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Susceptibility of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) to Heterakis Gallinarum and Histomonas Meleagridis1
1430
RESEARCH NOTES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Dietary levels of free gossypol were not high enough to cause significant mortality. Of the more than 1400 chicks started in the experiments less than one percent died.
Raw seeds exerted a significant depression on growth when fed at a level equivalent to 0.03% free gossypol and a border line effect at 0.02% (Table 1). The depressive effect of glands was irregularly distributed with a definite effect shown only in experiment 2. Ruptured glands had no effect at any of the levels fed. Pure gossypol had a significant effect at all levels and from these experiments can be considered the most toxic of all the sources of gossypol fed. In general, the higher the level of the gossypol source the greater the depressing effect on growth. REFERENCES Duncan, A. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple " F " tests. Biometrics, 11-142. Eagle, E., and D. L. Davis, 1957. Feed value and protein quality determinations on cottonseed meal. J. Amer. Oil chem. Soc. 34: 454-459. Lillie, R. J., and G. R. Bird, 1950. Effect of oral administration of pure gossypol and of pigment glands on mortality and growth of chicks. Poultry Sci. 29: 390-393.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF JAPANESE QUAIL (COTURNIX COTURNIX JAPONICA) TO HETERAKIS GALLINARUM AND HISTOMONAS MELEAGRIDIS1 I. W. LARSON2 AND M. F. HANSEN Department of Zoology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66502 (Received for publication August 2, 1966)
This study was performed to determine if the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, could be infected experimentally with the cecal worm, Heterakis gallinarum ( = gallinae), or the protozoan, Histomonas 'Contribution No. 375, Department of Zoology, Kansas Agricultural Experimentation Station; No. 410 Zoology series in the Department of Zoology. This study supported in part by grant No. E-2124, National Institutes of Health. Dr. L. E. Erwin, Department of Bacteriology, Kansas State University, made available the
meleagridis. Bigland et al. (1965 ) reported that Japanese quail were refractory to experimental infections with H. gallinarum and H. meleagridis. Conversely, Edgar et al. (1964) noted that this quail was susceptible to both organisms. Cram (1927) listed C. coturnix as host of H. gallinarum Japanese quail, equipment and space for this study. 2 Present address: Department of Biology, Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Serials Section, Dixson Library on June 12, 2015
ments 5 and 6 contained 0.32% cyclop ropenoid fatty acids ("Halphen acid"). The meats fed in the other four experiments were not analyzed for cyclopropenoid fatty acids. Each source of free gossypol was added to the diets at levels to supply 0.008, 0.016, 0.020, or 0.030% free gossypol. The cottonseed meats were ground to a suitable consistency just prior to their being incorporated in the diets, and these diets were mixed at seven day intervals. The other diets were mixed at intervals of two days. Records of diet consumption were kept for two and seven day periods. The chicks were weighed individually at seven day intervals. The data were evaluated statistically according to Duncan (1955).
1431
RESEARCH NOTES
TABLE 1. Susceptibility of Japanese quail to Heterakis gallinarum and Histomonas meleagridis Expt. No.
1
Group Infected Not infected Infected. Turkey poults
2
Infected Not Infected Infected. Turkey poults Infected Not infected Infected. Turkey poults
Larvated eggs Larvated eggs Cecal tissue
No. of birds
Age of birds (wks.)
Total avg. wt. gain (g.)
