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Synthesis and dynamic mechanical analysis of fiber reinforced low-density polyethylene hybrid polymer composites
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Synthesis and dynamic mechanical analysis of fiber reinforced low-density polyethylene hybrid polymer composites S. Ravichandran a,⇑, E. Vengatesan b, A. Ramakrishnan b a b
Department of Physics, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, JEPPIAAR Nagar, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, JEPPIAAR Nagar, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 13 September 2019 Received in revised form 25 September 2019 Accepted 30 September 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Dynamic mechanical Properties-low Density polyethylene-composites
a b s t r a c t A fiber reinforced polymer composite material is made of a fibrous material embedded in a resin matrix, generally laminated with fibers oriented in a particular direction to give the strength and stiffness. Polymeric materials reinforced with fibers provide improved high stiffness and strength as compared to conventional materials. Low-density polyethylene composites (LDPE) reinforced with Glass, Carbon and Kevlar fiber, were prepared by a compression molding technique. The modulus and absorption properties of the materials were studied by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) Test and FT_IR Technic. The resultant composites were investigated to determine the effects of fibers on their mechanical properties. The various modulus properties of composites were determined by DMA analysis. This is mainly due to the proper bonding interaction between the polymer matrix and the bidirectional layer of fibers. Carbon fiber has crystalline or partly crystalline structures. Composites reinforced with Glass fiber and carbon fiber has the highest impact energy. The results clearly show that when the low-density polyethylene matrix is reinforced with fibers, morphological changes take place depending on the fiber. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials and Manufacturing 2019.
1. Introduction Glass fibers (GF) and Carbon fibers (CF) are the most common reinforcement for polymeric matrix composites. In general, fibers are the main load-transferring members, and to provide a barrier against an unfavorable environment and to protect the surface of the fiber from the abrasion. Fiber reinforced composite materials can help to resolve typical deterioration problems that are associated with conventional steel reinforcement materials. When compared with traditional materials, composite materials can increase the life of a structure and provide high resistance against environmental conditions. Researchers [1,2] studied the mechanical and Dynamical mechanical analysis of polymer composites and they concluded that the increased modulus is attributed to the physical interaction between the polymer matrix and Doum palm Shell particles that restrict the segmental mobility of the polymer chains. Shanmugam and Thiruchitrambalam [3] studied the Static and dynamic mechanical properties of alkali treated unidirectional continuous Palmyra Palm Leaf Stalk Fiber/jute Fiber reinforced
polyester composites. Advanced polymer composites have fiber reinforcements in a polymer matrix material for highperformance such as graphite/epoxy, Kevlar/epoxy, and boron/ epoxy composites [4,5]. Such type of composites has high tensile strengths and hence fiber reinforced composites made structures could sustain heavy loads, intense pressure, environmental inconsistencies, etc. Fiber-reinforced polymers are highly durable. It would last for prolonged periods. It has several high resistance properties. FRP remains completely unaffected at high temperatures, fire, caustic chemicals, moisture, and insect infestation. Advanced composites are traditionally used in the automobile, aerospace industries and medical industries. The variations in mechanical behavior such as modulus and damping as a function of temperature, time, frequency, stress or a combination analyzed by the Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA). The objectives of this study are to determine the dynamic mechanical properties of Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) reinforced with glass, carbon and Kevlar fibers and to study the influence of the fiber loading on the modulus of the composites.
⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Ravichandran). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.216 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials and Manufacturing 2019.
