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Systematic approach to study chemical dissolution and concommitant physical disintegration of rock for construction
17A realistic diffusion coefficients is discussed, considering influences of porosity, sorption, and precipitation-dissolution reactions within the barrier. Based on these results, a safety code can be developed. Modelling results will be fitted to natural analogues, weathering and migration.
931127 Modelling heat transfer near a deep underground waste repository: a discussion of boundary conditions Bodenes, J M; Dewiere, L; Oustriere, P; Ausseur, J Y; Menjoz, A; Sauty, J P; Vauclin, M
Proc Conference on Calibration and Reliability in Groundwater Modelling, The Hague, 3-6 September 1990 P373-384. Publ Walling)Cord: IAHS Press, 1990 (IAHS Publication No. 195) 931124 Optimization method for dimensioning a geological HLW waste repository Ouvrier, N; Chaudon, L; Malherbe, J Proc 1st Annual Topical Meeting on High Level Radioactive Waste Management, Las Vegas, 8-12 April 1990 V1, P699705. Publ La Grange Park: ANS/ASCE, 1990 Disposal of high and intermediate level waste in granite, schist, salt, or clay formations is under consideration in France. The borehole disposal concept is illustrated. Analysis of heat flow around the repository is carried out using a simplified code (TS). Effects of varying host rock properties, number of packages per borehole, borehole spacing, age on disposal, and inter-package spacing are evaluated. Economic analysis is carried out for optimising repository layout in granite and salt.
931125 Effect of heating on the engineering properties of clays Wang, M C; Benway, J M; Arayssi, A M
In: Physico-Chemical Aspects of Soil and Related Materials (Papers to a Symposium presented at St Louis, 29 June I989) P139-158. Publ Philadelphia: ASTM, 1990 (ASTM Special Technical Publication N1095) The effects of heating at temperatures up to 600 deg C on gradation, specific gravity, consistency limits, swelling, and shear strength properties of a kaolin and a bentonite have been examined. For kaolin, swelling decreases following heating at 400 deg C, while at 500 deg C particle coarsening, density increase, and substantial fall in plasticity and increase in shear strength are found. Particle aggradation occurs for bentonite at 600 deg C, accompanied by moderate strength gain and change to nonplastic, nonexpansive behaviour. Heat stabilisation of clay deposits is discussed.
The four candidate repository sites in France are at average depth 500m in saturated rocks of low permeability. Heat transfer and dependence of temperature field on other coupled phenomena are examined with attention paid to choice of boundary conditions. Adequate and easy to implement conditions for the conceptual model of purely conductive heat flow (no local heat generation) are annual average temperature fixed at the surface and geothermal flux (rather than temperature) imposed on the lower boundary. Coupling of fluid flow and heat transfer has negligible effect on the temperature field. 931128 Assessment of rock durability through index properties Rodrigues, J D; Jeremias, F T Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 I/4, P3055-3060. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Accelerated ageing tests (salt crystallization, freeze-thaw) or classification or numerical indices are commonly used to assess rock durability, but have often been pushed beyond the limits of their validity. The range of methods used is outlined and discussed. An alternative index for durability assessment is proposed, based on porosity and swelling strain. These parameters are considered to be indirect indicators of the susceptibility to the two most destructive weathering mechanisms, salt crystallization and expansion of clay minerals. The applicability of the new index is demonstrated with reference to published data for limestone and greywacke. 931129 Effects of lithologic characteristics on mudrock durability Dick, J C; Shakoor, A
Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 V4, P3061-3066. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990
931126 Pore water extraction - comparison of saturation extract and high-pressure squeezing Iyer, B
Mudrock samples representing all classes of mudrocks were collected. Laboratory investigation of mineralogy, composition, fabric, cementation, and degree of microfracturing was carried out. Dry density, void ratio, adsorption and absorption, and plasticity were measured. Slake durability tests were used to assess relative durability of the mudrocks. Statistical analysis was used to correlate lithology, engineering properties, and durability. For shales, slake durability is strongly correlated with fabric and absorption: for mudstones, degree of microfracturing is the most significant parameter.
