Symbols

Symbols

kLS rj korj korj HS korj LS ksalt, i kB k0 mi meqi-X ni p pc pHS c pLS c psH2 O r vi zi Ci

bi C Cm CEC Ea F FIF G DG DGo G G

HS

G

LS

H DH Hi His Hsalt, i I IAP Ka KD Keq Kint Ksp KA B KA0 B M NA NB Nc NT R RF =

e fi,j g i j k ka krj kHS rj

Activity of the species i Empirical ion-size parameter measuring effective diameter of the hydrated ion Elementary charge Fugacity of species i in phase j Gravitational acceleration Species Phase Permeability Reaction rate constant Relative permeability of phase j Relative permeability of phase j at the high threshold salinity condition Relative permeability of phase j at the low threshold salinity condition Endpoint of relative permeability of phase j Endpoint of relative permeability of phase j at the high salinity threshold condition Endpoint of relative permeability of phase j at the low salinity threshold condition Salting-out coefficient of species i Boltzmann constant Reaction rate constant at reference temperature Molality of species i Milliequivalent of the exchangeable species i Number of moles of the species i Pressure Capillary pressure Capillary pressure at the high salinity threshold condition Capillary pressure at the low salinity threshold condition Saturation pressure of H2O Reaction rate Partial molar volume of species i Charge of the ion Equilibrium concentration of species i

=

ai and [i] a_i

Adsorbed concentration of species i Mean curvature Cation exchange capacity Activation energy Faraday constant Interpolation factor Gibbs free energy Change in the Gibbs free energy Change in the standard Gibbs free energy of the reaction Effective molar Gibbs free energy of solution Effective molar Gibbs free energy of solution at the high salinity threshold condition Effective molar Gibbs free energy of solution at the low salinity threshold condition Enthalpy Change in the enthalpy Henry’s constant of species i Henry’s constant of species i at the saturation pressure of H2O, temperature, and zero salinity Henry’s constant of species i in saline water Ionic strength of the solution Ionic activity product Apparent dissociation constant Partition coefficient Equilibrium constant Intrinsic dissociation constant Solubility product Exchange constant Selectivity coefficient Mobility ratio Avogadro constant Bond number Capillary number Trapping number Ideal gas constant Resistance factor 139

140 Rk RRF S DS So Sor high

Sor

SHS or Slow or SLS or Swi SI T Tr; H2 O U V W gi g_ εr ε0 z(i-X) h [h] hinsitu

SYMBOLS Permeability reduction factor Residual resistance factor Entropy Change in the entropy Normalized residual oil saturation Residual oil saturation Residual oil saturation at the high trapping number Residual oil saturation at the high salinity threshold condition Residual oil saturation at the low trapping number Residual oil saturation at the low salinity threshold condition Irreducible water saturation Saturation index Absolute temperature Reduced temperature of H2O Internal energy Volume Colloidal interaction forces Activity coefficient of species i Shear rate Dielectric constant Relative permittivity in free space Equivalent fraction of the exchangeable species i Non-Newtonian fluid’s viscosity Intrinsic viscosity of non-Newtonian fluid In-situ viscosity of non-Newtonian fluid

hI hr hsp h0 hN q qHS qLS q* k1 l m mi moi r s j Q0 (h) U

Inherent viscosity of non-Newtonian fluid Relative viscosity of non-Newtonian fluid Specific viscosity of non-Newtonian fluid Viscosity of non-Newtonian fluid at very low shear rate Viscosity of limiting value of nonNewtonian fluid at very high shear rate Contact angle Contact angle at the high salinity threshold condition Contact angle at the low salinity threshold condition Normalized contact angle between high and low salinity threshold conditions Debye length Mobility Viscosity Chemical potential of the species i Standard chemical potential of species i Density Interfacial tension Surface potential Disjoining pressure at the distance h between the oil and rock surfaces Saturation state