Please cite this article as: S. Ravichandran, E. Vengatesan and A. Ramakrishnan, Synthesis and dynamic mechanical analysis of fiber reinforced low-density polyethylene hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.216
2
S. Ravichandran et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. Experimental methods 2.1. Fabrication of fiber reinforced polymer composites Fabrication of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites undergoes a simple process followed by compression molding method. The dissolved LDPE solute was then allowed to cool down at room temperature. The powdered LDPE was then mixed with the epoxy resin [6]. The mixture was stirred well using a magnetic stirrer. After this process, 10% of hardener was added to the LDPE and epoxy resin mixture [7]. The spacer of 5 mm thickness and 300mmx300mm (inner dimension) was mounted on the compression molding machine. Glass fibers were placed one another by applying the LDPE and resin mixture. A temperature of about 80 °C and a pressure of 0.2 bar was maintained for 2 h for the FRP composite. The same procedure was adopted for the fabrication of LDPE-carbon and LDPE-Kevlar fiber composites. The test specimen has been prepared as per the ASTM standard. The matrix used for this work was commercial Low-Density Poly-Ethylene (LDPE) granules, Epoxy Resin (LY 556) and Hardener (HY917). Glass Fiber-(WRM 610 GSM), Carbon Fiber and Kevlar Fibers were used as reinforcement material [8,9].
Table 1 The Storage modulus of Low-Density Polyethylene reinforced with Kevlar, glass and carbon fiber. S. No
Polymer with Reinforcement
Transition Temperature’s (°C)
Storage modulus (Mpa)
1 2 3
LDPE- Kevlar LDPE- Glass LEDE- Carbon
104 92.93 89.02
1895 2650 3300
2.2. Dynamic mechanical analysis Dynamic Mechanical Studies of the polymer composites were carried out at the Central Institute of Plastic Technology and Engineering(CIPET), School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP), Chennai (Model: DMA Q800 V20.6 Build 24). Polymer composites were tested for solid specimens (sheets) in a dynamic regime by Temperature Ramp method. The experiment was conducted under a Temperature Range from 20 to 200 °C with a twisting frequency of 1 Hz and with a constant heating rate of the specimen of 5 °C/min. As a result of the experiment, elastic shear modulus and shear losses (G0 , G00 ) and the mechanical loss Tangent (Tan d) were determined and Glass transition temperatures of the polymer composites also were determined. The specimen was prepared as per the ASTMD 4065. Size of the specimen is 35.0000 15.2600 5.5600 mm. The test specimen is fixed between the movable and stationary fixtures. Required Frequency, amplitude, and a temperature range are given as input. The Analyzer applies oscillation to the composite materials while slowly moving through the specified temperature range. The DMA test has carried out in different modes like Temperature scan, time scan, modulus, tangent delta, mechanical analysis, and characterization of temperature and time dependencies, frequency scan mode.
3. Results and discussion
Fig. 1. Variation of storage modulus of different composites.
Fiber Reinforced LDPE polymer composite has synthesized by the compression molding method and the materials are subjected into various mechanical tests to measure the strength, elastic modulus. During the fabrication of composites length, diameter, orientation, properties of fibers, bonding between the fibers and matrix are considered [10]. The dynamic mechanical properties and absorption properties of an LDPE-Epoxy resin with different fibers are measured. The variation of storage modulus and loss modulus at various temperature of different fiber composites were investigated (Figs. 1 and 2). Dynamic storage modulus (E’) is the most important property to assess the load-bearing capacity of polymer
Table 2 Loss modulus of Low-Density Polyethylene reinforced with Kevlar, glass and carbon fibre. S. No
Polymer with Reinforcement
Transition Temperature’s (°C)
Loss modulus (Mpa)
1 2 3
LDPE- Kevlar LDPE- Glass LDPE- Carbon
113.33 100.34 95.31
226.9 315.9 351.1
Table 3 Tan d of Low-Density Polyethylene reinforced with Kevlar, glass and carbon fibre.
Fig. 2. Variation of loss modulus of different composites.