In: Physico-Chemical Aspects of Soil and Related Materials (Papers to a Symposium presented at St Louis, 29 June 1989) P159-170. Publ Philadelphia: ASTM, 1990 (ASTM Special Technical Publication N1095)
931130 Stabifity of rhyolites used in a breakwater core Dapena, E; Romana, M; Hernandez, E
Engineering behaviour of clay soils is influenced by their pore fluid chemistry. The available techniques for extracting pore water salts are listed. Results of the saturation extract and high pressure mechanical squeezing methods are compared for tests on overconsolidated clays and clay shales. As described in earlier work, the saturation extract method always indicated the higher value of pore water salinity. The saturation extract method uses linear extrapolation of a nonlinear function and its results should be treated with caution for low moisture content samples.
Proe 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 V4, P3173-3180. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Quarry run rhyolite of porphyrtic texture was used in the core of a major breakwater in the south of Iran. Density, chemical composition, porosity, and absorption were measured in the laboratory. In use, the rock is subject to action of the climate (hot and humid) and of the sea. Salt crystallisation will be the main degrading process, and cyclic crystallisation tests have been carried out. Disintegration of only 2% over the 40 year
O 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd. Reproduction not permitted
18A design life is indicated. The mineral components are not expected to suffer significant alteration. The quarry run material has a fines content well below that recommended on the basis of this work. 931131
Systematic approach to study chemical dissolution and concommitant physical disintegration of rock for construction Butenuth, C; de Freitas, M H; Butenuth, G Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 V4, P3037-3043. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Work aimed at improving understanding of the water weakening which affects most rocks is described. To investigate the fundamental processes involved, single crystals were used. The response of a cleavage surface of Iceland Spar to contact with water was studied. Reactions at the solid-liquid interface, recorded as time-liquid pH relation, can be described in terms of a first order kinetic reaction with a time dependent rate constant. Acoustic surface wave velocity measurements of the cleavage surface indicate physical changes to the surface and sub-strata can be linked to the measured chemical change of the contact solution.
931132 Implementation and monitoring thermomechanicai tests in a salt formation of a French potash mine Ghoreychi, M; Raynal, M; Roman, J Proc 33rd US Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Santa Fe, 3-5 June 1992 P181-190. Publ Rotterdam." A A Balkema, 1992 Thermomechanical tests at depth 512m in the Amelie Mine, Alsace, to study the behaviour of a multibarrier system for high level waste disposal are described. The first test examined the behaviour on heating of different types of crushed salt emplaced in boreholes. The second involves heater tests in boreholes, with the cylindrical heater cell in as close contact as possible with the salt rock mass, or surrounded by an annulus of crushed salt or an empty annulus. The first of these configurations is currently being tested. Temperatures, pressures, and deformation around the heater probes and in the salt formation are monitored.
Permeability and capillarity See also: 931223
931133 Sensitivity analysis of the Jackson method of predicting unsaturated hydraulic conductivity
931134
Permeator, an instrument for logging permeability (In t'rench) Ursat, P Bull Liaison Lab Ponts Chaussees N178. March-April 1992~ P19-26 The Permeator is a field test instrument capable of producing permeability logs at 200mm intervals as its insertion by hammer or vibratory driving proceeds. It is based on simplified Lefranc type injection tests. The instrument is illustrated and its theoretical basis described. It is particularly suited for alluvial soils. The permeability logging provides qualitative results, but in the case of homogeneous soils they may be correlated with more definitive permeability data.
