 197SP/62. Trachea showing lymphoid follicle and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration and slight vacuolar degeneration. H. & E. XI10.
948
B. SINGH AND C. M. SINGH TABLE 2.—Correlation of histopathological, cultural and serological examinations
Total number examined No. culturally positive No. serologically positive
22 40 58 2 69
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Lymphofollicular foci in the tertiary bronchi of lungs trachea or both are only taken as typical histopathological lesions in cases stated as histopathologically positive in Table 2.
diffuse lymphocytic infiltration in the submucosa could be considered as associated lesions similar to those described by Jungherr et al. (1953), Adler and Shifrine (1960) and Jungherr (1960) Little apparently has been done to establish the correlation between pathological lesions, cultural and serological examination, both under natural as well as experimental conditions. Barnes et al. (1960) reported microscopic lesions in trachea and air-sac in 4 out of 15 noninfected birds with negative cultural and serological results. Data of Table 2 show that in 22 cases the histopathological lesions coincided with positive isolation of PPLO and serological tests. The necessity of carrying out further studies particularly by experimental trials for the elucidation of correlation between histopathological, serological and cultural examination is stressed. SUMMARY
Of 355 birds sacrificed at 147 days of age 130 revealed in lungs or trachea
The authors are thankful to Sri C. V. G. Choudary, Principal, U. P. Veterinary College, Mathura for the facilities provided. REFERENCES Adlakha, S. C , and C. M. Singh, 1962. Incidence of pleuropneumonia-like organisms in poultry. Ind. J. Microbiol, (accepted for publication). Adler, H. E., 1960. Mycoplasma, the cause of chronic respiratory disease. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 79: 703-712. 'Adler, H. E., and M. Shifrine, 1960. Nutrition, metabolism and pathogenicity of Mycoplasma. Annual Review of Microbiology, 14: 141-160. Barnes, L. E., E. E. Ose and F. O. Gossett, 1960. Treatment of experimental PPLO infection on young chickens with Tylosin a new antibiotic. Poultry Sci. 39: 1376-1381. Beasley, J. N., R. W. Moore and J. Watkins, 1961. The histopathologic characters of diseases producing inflammation of the air sacs of turkeys. A comparative study of pleuropneumonia-like organisms and ornithosis in pure and mixed infections. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 22: 85-92. Delaplane, J. P., and H. O. Stuart, 1943. The propagation of a virus in embryonated chicken eggs causing a chronic respiratory disease of chickens. Am. J. Vet. Res. 4: 325-332. Johnson, E. P., 1954. The specificity of lymphofollicular lesions in the diagnosis of chronic respiratory disease. Cornell. Vet. 44: 230-239. Johnson, E. P., and C. H. Domermuth, 1956. Some factors in the aetiology and control of so-called avian air-sac disease. Cornell. Vet. 46: 409^118.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 31, 2015
No. histopathologically positive No. culturally, serologically and histopathologically positive No. culturally and serologically positive and histopathologically negative No. culturally and histopathologically positive and serologically negative No. serologically and histopathologically positive and culturally negative No. culturally, serologically and histopathologically negative
355 225 out of 338 examined. 68 out of 346 examined. 130
lymphofollicular lesions which were considered characteristic of CRD. Two hundred and twenty-five cases were positive for PPLO isolation and 68 for PPLO agglutinins; 22 cases were positive by histopathological, cultural and serological examinations. Seven out of nine adult birds revealed lymphofollicular lesions in lungs or trachea. PPLO were isolated from seven cases but only two cases were positive histopathologically, serologically and culturally. The implication of these findings and the necessity of carrying out further work are stressed.
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Nelson, J. B., 1935. Coccobacilliform bodies associated with an infectious coryza. Science, 82:43-44. Olesiuk, 0. M., and H. Van Roekel, 1960. Pathological and immunological observations concerning avian pleuropneumonialike organisms. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 79: 727-739. Pathak, R. C , and C. M. Singh, 1959. A preliminary report on the isolation and identification of pleuropneumonialike organisms from poultry. Poultry Sci. 38: 956-959. Singh, S. B., and C. M. Singh, 1963. Studies on avian pleuropneumonialike organisms and other filterable agents. I. Evidence of chronic respiratory disease in India. (In preparation.) Smibert, R. M., M. Forbes, J. E. Faber, A. R. Gabuten and H. M. DeVolt, 1959. Studies on "air-sac" infection in poultry 1. Infection of germfree turkeys with Mycoplasma gallinarum (avian PPLO) from sinal exudate and both cultures. Poultry Sci. 38:676-684. Van Roekel, H., J. E. Gray, N. L. Shipkowitz, M. K. Clarke and R. M. Luchini, 1957. Aetiology and pathology of the chronic respiratory disease complex in chickens. Massachusetts Exptl. Sta. Bull, 486: 1-94.
The Biological Activity of p-Carotene in Poultry and Rats W. MARUSICH AND J. C. BAUERNEEIND Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, N. J. (Received for publication January 21, 1963
P
ROBABLY no other nutrient has been so extensively studied as carotene as a vitamin A source for poultry and the larger domestic animals with more variable results. The International Unit (or U.S.P. unit) of vitamin A is equivalent to 0.6 micrograms of /3-carotene or 0.3 micrograms of vitamin A (alcohol). These values were established by The Expert Committee on Biological Standardization of the World Health Organization (1950) after careful statistical evaluation of collaborative rat curative-growth bioassays of j8carotene and vitamin A. After an initial
collaborative assay in Great Britain in 1939, another collaborative assay was sponsored by the United States Pharmacopeia (1946-47) with 12 laboratories participating. Based on the potency of 1,667,000 I.U. per gram for ^-carotene, the potency of vitamin A (alcohol) was found to be 3,300,000 I.U. per gram. Thus, one microgram of vitamin A (alcohol) is recognized as equivalent to 2 micrograms of /3-carotene in biological activity. Crystalline carotene extracted from natural sources was used for these studies. Marusich et al. (1957) reported the
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 31, 2015
Jungherr, E. L., 1960. Basic pathological responses to avian PPLO in chickens and chicken embryos. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 79: 750-755. Jungherr, E., and R. E. Luginbuhl, 1952. The pathology of chronic respiratory disease as a diagnostic aid. Poultry Sci. 31:922. Jungherr, E. L., R. E. Luginbuhl and R. E. Jacobs, 1953. Pathology and serology of air-sac infection. Proc. Book, Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 19th Ann. Meet. : 303-311. Jungherr, E. L., R. E. Luginbuhl, Y. V. Pereira and M. Tourtellotte, 1955. Correlation of clinical, cultural, serological and histological examination for PPLO. Proc. 27th Ann. Meet. North Eastern Conf. Lab. Wkrs. Pullorum. Dis. Confr. University of New Hampshire, Durham, N. H. June 14-15. Khare, G. P., 1961. Studies on the pathology of respiratory system of poultry with special reference to chronic respiratory disease. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Agra University. Markham, F. S., and S. C. Wong, 1952. Observations on pleuropneumonialike organisms in chronic respiratory disease of chickens and turkey sinusitis. Poultry Sci. 31: 926.
949