S. No
Polymer with Reinforcement
Transition Temperature’s (°C)
Tan d Peak value
1 2 3
LDPE- Kevlar LDPE- Glass LDPE- Carbon
119.01 106.02 99.86
0.4297 0.2797 0.3669
Please cite this article as: S. Ravichandran, E. Vengatesan and A. Ramakrishnan, Synthesis and dynamic mechanical analysis of fiber reinforced low-density polyethylene hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.216
S. Ravichandran et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
composite material [11,12]. The dynamic storage modulus of a composite material is defined as the stress in phase with the strain in a sinusoidal shearing deformation divided by the strain. The variation of storage modulus as a function of temperature was measured. The loss modulus is defined as the stress 90°out-of-
3
phase with the strain divided by the strain. It is a measure of the energy dissipated as heat per cycle under deformation. There is an appreciable increase in the modulus of the fiber laminated Polymer matrix with the reinforcement of glass, Kevlar and carbon fiber over the entire region were compared and the data given in Tables 1–3. This may be due to the increase in the stiffness of the polymer matrix with the reinforcement of the fibers [13]. 3.1. Dynamic mechanical analysis of LDPE-Kevlar reinforced composites
Fig. 3. Variation of tan delta of different composites.
Fig. 4(a) presents the dynamic mechanical analysis of an LDPEKevlar reinforced composites temperature dependence of the viscoelastic characteristics of the investigated material. The storage modulus is maximum in the temperature range from 30 °C to 80 °C. A sudden decrease of a modulus occurred at the temperature of 80 °C and it was extended up to 120 °C. This fiber composite material obtained the constant low value from a temperature of 140 °C up to 190 °C [14,15]. Highest loss modulus 226.9 Mpa occurred at a temperature of 113.33 °C. The value of storage modulus signifies the stiffness of the material. From the graph, it was measured that the storage modulus is maximum up to a temperature of 104 °C. The result clearly shows that remarkable constant in
Fig. 4. Shows Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Low Density Polyethylene Composites reinforced with [a] Kevlar [b] Glass [c] Carbon fiber reinforcement.
Please cite this article as: S. Ravichandran, E. Vengatesan and A. Ramakrishnan, Synthesis and dynamic mechanical analysis of fiber reinforced low-density polyethylene hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.216
4
S. Ravichandran et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
the stiffness of the material indicating good reinforcement of the composite material. This effect shows the thermo-mechanical stability of the material at a particular temperature [16]. The Tan d peaks are gradually increased from 30 °C and it is maximum at 119.01 °C. it is sudden decreases with the increase of temperature (Fig. 3). The Tan d (0.4297) value is very low at 190 °C. In general, this is indicating a poor interface since a lower peak height indicates a good interfacial adhesion. A composite has higher peak indicating lesser fiber content in the polymer matrix. The width of the Tan delta peak of the composite also becomes wider due to the fiber-reinforced material. The loss curve found to distribute over a wider range and it is obtained maximum value for higher fiber content [17,18].
on the reinforced fiber. The glass transition was measured more easily by DMA analysis. In addition to that, the quality of the composites was measured due to the variation of fiber-matrix adhesion. The following conclusions are obtained.
Fig. 4(b) presents the dynamic mechanical analysis of LDPEGlass reinforced composites. The storage modulus is constant from the temperature of 30 °C to 50 °C and it is gradually decreased up to 90 °C. A sudden decrease occurred at 95 °C. This type of composite attains very low storage modulus from 120 °C to 190 °C [19]. The loss modulus is maximum at 100.34 °C. Maximum loss modulus-(315.9 Mpa) occurred at a temperature of 100.34 °C while the maximum Tan d (0.2797) occurred at 106.02 °C [20].
1. Storage modulus was found to be maximum for the composite material reinforced with carbon fiber. It was measured as 3300 MPa at the temperature of 89.020 C. 2. Storage modulus was found to be in the order of LDPEcarbon > LDPE- Glass > LDPE- Kevlar. 3. The DMA study of LDPE with fiber reinforcement indicates that the Loss modulus was found to be increased for carbonreinforced composites, together with the decrease in Tan d values. 4. The results show the good interactions between the polymer chains and fiber reinforcement and give the thermal stability of the composites. 5. LDPE- Glass-reinforced composites were found to be a minimum value of Tand. 6. The variation of Loss of modulus was measured for fibercomposite materials at different frequencies. It leads to loosely packing of the interaction of bands between the fibers and polymer matrix and hence decrease in thermal stability of a composite.
