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The analysis of the accumulation of solid waste debris in the summer season along the Shilaoren Beach Qingdao, China
Journal Pre-proof The analysis of the accumulation of solid waste debris in the summer season along the Shilaoren Beach Qingdao, China Rashid Pervez, Yonghong Wang, Imran Ali, Jawad Ali, Shakeel Ahmed
PII: DOI: Reference:
S2352-4855(19)30248-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101041 RSMA 101041
To appear in:
Regional Studies in Marine Science
Received date : 4 April 2019 Revised date : 5 December 2019 Accepted date : 2 January 2020 Please cite this article as: R. Pervez, Y. Wang, I. Ali et al., The analysis of the accumulation of solid waste debris in the summer season along the Shilaoren Beach Qingdao, China. Regional Studies in Marine Science (2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101041. This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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The analysis of the accumulation of solid waste debris in the summer season along the Shilaoren Beach Qingdao, China Rashid Perveza,b*, Yonghong Wanga,b*, Imran Alic, Jawad Alid, Shakeel Ahmede a
b c
Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100,
PR China d e
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Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, MOE, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao
266100, PR China
School of Environment, Beijing Normal university, 100875 Beijing, China
School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
*Corresponding authors. E-mail [email protected] and [email protected]
Abstract
The accumulation of anthropogenic-induced solid waste debris (SWD) on beaches is becoming a
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global environmental concern for community and marine life. Accordingly, the present study was designed to estimate the composition and abundance of SWD along Shilaoren Beach in Qingdao, China. A quantitative survey was conducted for approximately 3 months (May to July 2018) to assess the weight and quantity of various types of SWD. Nine types of SWD from
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Shilaoren Beach, all of which measured more than 3 cm, were weighed. Total SWD data were estimated and determined to be 11,528 items weighing 218 kg. Similarly, the average composition and weight of SWD were estimated to be 720 items per km and 14 kg per km, respectively. Findings showed that plastic debris were the most dominant (estimated to be 56.69%
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of all the items per km), followed by paper (14.41%), and then food (7.40%). The weight of plastic debris was also the greatest (4.8 kg per km), followed by those of paper and food (1.65 kg per km). Plastic items were significantly higher (p<0.05) than any other type of debris on the beach during all the 3 months. Lastly, a conclusion can be drawn that the major sources of SWD may be the following: tourism, food outlets along the beach, and fishing.
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Keywords: Solid waste debris (SWD), Composition, Abundance, Beach, Plastic waste
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Introduction Solid waste debris (SWD) are among the most serious environmental issues in marine ecosystems; they directly and indirectly affect different beaches worldwide (Derraik, 2002; Gregory and Andrady, 2003; Ivar do Sul and Costa, 2007). Human-induced SWD is associated
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with various human activities, including tourism, swimming, and industrialization. These debris are found along beaches or floating on shallow parts of the sea. They can also be transported by ocean currents toward the shore. Human-induced SWD is considered a serious problem worldwide (Frost and Cullen, 1997; Santos et al., 2009). Such debris pose a serious threat to various animal species (e.g., sea turtles, sea birds, and marine mammals) due to possible entanglement and ingestion; the latter can cause invasion, particularly in mollusks, hydroids, bryozoans, polychaete worms, and barnacles, affecting marine environments and resulting in the
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deterioration of sustainable ecological process (Galgani et al., 2014; Barnes, 2002; Derraik, 2002; Smith, 2012).
Interestingly, large debris are mostly focused on during beach cleaning (Ryan and Swanepoel, 1996). Removing large items (before they undergo weathering) can considerably help diminish
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microplastic (MP) waste on beaches (Barnes et al., 2009). Beach surveys have been conducted in different parts of the world to investigate marine debris. The participation of volunteers is an important means of gathering extensive data from different regions across the globe, such as Japan (Shimizu et al., 2008), the USA (Ribic et al., 2012a), Chile (Bravo et al., 2009), and
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Australia (Edyvane et al., 2004). However, the accumulation of debris has never been examined with the help of citizen scientists, although this method can be ideal for obtaining the desired geographic coverage. In addition, the quantification of small SWD can be conducted without using sophisticated equipment and scientific education (Worthington et al., 2012; Peckenham et al., 2012). The weight of SWD is frequently estimated using different types of surveys along coastal zones (Frost and Cullen, 1997; Cunningham and Wilson, 2003; Storrier et al., 2007; Hong et al., 2014). Beach surveys can identify the variation and distribution of different types of
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SWD through temporal and spatial monitoring (Rees and Pond, 1995; Kusui and Noda, 2003; Edyvane et al., 2004; Oigman-Pszczol and Creed, 2007). To determine the types and distribution of marine debris, beach surveys have been conducted across different regions worldwide and reported in various published papers (Golik and Gertner, 1992; Velander and Mocogni, 1998; Kusui and Noda, 2003).
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Compared with other countries, such as the USA, Brazil, Australia, and Chile, China is giving minimal attention to the issue of marine SWD (Zhou et al., 2011). Moreover, China, along with Europe and the USA, is the world’s major producer of plastic waste (Rochman et al., 2013). Abundant plastic debris accumulate along various coastal zones worldwide (Rech et al., 2014).