931135 Leakage of dense nonaqueous phase liquids from waste impoundments constructed in fractured rock and clay: theory and case history Kueper, B; Haase, C S; King, H L Can Geotech J V29, N2, April 1992, P234-244 The behaviour of DNAPLs in fractured media is examined. The height of DNAPL which must accumulate at the base of a waste disposal pond before it enters a water saturated fracture is calculated. This height depends on fluid densities, fluid interfacial tensions, and fracture aperture. Numerical analysis is presented for DNAPL leakage from a pond underlain by vertical fractures. A conceptual analysis is made of conditions for uniform or sparse migration pathways in fracture networks beneath a pond. Case examples are presented which demonstrate that sparse DNAPL pathways can occur in fractured rock and that relatively low dissolved phase concentrations can exist close to DNAPL source zones.
931136 Impact of molding water content on hydraulic conductivity of compacted sand-bentonite Haug, M D; Wong, L C Can Geotech J V29, N2, April 1992, P253-262 Triaxial permeability tests were carried out on specimens of 8% bentonite and Ottawa sand, compacted at standard Proctor density with water content from 5.9 to 18.9%. Effective hydraulic gradients applied ranged from 19 to 40. Each test was run for a minimum of 28 days to allow equilibrium conditions to be achieved. Hydraulic conductivity decreased by only a factor of 4 for moulding water content ranging from 5.9 to 15.8%, which suggests that water content is not a critical design factor for low permeability sand-bentonite liners.
Cresswell, H P Aust J Soil Res V30, N3, 1992, P285-290 The method of Jackson (1972), based on a statistical model of interconnecting pores, is one of the more commonly used methods for approximating the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function from the soil moisture characteristic. It is demonstrated that this method is sensitive to the volumetric water content corresponding to the matching factor hydraulic conductivity, as well as to the 0 to -1.0kPa matric potential section of the moisture characteristic input. Where accurate conductivity predictions are required over a small, near-saturation water content range, moisture characteristic input must include points measured in this important matric potential section.
931137 Stochastic analysis of pollutant migration to evaluate the performance of clay liners Layang, J; Rahman, M S Can Geotech J V29, N2, April 1992, P309-314 Migration of pollutant from a landfill through a clay liner is modelled using the one dimensional advection-dispersion equation of Rowe and Booker (1985). Solution is by a semianalytic method. Uncertainties associated with the various input parameters are studied using Monte Carlo simulation. Risk of contamination in terms of probability of exceeding a critical level is examined parametrically.
© 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd. Reproduction not permitted
931127 Modelling heat transfer near a deep underground waste repository: a discussion of boundary conditions Bodenes, J M; Dewiere, L; Oustriere, P; Ausseur, J Y; Menjoz, A; Sauty, J P; Vauclin, M
Proc Conference on Calibration and Reliability in Groundwater Modelling, The Hague, 3-6 September 1990 P373-384. Publ Walling)Cord: IAHS Press, 1990 (IAHS Publication No. 195) 931124 Optimization method for dimensioning a geological HLW waste repository Ouvrier, N; Chaudon, L; Malherbe, J Proc 1st Annual Topical Meeting on High Level Radioactive Waste Management, Las Vegas, 8-12 April 1990 V1, P699705. Publ La Grange Park: ANS/ASCE, 1990 Disposal of high and intermediate level waste in granite, schist, salt, or clay formations is under consideration in France. The borehole disposal concept is illustrated. Analysis of heat flow around the repository is carried out using a simplified code (TS). Effects of varying host rock properties, number of packages per borehole, borehole spacing, age on disposal, and inter-package spacing are evaluated. Economic analysis is carried out for optimising repository layout in granite and salt.
931125 Effect of heating on the engineering properties of clays Wang, M C; Benway, J M; Arayssi, A M
In: Physico-Chemical Aspects of Soil and Related Materials (Papers to a Symposium presented at St Louis, 29 June I989) P139-158. Publ Philadelphia: ASTM, 1990 (ASTM Special Technical Publication N1095) The effects of heating at temperatures up to 600 deg C on gradation, specific gravity, consistency limits, swelling, and shear strength properties of a kaolin and a bentonite have been examined. For kaolin, swelling decreases following heating at 400 deg C, while at 500 deg C particle coarsening, density increase, and substantial fall in plasticity and increase in shear strength are found. Particle aggradation occurs for bentonite at 600 deg C, accompanied by moderate strength gain and change to nonplastic, nonexpansive behaviour. Heat stabilisation of clay deposits is discussed.