3.3. Dynamic mechanical analysis of LDPE-Carbon reinforced composites
References
3.2. Dynamic mechanical analysis of LDPE-Glass reinforced composites
Fig. 4(c) presents the dynamic mechanical analysis of an LDPEcarbon reinforced composite. The storage modulus gradually increases from the lower temperature of 30 °C up to 80 °C and its sudden decreases at 85 °C. Storage modulus is maintained as constant from 120 °C up to 190 °C [21]. The loss modulus is maximum (351.1Mpa) at 95.31 °C, while the maximum Tan d (0.3669) occurred at 99.86 °C [22]. The stiffness and rigidity of the composite structure were examined through the storage modulus curve. The storage modulus graph consists of three phase [23–25]. While increasing temperature during the first phase, the composite structure is very stiff and high rigid due to the tightly packed molecule. It is due to the rigid polymeric chain. In this second glass transient phase, the storage modulus was the measure to be decreased above Tg because of polymeric long movement this movement in a polymer chain molecule affects the stiffness as well as fiber bar matrix adhesion. During the third phase, there was no major enhancement in the storage modulus due to the accelerated polymeric chain mobility at the higher temperature. From the observation, it is clear that there is some shift in the temperature range for stiffness and rigidity of the composite structure [25–30]. 4. Conclusion Dynamic mechanical analysis of the fiber-reinforced lowdensity polyethylene composites was successfully investigated at different temperature. The loads applied during the DMA analysis. It produces, shear forces alongwith the polymer-fiber matrix interfaces. As the Temperature of the sample increase, hence the matrix becomes more amenable, causing a decrease in the storage modulus. This also weakens the fiber-polymer interfaces. It shows that the storage modulus and loss modulus of a composite depends
[1] S. Ravichandran, S. Murugesan, G. Ramalingam, Asian J. Chem. 31 (2019) 714– 718. [2] Samuel Audu Seth, Isuwa Suleiman Aji, Aje Tokan, Int. J. Sci. Res. Eng. Tech. 7 (2018) 645–649. [3] D. Shanmugam, M. Thiruchitrambalam, Mater Desi 97 (2013) 533–542. [4] N. Hameed, P.A. Sreekumar, B. Francis, W. Yang, App. Sci. Manuf 12 (2007) 2422–2432. [5] C. Shivanku, B.R. Kumar, J. Int, Adv. Res. Ideas & Innov. Tech 3 (2017) 1168– 1179. [6] A. Pothan Laly, Zachariah Oommen, Sabu Thomas, Comp. Sci. & Tech 63 (2) (2003) 283–293. [7] M. Idicula, S.K. Malhotra, K. Joseph, S. Thomas, Comp. Sci. & Tech 65 (2005) 1077–1087. [8] N. Saba, M. Jawaid, O.Y. Alothman, M.T. Paridah, Const. Build. Mat 106 (2016) 149–159. [9] E. Reed, Katherine. Polym. Comp 1 (1980) 44–49. [10] M. Indra Reddy, V. Srinivasa Reddy, J. Int, Engg Res. Tech. 9 (2014) 410–415. [11] Karvanis, Konstantinos, IOP Conf. Series: Mat. Sci. Eng. 362. 1(2018). [12] Anand Palanivel, Polímeros 27 (2017) 309–319. [13] M. Akay, Comp. Sci. Tech. 47 (4) (1993) 419–423. [14] Nagendra, P. Surya, V.V.S. Prasad, Koona Ramji, Mat. Today: Proceedings 8 (2017) 9081–9086. [15] J.F. Mano, R.L. Reis, A.M. Cunha, Dordrecht (2002) 139–164. [16] M.K. Gupta, Cellulose 61 (2017) 71. [17] Rana, Sunil Singh, M. K. Gupta, and R. K. Srivastava. Mat. Today, Proc. 2 (2017) 3387-3396. [18] A.E. Burdonov, Int. Polym. Sci. Tech. 7 (2015) 53–58. [19] Lorandi, Natalia Pagnoncelli, Sci. cum Indus. 