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Survey of the theory of mechanical face seals
ABSTRACTS Copies of original articles are best obtained by writing direct to the journal in which they appeared. The addresses of journals can be found in a reference book such as ‘World List of Scientific and Technical Publications’. ’ Willings Press Guide’, ‘Newspaper Press Directory’ and for American journals only, ‘Ayers’. Owing to a dock sh-ike recent issues of some American journals have not yet arrived in this country. We shall abstract these journals in our August issue.
BENEDICT, G. H. Correlation of disc machines and gear tests Lubrication Engineering, Vol 24, No 12 (1968) pp 591-596 A brief theoretical approach is given to decide on the variables that are important in simulating gear tooth contact by a disc machine. Results from IAE and Ryder gear testers were compared with those from a modified SAE-EP disc machine. The most useful application for a simulator would be for evaluating lubricants quickly although for accurate assessment temperature history of the gear tooth surface must be lmown and at present there is no accurate way of calculating this. (2 figures, 4 tables, 15 references) (Tribology 1969, abstract 222) BERND, L.H. Survey of the theory af mechanical face seals-Part 2 Friction and wear. Lubrication Engineering, Vol 24, No 11 (1969) pp 525-530 Friction between face seals limits the maximum pressure and speed at which a seal can operate. An improvement in various friction and wear properties can be directly translated into improved seal performance. The author covers materials for boundary lubrication and low temperature, theory of heating in a fluid film, roughness data and the production of surface roughness. (14 figures, 1 table, 25 references) (Tribology 1969, abstract 223) BERND, L.H. Survey of the theory of mechanical face seals-Part 3 Dynamic and inter-facial fluid effects Lubrication Engineering, Vol 12 No 12 (1968) pp 59’7-603 When a fluid is present between the faces of a seal it is desirable to create a pressure in the film to: separate the faces, support load, and prevent physical contact and most of all to ‘seal’. The work that has been done on hydrodynamic effects in seals is comprehensively reviewed and there are sections on leakage and sealing, cavitation, and surface tension. (2 figures, 3 tables, 62 references) (Tribology 1969, abstract 224) DOMONOSKE, D. D. Laboratory evaluation of worm gear lubricants Lubrication Engineering, Vol 24, No 12 (1968) pp 572-585 This paper was originally presented at ASLE and discusses an evaluation of seven commercially available petroleum lubricants for worm gears. Oxidation stability, modified Timken wear, and modified four ball wear tests were carried out; the author then rated the oils in terms of overall performance. An EP oil (sulfurized fatty oil) headed the ratings. A very useful discussion by four independant assessors follows the article. (9 figures, 12 tables, 9 references) (Tribology 1969,abstract 225) ELLIS, E.G. Nomenclature of lubricating greases. Industrial Lubrication Vol 21, No 1 (January 1969) ~~21-23 Motor oils for different engines have internationally recognised specifications but for greases NLGI consistency numbers are the only guide. The author suggests that the grease maker’s coding nomenclature might include references which would tell the buyer the maximum safe working temperature for the grease and also the type of soap used in its manufacture. (Tribology 1969, abstract 226) 138
TRIBOLOGY
May 1969
EVANS, R. A. Solving the oil pollution problem. Lubrication Engineering, Vol 24, No 11 (1969) pp 521-524 A problem facing many plants today is the separation of oil from process waste water. The paper discusses the types of oil contamination generally found in effluent streams. Treatment methods available for removing these oils - chemically or physically - are reviewed. The author suggests that the lubrication engineer can play an important role in lubricant selection and disposal. (2 figures) (Tribology 1969, abstract 227)
FREESTONE, R. M. Mist lubrication. Lubrication (Texaco Inc) Vol 54, No 10 (1968) pp 117-128 The author considers that application and replenishment of lubricants is of paramount importance and that centralized oil mist lubrication represents a significant improvement in lubricant application. His article covers the equipment required for mist lubricators. Amongst the advantages of mist lubrication, he lists lower operating costs, less downtime, controlled lubrication, longer machine’ life and reliability. The only disadvantage mentioned is that people do not like working where stray fog has been produced by mist lubricators. (14 figures, 1 table, 3 references) (Tribology 1969, abstract 228) HASS, H.S., SCHROEDER, Solid
film
lubrication
R. J. of instrument
spur
gears
Lubrication Engineering, Vol 24, No 12 (1968) pp 586-590 Five solid film lubricants were evaluated for precision instrument spur gear lubrication. The wear-life of the lubricants was tested and compared with unlubricated and oillubricated gears. Gear tooth contact stress measurements were taken so that the wear-life of similar gears under different conditions can be predicted. The tested lubricants gave a service life of 30-40 hours. The authors concluded that the only way to obtain accurate performance data was from actual gear tests. (9 figures, 1 table, 9 references) (Tribology 1969, abstract 229) KATO, S., FUJII, H., OGURI, M., YAMADA, Some