The four candidate repository sites in France are at average depth 500m in saturated rocks of low permeability. Heat transfer and dependence of temperature field on other coupled phenomena are examined with attention paid to choice of boundary conditions. Adequate and easy to implement conditions for the conceptual model of purely conductive heat flow (no local heat generation) are annual average temperature fixed at the surface and geothermal flux (rather than temperature) imposed on the lower boundary. Coupling of fluid flow and heat transfer has negligible effect on the temperature field. 931128 Assessment of rock durability through index properties Rodrigues, J D; Jeremias, F T Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 I/4, P3055-3060. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Accelerated ageing tests (salt crystallization, freeze-thaw) or classification or numerical indices are commonly used to assess rock durability, but have often been pushed beyond the limits of their validity. The range of methods used is outlined and discussed. An alternative index for durability assessment is proposed, based on porosity and swelling strain. These parameters are considered to be indirect indicators of the susceptibility to the two most destructive weathering mechanisms, salt crystallization and expansion of clay minerals. The applicability of the new index is demonstrated with reference to published data for limestone and greywacke. 931129 Effects of lithologic characteristics on mudrock durability Dick, J C; Shakoor, A
Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 V4, P3061-3066. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990
931126 Pore water extraction - comparison of saturation extract and high-pressure squeezing Iyer, B
Mudrock samples representing all classes of mudrocks were collected. Laboratory investigation of mineralogy, composition, fabric, cementation, and degree of microfracturing was carried out. Dry density, void ratio, adsorption and absorption, and plasticity were measured. Slake durability tests were used to assess relative durability of the mudrocks. Statistical analysis was used to correlate lithology, engineering properties, and durability. For shales, slake durability is strongly correlated with fabric and absorption: for mudstones, degree of microfracturing is the most significant parameter.
In: Physico-Chemical Aspects of Soil and Related Materials (Papers to a Symposium presented at St Louis, 29 June 1989) P159-170. Publ Philadelphia: ASTM, 1990 (ASTM Special Technical Publication N1095)
931130 Stabifity of rhyolites used in a breakwater core Dapena, E; Romana, M; Hernandez, E
Engineering behaviour of clay soils is influenced by their pore fluid chemistry. The available techniques for extracting pore water salts are listed. Results of the saturation extract and high pressure mechanical squeezing methods are compared for tests on overconsolidated clays and clay shales. As described in earlier work, the saturation extract method always indicated the higher value of pore water salinity. The saturation extract method uses linear extrapolation of a nonlinear function and its results should be treated with caution for low moisture content samples.
Proe 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 V4, P3173-3180. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Quarry run rhyolite of porphyrtic texture was used in the core of a major breakwater in the south of Iran. Density, chemical composition, porosity, and absorption were measured in the laboratory. In use, the rock is subject to action of the climate (hot and humid) and of the sea. Salt crystallisation will be the main degrading process, and cyclic crystallisation tests have been carried out. Disintegration of only 2% over the 40 year
O 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd. Reproduction not permitted
18A design life is indicated. The mineral components are not expected to suffer significant alteration. The quarry run material has a fines content well below that recommended on the basis of this work. 931131
Systematic approach to study chemical dissolution and concommitant physical disintegration of rock for construction Butenuth, C; de Freitas, M H; Butenuth, G Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 V4, P3037-3043. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Work aimed at improving understanding of the water weakening which affects most rocks is described. To investigate the fundamental processes involved, single crystals were used. The response of a cleavage surface of Iceland Spar to contact with water was studied. Reactions at the solid-liquid interface, recorded as time-liquid pH relation, can be described in terms of a first order kinetic reaction with a time dependent rate constant. Acoustic surface wave velocity measurements of the cleavage surface indicate physical changes to the surface and sub-strata can be linked to the measured chemical change of the contact solution.