4.1 (2016) 48-60. [20] T.P. Sathishkumar, J. of Mater. Des. Apps. 230 (2016) 160–174. [21] M.K. Gupta, Proc. J. Mate. Design and Appl. 232 (9) (2018) 743–748. [22] Hamid Essabir, Mech. Mate. 98 (2016) 36–43. [23] Zhaoxia Jin, Chem. Phy Lett. 337 (1–3) (2001) 43–47. [24] S. Dong, R. Gauvin, Polym. Comp. 14 (5) (1993) 414–420. [25] Maya Jacob, Polym. Comp. 27 (6) (2006) 671–680. [26] Shuying Yang, Comp. Engg 38 (2) (2007) 228–235. [27] Qingfa Zhang, Poly. 9 (11) (2017) 628. [28] A.K. Saha, J. App. Polym. Sci. 71 (9) (1999) 1505–1513. [29] M Asim, Int. J. Polym. Sci. (2015). [30] N. Jesuarockiam, M. Jawaid, E.S. Zainudin, M. Thariq, H. Sultan, R. Yahaya, Enh. Poly. 11 (7) (2019) 1085.
Please cite this article as: S. Ravichandran, E. Vengatesan and A. Ramakrishnan, Synthesis and dynamic mechanical analysis of fiber reinforced low-density polyethylene hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.216
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Synthesis and dynamic mechanical analysis of fiber reinforced low-density polyethylene hybrid polymer composites S. Ravichandran a,⇑, E. Vengatesan b, A. Ramakrishnan b a b
Department of Physics, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, JEPPIAAR Nagar, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, JEPPIAAR Nagar, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 13 September 2019 Received in revised form 25 September 2019 Accepted 30 September 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Dynamic mechanical Properties-low Density polyethylene-composites
a b s t r a c t A fiber reinforced polymer composite material is made of a fibrous material embedded in a resin matrix, generally laminated with fibers oriented in a particular direction to give the strength and stiffness. Polymeric materials reinforced with fibers provide improved high stiffness and strength as compared to conventional materials. Low-density polyethylene composites (LDPE) reinforced with Glass, Carbon and Kevlar fiber, were prepared by a compression molding technique. The modulus and absorption properties of the materials were studied by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) Test and FT_IR Technic. The resultant composites were investigated to determine the effects of fibers on their mechanical properties. The various modulus properties of composites were determined by DMA analysis. This is mainly due to the proper bonding interaction between the polymer matrix and the bidirectional layer of fibers. Carbon fiber has crystalline or partly crystalline structures. Composites reinforced with Glass fiber and carbon fiber has the highest impact energy. The results clearly show that when the low-density polyethylene matrix is reinforced with fibers, morphological changes take place depending on the fiber. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials and Manufacturing 2019.