8
3
45
6 4
3 2 6
47
8 4 7
6 2
6 4
12
and Kurtpinar (1957) found the nematode in 92.2% of the C. coturnix examined in Turkey. Data from the present study confirm Edgar's et al. (1964) report on the susceptibility of Japanese quail to H. gallinarum, but the data also show this quail may not be susceptible to H. meleagridis or the enterohepatitis caused by it. Straight-run Japanese quail were reared in battery cages on a commercial ration. In experiments 1 and 2, 200 ± 20 larvated H. gallinarum eggs in 1.25M sucrose solution (Hansen et al., 1954) were given each bird per os. These experiments compared infections obtained in 3-week-old (immature) and 6-week-old (mature) quail. In experiment 3 each 5-week-old bird was injected intrarectally with 10,000 H. meleagridis in cecal tissue suspension obtained from turkey poults experimentally infected with H. gallinarum (Lund, 1955). Two-week-old Bronze turkey poults were used in the experiments to evaluate infectivity of the heterakid larvae and the protozoan parasite. The quail were weighed each week. All birds were necropsied 30 days after infection. Experimental design and results are summarized in Table 1. Nearly half of the infected quail in experiments 1 and 2 contained H. gallinarum; however, only a few immature nematodes were found in each bird. The degree
% incidence 30 days after infection B. gallinarum SO
E. meleagridis 0
E. gallinarum recovered Total
Per quail
7
1, 2, 2, 2
0 . 25 66
0 75 0
0 5 6
1,1, 2, 2
6
0 0
0 100
0 0
5
21
0
0
0
5 2
21
0 0
0 75
0 0
7
of maturity of the quail did not influence infection with these heterakids. No H. meleagridis were found in the Japanese quail and the ceca, livers, and other organs appeared normal. From 75 to 100% of the turkey poults became infected with the protozoan and died from enterohepatitis within 15 days after infection. Exposure to H. gallinarum or H. meleagridis did not affect weight gain in the quail. The Japanese quail appears to have a close physiological resemblance to chickens and turkeys (Wilson et al, 1961), but certain factors may influence its suggested use in experiments for these species. Mainardi (1959), in a study on immunological relationships with red-cell antigens, found C. coturnix remote from other gallinaceous birds. That relationship may be reflected in the results of the present study. REFERENCES Bigland, C. H., A. J. DaMassa and A. E. Woodard, 196S. Diseases of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)-—Aflocksurvey and experimental transmission of selected avian pathogens. Avian Diseases, 9: 212-219. Cram, E., 1927. Bird parasites of the nematode suborders Strongylata, Ascaridata, and Spirurata. Bui. 140, U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 465 pp. Edgar, S. A., R. Waggoner and C. Flanagan, 1964. Susceptibility of coturnix quail to certain disease producing agents common to poultry. Poultry Sci. 43: 13 IS. Hansen, M. F., L. J. Olson and J. E. Ackert, 19S4.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Serials Section, Dixson Library on June 12, 2015
3
Source infection
1432
RESEARCH NOTES
Improved techniques for culturing and administering ascarid eggs to experimental chicks. Exper. Parasit. 3 : 464-473. Kurtpinar, H., 1957. Helminths in quail {Coturnix coturnix) in Turkey. J. Parasit. 43: 379. Lund, E. E., 1955. The progress of histomoniasis (blackhead) in turkeys as related to the size of
the infective dose. Poultry Sci. 34: 127-130. Mainardi, D., 1959. Immunological distances among some gallinaceous birds. Nature, 184: 913-914. Wilson, W. O., U. K. Abbott and H. Abplanalp, 1961. Evaluation of Coturnix (Japanese quail) as pilot animal for poultry. Poultry Sci. 40: 651-657.
HENRY W. KIRCHER 1 AND BURT HEYWANG2 Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (Received for publication August 11, 1966)
The formation of pink whites during storage of eggs from hens that had been fed sterculic and malvalic acid derivatives has been amply documented (reviews: Carter and Frampton, 1964; Shenstone et al., 1965; Phelps et al., 1965). Destruction of the cyclopropene ring in these compounds gave normal eggs when the treated materials were incorporated into the diets of laying hens. Although small amounts of cyclopropane derivatives had no deleterious effects on egg quality (Masson et al., 1957; Shenstone and Vickery, 1959), large quantities have never been fed to hens. Wood and Reiser (1965) fed methyl cis and trans-9, 10-methylene octadecanoate (I) to rats at a level of 0.54% of a fat free diet and observed that the cyclopropane acids are incorporated into the rat adipose tissue and are also oxidized to the 3, 4-methylene dodecanoic acids (II).
/ CH3-(CH2)7-CH
CH2 \
CH-(CH2)7-COOCH3
I 1
Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 2 Deceased. Southwest Poultry Experiment Station, ARS, Glendale, Arizona.
/ CH3-(CH2)7-CH
CH2 \
CH-CH2-COOH II Chung (1966), working with rat liver mitochondria, showed that the methylene carbon in methylene labeled cis-9, 10methylene hexadecanoic acid was not oxidized to C0 2 , indicating that (3-oxidation cannot pass the cyclopropane ring. The present work was done to establish the effects of larger quantities (1 g./day) of a cyclopropane fatty acid in the diet of laying hens on egg quality. Methyl sterculate was prepared as described previously (Kircher, 1964). Four batches of the ester (120 g. in 1200 ml. 95% ethanol) were hydrogenated at room temperature and pressure over 3 g. 5% Pd on charcoal until slightly over one mole of hydrogen per mole of ester had been absorbed. The combined products were distilled, bp. 120°/0.05 m m , a n ( j hydrolyzed. The derived fatty acids were crystallized from methanol at —-25° and reesterified with 10 volumes of 7% BF 3 in methanol. Distillation yielded 320 g. methyl dihydrosterculate that contained 9% methyl 9(10)methylstearate as an impurity. One gram of the product gave a negative Halphen test;
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Serials Section, Dixson Library on June 12, 2015
PINK EGG DISCOLORATION WITH METHYL DIHYDROSTERCULATE
RESEARCH NOTES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Dietary levels of free gossypol were not high enough to cause significant mortality. Of the more than 1400 chicks started in the experiments less than one percent died.