931132 Implementation and monitoring thermomechanicai tests in a salt formation of a French potash mine Ghoreychi, M; Raynal, M; Roman, J Proc 33rd US Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Santa Fe, 3-5 June 1992 P181-190. Publ Rotterdam." A A Balkema, 1992 Thermomechanical tests at depth 512m in the Amelie Mine, Alsace, to study the behaviour of a multibarrier system for high level waste disposal are described. The first test examined the behaviour on heating of different types of crushed salt emplaced in boreholes. The second involves heater tests in boreholes, with the cylindrical heater cell in as close contact as possible with the salt rock mass, or surrounded by an annulus of crushed salt or an empty annulus. The first of these configurations is currently being tested. Temperatures, pressures, and deformation around the heater probes and in the salt formation are monitored.
Permeability and capillarity See also: 931223
931133 Sensitivity analysis of the Jackson method of predicting unsaturated hydraulic conductivity
931134
Permeator, an instrument for logging permeability (In t'rench) Ursat, P Bull Liaison Lab Ponts Chaussees N178. March-April 1992~ P19-26 The Permeator is a field test instrument capable of producing permeability logs at 200mm intervals as its insertion by hammer or vibratory driving proceeds. It is based on simplified Lefranc type injection tests. The instrument is illustrated and its theoretical basis described. It is particularly suited for alluvial soils. The permeability logging provides qualitative results, but in the case of homogeneous soils they may be correlated with more definitive permeability data.
931135 Leakage of dense nonaqueous phase liquids from waste impoundments constructed in fractured rock and clay: theory and case history Kueper, B; Haase, C S; King, H L Can Geotech J V29, N2, April 1992, P234-244 The behaviour of DNAPLs in fractured media is examined. The height of DNAPL which must accumulate at the base of a waste disposal pond before it enters a water saturated fracture is calculated. This height depends on fluid densities, fluid interfacial tensions, and fracture aperture. Numerical analysis is presented for DNAPL leakage from a pond underlain by vertical fractures. A conceptual analysis is made of conditions for uniform or sparse migration pathways in fracture networks beneath a pond. Case examples are presented which demonstrate that sparse DNAPL pathways can occur in fractured rock and that relatively low dissolved phase concentrations can exist close to DNAPL source zones.
931136 Impact of molding water content on hydraulic conductivity of compacted sand-bentonite Haug, M D; Wong, L C Can Geotech J V29, N2, April 1992, P253-262 Triaxial permeability tests were carried out on specimens of 8% bentonite and Ottawa sand, compacted at standard Proctor density with water content from 5.9 to 18.9%. Effective hydraulic gradients applied ranged from 19 to 40. Each test was run for a minimum of 28 days to allow equilibrium conditions to be achieved. Hydraulic conductivity decreased by only a factor of 4 for moulding water content ranging from 5.9 to 15.8%, which suggests that water content is not a critical design factor for low permeability sand-bentonite liners.
Cresswell, H P Aust J Soil Res V30, N3, 1992, P285-290 The method of Jackson (1972), based on a statistical model of interconnecting pores, is one of the more commonly used methods for approximating the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function from the soil moisture characteristic. It is demonstrated that this method is sensitive to the volumetric water content corresponding to the matching factor hydraulic conductivity, as well as to the 0 to -1.0kPa matric potential section of the moisture characteristic input. Where accurate conductivity predictions are required over a small, near-saturation water content range, moisture characteristic input must include points measured in this important matric potential section.
931137 Stochastic analysis of pollutant migration to evaluate the performance of clay liners Layang, J; Rahman, M S Can Geotech J V29, N2, April 1992, P309-314 Migration of pollutant from a landfill through a clay liner is modelled using the one dimensional advection-dispersion equation of Rowe and Booker (1985). Solution is by a semianalytic method. Uncertainties associated with the various input parameters are studied using Monte Carlo simulation. Risk of contamination in terms of probability of exceeding a critical level is examined parametrically.
© 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd. Reproduction not permitted