1. Introduction Glass fibers (GF) and Carbon fibers (CF) are the most common reinforcement for polymeric matrix composites. In general, fibers are the main load-transferring members, and to provide a barrier against an unfavorable environment and to protect the surface of the fiber from the abrasion. Fiber reinforced composite materials can help to resolve typical deterioration problems that are associated with conventional steel reinforcement materials. When compared with traditional materials, composite materials can increase the life of a structure and provide high resistance against environmental conditions. Researchers [1,2] studied the mechanical and Dynamical mechanical analysis of polymer composites and they concluded that the increased modulus is attributed to the physical interaction between the polymer matrix and Doum palm Shell particles that restrict the segmental mobility of the polymer chains. Shanmugam and Thiruchitrambalam [3] studied the Static and dynamic mechanical properties of alkali treated unidirectional continuous Palmyra Palm Leaf Stalk Fiber/jute Fiber reinforced
polyester composites. Advanced polymer composites have fiber reinforcements in a polymer matrix material for highperformance such as graphite/epoxy, Kevlar/epoxy, and boron/ epoxy composites [4,5]. Such type of composites has high tensile strengths and hence fiber reinforced composites made structures could sustain heavy loads, intense pressure, environmental inconsistencies, etc. Fiber-reinforced polymers are highly durable. It would last for prolonged periods. It has several high resistance properties. FRP remains completely unaffected at high temperatures, fire, caustic chemicals, moisture, and insect infestation. Advanced composites are traditionally used in the automobile, aerospace industries and medical industries. The variations in mechanical behavior such as modulus and damping as a function of temperature, time, frequency, stress or a combination analyzed by the Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA). The objectives of this study are to determine the dynamic mechanical properties of Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) reinforced with glass, carbon and Kevlar fibers and to study the influence of the fiber loading on the modulus of the composites.
⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Ravichandran). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.216 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials and Manufacturing 2019.
Please cite this article as: S. Ravichandran, E. Vengatesan and A. Ramakrishnan, Synthesis and dynamic mechanical analysis of fiber reinforced low-density polyethylene hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.216
2
S. Ravichandran et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. Experimental methods 2.1. Fabrication of fiber reinforced polymer composites Fabrication of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites undergoes a simple process followed by compression molding method. The dissolved LDPE solute was then allowed to cool down at room temperature. The powdered LDPE was then mixed with the epoxy resin [6]. The mixture was stirred well using a magnetic stirrer. After this process, 10% of hardener was added to the LDPE and epoxy resin mixture [7]. The spacer of 5 mm thickness and 300mmx300mm (inner dimension) was mounted on the compression molding machine. Glass fibers were placed one another by applying the LDPE and resin mixture. A temperature of about 80 °C and a pressure of 0.2 bar was maintained for 2 h for the FRP composite. The same procedure was adopted for the fabrication of LDPE-carbon and LDPE-Kevlar fiber composites. The test specimen has been prepared as per the ASTM standard. The matrix used for this work was commercial Low-Density Poly-Ethylene (LDPE) granules, Epoxy Resin (LY 556) and Hardener (HY917). Glass Fiber-(WRM 610 GSM), Carbon Fiber and Kevlar Fibers were used as reinforcement material [8,9].
Table 1 The Storage modulus of Low-Density Polyethylene reinforced with Kevlar, glass and carbon fiber. S. No
Polymer with Reinforcement
Transition Temperature’s (°C)
Storage modulus (Mpa)
1 2 3
LDPE- Kevlar LDPE- Glass LEDE- Carbon
104 92.93 89.02
1895 2650 3300
2.2. Dynamic mechanical analysis Dynamic Mechanical Studies of the polymer composites were carried out at the Central Institute of Plastic Technology and Engineering(CIPET), School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP), Chennai (Model: DMA Q800 V20.6 Build 24). Polymer composites were tested for solid specimens (sheets) in a dynamic regime by Temperature Ramp method. The experiment was conducted under a Temperature Range from 20 to 200 °C with a twisting frequency of 1 Hz and with a constant heating rate of the specimen of 5 °C/min. As a result of the experiment, elastic shear modulus and shear losses (G0 , G00 ) and the mechanical loss Tangent (Tan d) were determined and Glass transition temperatures of the polymer composites also were determined. The specimen was prepared as per the ASTMD 4065. Size of the specimen is 35.0000 15.2600 5.5600 mm. The test specimen is fixed between the movable and stationary fixtures. Required Frequency, amplitude, and a temperature range are given as input. The Analyzer applies oscillation to the composite materials while slowly moving through the specified temperature range. The DMA test has carried out in different modes like Temperature scan, time scan, modulus, tangent delta, mechanical analysis, and characterization of temperature and time dependencies, frequency scan mode.