Raw seeds exerted a significant depression on growth when fed at a level equivalent to 0.03% free gossypol and a border line effect at 0.02% (Table 1). The depressive effect of glands was irregularly distributed with a definite effect shown only in experiment 2. Ruptured glands had no effect at any of the levels fed. Pure gossypol had a significant effect at all levels and from these experiments can be considered the most toxic of all the sources of gossypol fed. In general, the higher the level of the gossypol source the greater the depressing effect on growth. REFERENCES Duncan, A. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple " F " tests. Biometrics, 11-142. Eagle, E., and D. L. Davis, 1957. Feed value and protein quality determinations on cottonseed meal. J. Amer. Oil chem. Soc. 34: 454-459. Lillie, R. J., and G. R. Bird, 1950. Effect of oral administration of pure gossypol and of pigment glands on mortality and growth of chicks. Poultry Sci. 29: 390-393.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF JAPANESE QUAIL (COTURNIX COTURNIX JAPONICA) TO HETERAKIS GALLINARUM AND HISTOMONAS MELEAGRIDIS1 I. W. LARSON2 AND M. F. HANSEN Department of Zoology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66502 (Received for publication August 2, 1966)
This study was performed to determine if the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, could be infected experimentally with the cecal worm, Heterakis gallinarum ( = gallinae), or the protozoan, Histomonas 'Contribution No. 375, Department of Zoology, Kansas Agricultural Experimentation Station; No. 410 Zoology series in the Department of Zoology. This study supported in part by grant No. E-2124, National Institutes of Health. Dr. L. E. Erwin, Department of Bacteriology, Kansas State University, made available the
meleagridis. Bigland et al. (1965 ) reported that Japanese quail were refractory to experimental infections with H. gallinarum and H. meleagridis. Conversely, Edgar et al. (1964) noted that this quail was susceptible to both organisms. Cram (1927) listed C. coturnix as host of H. gallinarum Japanese quail, equipment and space for this study. 2 Present address: Department of Biology, Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Serials Section, Dixson Library on June 12, 2015
ments 5 and 6 contained 0.32% cyclop ropenoid fatty acids ("Halphen acid"). The meats fed in the other four experiments were not analyzed for cyclopropenoid fatty acids. Each source of free gossypol was added to the diets at levels to supply 0.008, 0.016, 0.020, or 0.030% free gossypol. The cottonseed meats were ground to a suitable consistency just prior to their being incorporated in the diets, and these diets were mixed at seven day intervals. The other diets were mixed at intervals of two days. Records of diet consumption were kept for two and seven day periods. The chicks were weighed individually at seven day intervals. The data were evaluated statistically according to Duncan (1955).
1431
RESEARCH NOTES
TABLE 1. Susceptibility of Japanese quail to Heterakis gallinarum and Histomonas meleagridis Expt. No.
1
Group Infected Not infected Infected. Turkey poults
2
Infected Not Infected Infected. Turkey poults Infected Not infected Infected. Turkey poults
Larvated eggs Larvated eggs Cecal tissue
No. of birds
Age of birds (wks.)
Total avg. wt. gain (g.)