effects
of cutting
fluid
on milling
T. processes.
Bulletin of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol 11, No 47 (1968) pp 913-921 For the peripheral milling process with a single straight cutting edge, two components of cutting force, in both dry and wet cutting, are measured precisely corresponding to the undeformed chip thickness. On the basis of these experimental results, the effects of cutting fluid in both up-and downmilling are investigated. The main effects of cutting fluid obtained from the experimental results are: 1 The effects of cutting fluid are generally more marked in down-milling. When the rake angle is large, however, the effects are almost non-existent. 2 The smaller the feed per tooth, the more remarkable the effects of cutting fluid. 3 The effects are generally greater in thrust force than in normal force. The tendency is also notable for smaller feeds. On the basis of this experimental data, some considerations of the frictional behaviour on the tool rake face are made for both dry and wet cutting. (19 figures, 1 table, 10 references) (Tribology 1969, abstract 230)
BENEDICT, G. H. Correlation of disc machines and gear tests Lubrication Engineering, Vol 24, No 12 (1968) pp 591-596 A brief theoretical approach is given to decide on the variables that are important in simulating gear tooth contact by a disc machine. Results from IAE and Ryder gear testers were compared with those from a modified SAE-EP disc machine. The most useful application for a simulator would be for evaluating lubricants quickly although for accurate assessment temperature history of the gear tooth surface must be lmown and at present there is no accurate way of calculating this. (2 figures, 4 tables, 15 references) (Tribology 1969, abstract 222) BERND, L.H. Survey of the theory af mechanical face seals-Part 2 Friction and wear. Lubrication Engineering, Vol 24, No 11 (1969) pp 525-530 Friction between face seals limits the maximum pressure and speed at which a seal can operate. An improvement in various friction and wear properties can be directly translated into improved seal performance. The author covers materials for boundary lubrication and low temperature, theory of heating in a fluid film, roughness data and the production of surface roughness. (14 figures, 1 table, 25 references) (Tribology 1969, abstract 223) BERND, L.H. Survey of the theory of mechanical face seals-Part 3 Dynamic and inter-facial fluid effects Lubrication Engineering, Vol 12 No 12 (1968) pp 59’7-603 When a fluid is present between the faces of a seal it is desirable to create a pressure in the film to: separate the faces, support load, and prevent physical contact and most of all to ‘seal’. The work that has been done on hydrodynamic effects in seals is comprehensively reviewed and there are sections on leakage and sealing, cavitation, and surface tension. (2 figures, 3 tables, 62 references) (Tribology 1969, abstract 224) DOMONOSKE, D. D. Laboratory evaluation of worm gear lubricants Lubrication Engineering, Vol 24, No 12 (1968) pp 572-585 This paper was originally presented at ASLE and discusses an evaluation of seven commercially available petroleum lubricants for worm gears. Oxidation stability, modified Timken wear, and modified four ball wear tests were carried out; the author then rated the oils in terms of overall performance. An EP oil (sulfurized fatty oil) headed the ratings. A very useful discussion by four independant assessors follows the article. (9 figures, 12 tables, 9 references) (Tribology 1969,abstract 225) ELLIS, E.G. Nomenclature of lubricating greases. Industrial Lubrication Vol 21, No 1 (January 1969) ~~21-23 Motor oils for different engines have internationally recognised specifications but for greases NLGI consistency numbers are the only guide. The author suggests that the grease maker’s coding nomenclature might include references which would tell the buyer the maximum safe working temperature for the grease and also the type of soap used in its manufacture. (Tribology 1969, abstract 226) 138
TRIBOLOGY
May 1969
EVANS, R. A. Solving the oil pollution problem. Lubrication Engineering, Vol 24, No 11 (1969) pp 521-524 A problem facing many plants today is the separation of oil from process waste water. The paper discusses the types of oil contamination generally found in effluent streams. Treatment methods available for removing these oils - chemically or physically - are reviewed. The author suggests that the lubrication engineer can play an important role in lubricant selection and disposal. (2 figures) (Tribology 1969, abstract 227)
FREESTONE, R. M. Mist lubrication. Lubrication (Texaco Inc) Vol 54, No 10 (1968) pp 117-128 The author considers that application and replenishment of lubricants is of paramount importance and that centralized oil mist lubrication represents a significant improvement in lubricant application. His article covers the equipment required for mist lubricators. Amongst the advantages of mist lubrication, he lists lower operating costs, less downtime, controlled lubrication, longer machine’ life and reliability. The only disadvantage mentioned is that people do not like working where stray fog has been produced by mist lubricators. (14 figures, 1 table, 3 references) (Tribology 1969, abstract 228) HASS, H.S., SCHROEDER, Solid
film
lubrication
R. J. of instrument
spur
gears
Lubrication Engineering, Vol 24, No 12 (1968) pp 586-590 Five solid film lubricants were evaluated for precision instrument spur gear lubrication. The wear-life of the lubricants was tested and compared with unlubricated and oillubricated gears. Gear tooth contact stress measurements were taken so that the wear-life of similar gears under different conditions can be predicted. The tested lubricants gave a service life of 30-40 hours. The authors concluded that the only way to obtain accurate performance data was from actual gear tests. (9 figures, 1 table, 9 references) (Tribology 1969, abstract 229) KATO, S., FUJII, H., OGURI, M., YAMADA, Some
effects
of cutting
fluid
on milling
T. processes.
Bulletin of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol 11, No 47 (1968) pp 913-921 For the peripheral milling process with a single straight cutting edge, two components of cutting force, in both dry and wet cutting, are measured precisely corresponding to the undeformed chip thickness. On the basis of these experimental results, the effects of cutting fluid in both up-and downmilling are investigated. The main effects of cutting fluid obtained from the experimental results are: 1 The effects of cutting fluid are generally more marked in down-milling. When the rake angle is large, however, the effects are almost non-existent. 2 The smaller the feed per tooth, the more remarkable the effects of cutting fluid. 3 The effects are generally greater in thrust force than in normal force. The tendency is also notable for smaller feeds. On the basis of this experimental data, some considerations of the frictional behaviour on the tool rake face are made for both dry and wet cutting. (19 figures, 1 table, 10 references) (Tribology 1969, abstract 230)