3. Results and discussion
Fig. 1. Variation of storage modulus of different composites.
Fiber Reinforced LDPE polymer composite has synthesized by the compression molding method and the materials are subjected into various mechanical tests to measure the strength, elastic modulus. During the fabrication of composites length, diameter, orientation, properties of fibers, bonding between the fibers and matrix are considered [10]. The dynamic mechanical properties and absorption properties of an LDPE-Epoxy resin with different fibers are measured. The variation of storage modulus and loss modulus at various temperature of different fiber composites were investigated (Figs. 1 and 2). Dynamic storage modulus (E’) is the most important property to assess the load-bearing capacity of polymer
Table 2 Loss modulus of Low-Density Polyethylene reinforced with Kevlar, glass and carbon fibre. S. No
Polymer with Reinforcement
Transition Temperature’s (°C)
Loss modulus (Mpa)
1 2 3
LDPE- Kevlar LDPE- Glass LDPE- Carbon
113.33 100.34 95.31
226.9 315.9 351.1
Table 3 Tan d of Low-Density Polyethylene reinforced with Kevlar, glass and carbon fibre.
Fig. 2. Variation of loss modulus of different composites.
S. No
Polymer with Reinforcement
Transition Temperature’s (°C)
Tan d Peak value
1 2 3
LDPE- Kevlar LDPE- Glass LDPE- Carbon
119.01 106.02 99.86
0.4297 0.2797 0.3669
Please cite this article as: S. Ravichandran, E. Vengatesan and A. Ramakrishnan, Synthesis and dynamic mechanical analysis of fiber reinforced low-density polyethylene hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.216
S. Ravichandran et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
composite material [11,12]. The dynamic storage modulus of a composite material is defined as the stress in phase with the strain in a sinusoidal shearing deformation divided by the strain. The variation of storage modulus as a function of temperature was measured. The loss modulus is defined as the stress 90°out-of-
3
phase with the strain divided by the strain. It is a measure of the energy dissipated as heat per cycle under deformation. There is an appreciable increase in the modulus of the fiber laminated Polymer matrix with the reinforcement of glass, Kevlar and carbon fiber over the entire region were compared and the data given in Tables 1–3. This may be due to the increase in the stiffness of the polymer matrix with the reinforcement of the fibers [13]. 3.1. Dynamic mechanical analysis of LDPE-Kevlar reinforced composites
Fig. 3. Variation of tan delta of different composites.
Fig. 4(a) presents the dynamic mechanical analysis of an LDPEKevlar reinforced composites temperature dependence of the viscoelastic characteristics of the investigated material. The storage modulus is maximum in the temperature range from 30 °C to 80 °C. A sudden decrease of a modulus occurred at the temperature of 80 °C and it was extended up to 120 °C. This fiber composite material obtained the constant low value from a temperature of 140 °C up to 190 °C [14,15]. Highest loss modulus 226.9 Mpa occurred at a temperature of 113.33 °C. The value of storage modulus signifies the stiffness of the material. From the graph, it was measured that the storage modulus is maximum up to a temperature of 104 °C. The result clearly shows that remarkable constant in
Fig. 4. Shows Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Low Density Polyethylene Composites reinforced with [a] Kevlar [b] Glass [c] Carbon fiber reinforcement.