8
3
45
6 4
3 2 6
47
8 4 7
6 2
6 4
12
and Kurtpinar (1957) found the nematode in 92.2% of the C. coturnix examined in Turkey. Data from the present study confirm Edgar's et al. (1964) report on the susceptibility of Japanese quail to H. gallinarum, but the data also show this quail may not be susceptible to H. meleagridis or the enterohepatitis caused by it. Straight-run Japanese quail were reared in battery cages on a commercial ration. In experiments 1 and 2, 200 ± 20 larvated H. gallinarum eggs in 1.25M sucrose solution (Hansen et al., 1954) were given each bird per os. These experiments compared infections obtained in 3-week-old (immature) and 6-week-old (mature) quail. In experiment 3 each 5-week-old bird was injected intrarectally with 10,000 H. meleagridis in cecal tissue suspension obtained from turkey poults experimentally infected with H. gallinarum (Lund, 1955). Two-week-old Bronze turkey poults were used in the experiments to evaluate infectivity of the heterakid larvae and the protozoan parasite. The quail were weighed each week. All birds were necropsied 30 days after infection. Experimental design and results are summarized in Table 1. Nearly half of the infected quail in experiments 1 and 2 contained H. gallinarum; however, only a few immature nematodes were found in each bird. The degree
% incidence 30 days after infection B. gallinarum SO
E. meleagridis 0
E. gallinarum recovered Total
Per quail
7
1, 2, 2, 2
0 . 25 66
0 75 0
0 5 6
1,1, 2, 2
6
0 0
0 100
0 0
5
21
0
0
0
5 2
21
0 0
0 75
0 0
7
of maturity of the quail did not influence infection with these heterakids. No H. meleagridis were found in the Japanese quail and the ceca, livers, and other organs appeared normal. From 75 to 100% of the turkey poults became infected with the protozoan and died from enterohepatitis within 15 days after infection. Exposure to H. gallinarum or H. meleagridis did not affect weight gain in the quail. The Japanese quail appears to have a close physiological resemblance to chickens and turkeys (Wilson et al, 1961), but certain factors may influence its suggested use in experiments for these species. Mainardi (1959), in a study on immunological relationships with red-cell antigens, found C. coturnix remote from other gallinaceous birds. That relationship may be reflected in the results of the present study. REFERENCES Bigland, C. H., A. J. DaMassa and A. E. Woodard, 196S. Diseases of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)-—Aflocksurvey and experimental transmission of selected avian pathogens. Avian Diseases, 9: 212-219. Cram, E., 1927. Bird parasites of the nematode suborders Strongylata, Ascaridata, and Spirurata. Bui. 140, U.S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 465 pp. Edgar, S. A., R. Waggoner and C. Flanagan, 1964. Susceptibility of coturnix quail to certain disease producing agents common to poultry. Poultry Sci. 43: 13 IS. Hansen, M. F., L. J. Olson and J. E. Ackert, 19S4.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Serials Section, Dixson Library on June 12, 2015
3
Source infection
1432
RESEARCH NOTES
Improved techniques for culturing and administering ascarid eggs to experimental chicks. Exper. Parasit. 3 : 464-473. Kurtpinar, H., 1957. Helminths in quail {Coturnix coturnix) in Turkey. J. Parasit. 43: 379. Lund, E. E., 1955. The progress of histomoniasis (blackhead) in turkeys as related to the size of
the infective dose. Poultry Sci. 34: 127-130. Mainardi, D., 1959. Immunological distances among some gallinaceous birds. Nature, 184: 913-914. Wilson, W. O., U. K. Abbott and H. Abplanalp, 1961. Evaluation of Coturnix (Japanese quail) as pilot animal for poultry. Poultry Sci. 40: 651-657.
HENRY W. KIRCHER 1 AND BURT HEYWANG2 Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (Received for publication August 11, 1966)
The formation of pink whites during storage of eggs from hens that had been fed sterculic and malvalic acid derivatives has been amply documented (reviews: Carter and Frampton, 1964; Shenstone et al., 1965; Phelps et al., 1965). Destruction of the cyclopropene ring in these compounds gave normal eggs when the treated materials were incorporated into the diets of laying hens. Although small amounts of cyclopropane derivatives had no deleterious effects on egg quality (Masson et al., 1957; Shenstone and Vickery, 1959), large quantities have never been fed to hens. Wood and Reiser (1965) fed methyl cis and trans-9, 10-methylene octadecanoate (I) to rats at a level of 0.54% of a fat free diet and observed that the cyclopropane acids are incorporated into the rat adipose tissue and are also oxidized to the 3, 4-methylene dodecanoic acids (II).
/ CH3-(CH2)7-CH
CH2 \
CH-(CH2)7-COOCH3
I 1
Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 2 Deceased. Southwest Poultry Experiment Station, ARS, Glendale, Arizona.
/ CH3-(CH2)7-CH
CH2 \
CH-CH2-COOH II Chung (1966), working with rat liver mitochondria, showed that the methylene carbon in methylene labeled cis-9, 10methylene hexadecanoic acid was not oxidized to C0 2 , indicating that (3-oxidation cannot pass the cyclopropane ring. The present work was done to establish the effects of larger quantities (1 g./day) of a cyclopropane fatty acid in the diet of laying hens on egg quality. Methyl sterculate was prepared as described previously (Kircher, 1964). Four batches of the ester (120 g. in 1200 ml. 95% ethanol) were hydrogenated at room temperature and pressure over 3 g. 5% Pd on charcoal until slightly over one mole of hydrogen per mole of ester had been absorbed. The combined products were distilled, bp. 120°/0.05 m m , a n ( j hydrolyzed. The derived fatty acids were crystallized from methanol at —-25° and reesterified with 10 volumes of 7% BF 3 in methanol. Distillation yielded 320 g. methyl dihydrosterculate that contained 9% methyl 9(10)methylstearate as an impurity. One gram of the product gave a negative Halphen test;
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Serials Section, Dixson Library on June 12, 2015
PINK EGG DISCOLORATION WITH METHYL DIHYDROSTERCULATE