Please cite this article as: S. Ravichandran, E. Vengatesan and A. Ramakrishnan, Synthesis and dynamic mechanical analysis of fiber reinforced low-density polyethylene hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.216
4
S. Ravichandran et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
the stiffness of the material indicating good reinforcement of the composite material. This effect shows the thermo-mechanical stability of the material at a particular temperature [16]. The Tan d peaks are gradually increased from 30 °C and it is maximum at 119.01 °C. it is sudden decreases with the increase of temperature (Fig. 3). The Tan d (0.4297) value is very low at 190 °C. In general, this is indicating a poor interface since a lower peak height indicates a good interfacial adhesion. A composite has higher peak indicating lesser fiber content in the polymer matrix. The width of the Tan delta peak of the composite also becomes wider due to the fiber-reinforced material. The loss curve found to distribute over a wider range and it is obtained maximum value for higher fiber content [17,18].
on the reinforced fiber. The glass transition was measured more easily by DMA analysis. In addition to that, the quality of the composites was measured due to the variation of fiber-matrix adhesion. The following conclusions are obtained.
Fig. 4(b) presents the dynamic mechanical analysis of LDPEGlass reinforced composites. The storage modulus is constant from the temperature of 30 °C to 50 °C and it is gradually decreased up to 90 °C. A sudden decrease occurred at 95 °C. This type of composite attains very low storage modulus from 120 °C to 190 °C [19]. The loss modulus is maximum at 100.34 °C. Maximum loss modulus-(315.9 Mpa) occurred at a temperature of 100.34 °C while the maximum Tan d (0.2797) occurred at 106.02 °C [20].
1. Storage modulus was found to be maximum for the composite material reinforced with carbon fiber. It was measured as 3300 MPa at the temperature of 89.020 C. 2. Storage modulus was found to be in the order of LDPEcarbon > LDPE- Glass > LDPE- Kevlar. 3. The DMA study of LDPE with fiber reinforcement indicates that the Loss modulus was found to be increased for carbonreinforced composites, together with the decrease in Tan d values. 4. The results show the good interactions between the polymer chains and fiber reinforcement and give the thermal stability of the composites. 5. LDPE- Glass-reinforced composites were found to be a minimum value of Tand. 6. The variation of Loss of modulus was measured for fibercomposite materials at different frequencies. It leads to loosely packing of the interaction of bands between the fibers and polymer matrix and hence decrease in thermal stability of a composite.
3.3. Dynamic mechanical analysis of LDPE-Carbon reinforced composites
References
3.2. Dynamic mechanical analysis of LDPE-Glass reinforced composites
Fig. 4(c) presents the dynamic mechanical analysis of an LDPEcarbon reinforced composite. The storage modulus gradually increases from the lower temperature of 30 °C up to 80 °C and its sudden decreases at 85 °C. Storage modulus is maintained as constant from 120 °C up to 190 °C [21]. The loss modulus is maximum (351.1Mpa) at 95.31 °C, while the maximum Tan d (0.3669) occurred at 99.86 °C [22]. The stiffness and rigidity of the composite structure were examined through the storage modulus curve. The storage modulus graph consists of three phase [23–25]. While increasing temperature during the first phase, the composite structure is very stiff and high rigid due to the tightly packed molecule. It is due to the rigid polymeric chain. In this second glass transient phase, the storage modulus was the measure to be decreased above Tg because of polymeric long movement this movement in a polymer chain molecule affects the stiffness as well as fiber bar matrix adhesion. During the third phase, there was no major enhancement in the storage modulus due to the accelerated polymeric chain mobility at the higher temperature. From the observation, it is clear that there is some shift in the temperature range for stiffness and rigidity of the composite structure [25–30]. 4. Conclusion Dynamic mechanical analysis of the fiber-reinforced lowdensity polyethylene composites was successfully investigated at different temperature. The loads applied during the DMA analysis. It produces, shear forces alongwith the polymer-fiber matrix interfaces. As the Temperature of the sample increase, hence the matrix becomes more amenable, causing a decrease in the storage modulus. This also weakens the fiber-polymer interfaces. It shows that the storage modulus and loss modulus of a composite depends
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Please cite this article as: S. Ravichandran, E. Vengatesan and A. Ramakrishnan, Synthesis and dynamic mechanical analysis of fiber reinforced low-density polyethylene hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.216