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The accumulation of plastic debris on sandy beaches has been documented by Derraik (2002) and Leite et al. (2014). Plastic pollution has become one of the major global environmental concerns (Rech et al., 2014; Galgani et al., 2015). Various types of debris include pellets, films, plastic fragments, scrubbers, flakes, and discarded fishing gears (Corcoran et al., 2009). Plastic debris originate from oceanic and inland sources. These debris may be produced from different maritime activities, such as recreational, commercial, shipping, and fisheries activities; they may include ropes, nets, cages, fishing lines, floating boxes, and buoys (Moriarty et al., 2016). Only a few studies on this topic have been documented in the local Chinese literature, and most of these
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reports have focused on domestic waste in small islands (Chen and Chen, 2010), monitoring measures for identifying pollution and the possible risks of floating marine debris on marine ecological systems (Li, 2009; Su et al., 2011), and investigations on beach/marine debris (Han et
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al., 2010). As a regional problem, human-induced debris have been studied less in China (Zhao et al., 2015). The coastal line along Shilaoren Beach is highly populated, and major studies on Shilaoren Beach have focused on seasonal changes in sediment particle size and heavy metal contamination (Wang et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2012). However, no previous studies have been
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performed on SWD at Shilaoren Beach. Therefore, the present study investigates the composition and abundance of different types of SWD along Shilaoren Beach in Qingdao, China. This work is significant because it estimates the generation of different types of SWD that can be used further for other purposes after undergoing proper treatment. Shilaoren Beach can be adopted as a reference by other beaches to highlight the potential and efficient management of
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solid wastes.
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Methodology Geographic location of the study area A quantitative survey was conducted along Shilaoren Beach in Qingdao City, China (the geographic location of this beach is shown in Fig. 1). This region comprises an extensive coast
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line, bays, and beaches; it is a well-known tourist spot in China (Liu et al., 2019). Qingdao normally experiences coastal monsoons due to its warm temperate climate. In addition, this city ranks second in China in terms of investments in environment and effective government (Mako, 2006). Annual rainfall in Qingdao ranges from 400 mm to 1335 mm, and the average temperature is approximately 12.4 °C (Compilation Committee of Chinese Bays, 1993). The length of Shilaoren Beach is approximately 2010 m, with an average backshore width of approximately 80 m. The direction of the shoreline is NE–SW (Wang et al., 2012).
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Collection of Data
SWD were collected twice a week in May, June, and July 2018. Samples were collected during summer due to the high number of visitors and recreational activities at Shilaoren Beach. By contrast, the beach is deserted during winter because of the cold temperature. Approximately 37
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garbage tanks are placed around Shilaoren Beach by the beach cleaning department of the Qingdao government to collect SWD from tourist and visitors. Fixed intervals vary among garbage tanks depending on their placement (Fig. 2). The beach is cleaned regularly at 4:00 AM by an appointed worker, who throws SWD into the garbage tanks. The beach is monitored after
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cleaning at around 8:00 AM. SWD were collected and monitored through the garbage tanks. Human-induced debris larger than 3 cm were weighed, characterized, and measured. The size and weight of SWD were obtained using a measuring tape and a weighing machine, respectively. Most SWDs (e.g., degraded leaves and twigs) were not considered in the survey because they did not fall under the category of macro debris in terms of weight and size. The collected items were separated and characterized into different groups (i.e., plastic, metal, glass, paper, cloth, food, Styrofoam™, wood, and rubber). Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was presented to
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determine whether the accumulation of different kinds of debris differed significantly during different months and whether 9 predetermined types of debris differed significantly with each other.
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C
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B
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Fig.1. (A) Geographical location of selected study area Shilaoren beach, Qingdao (Reproduced from Wang et al., 2017); The placement the garbage tanks are shown in picture (B) and (C) which were placed along the beach front.
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Fig.2. Schematic diagrams of sampling locations which designated transect (as S1, S2…. S37)
Results
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along the Shilaoren beach
Quantitative analysis of SWD
A total of 12,144 items of predetermined SWD (with a weight of 243 kg) were collected from the 37 garbage tanks located at Shilaoren Beach (Fig. 2) in May 2018. Similarly, approximately 10,624 and 11,816 items (with weights of 197 kg and 216 kg) were counted and weighed from
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the same garbage tanks in June and July 2018, respectively. The total number of items that were counted and weighed for the three months is provided in Table 1.
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Table 1. The total number of items and their weight of SWD collected from study area for three months
Items 144 1200 1200 400 5600 2000 800 560 240 12144
Weight kg 24 24 32 24 64 32 19 8 16 243
Items 160 800 400 240 6400 1624 400 400 200 10624
July Weight kg 16 32 16 1 72 24 24 8 4 197
Items 240 560 240 192 7600 1360 520 944 160 11816
Weight kg 8 24 8 16 80 24 24 16 16 216
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Debris Type Clothes Food Glass Metal Plastic Paper Rubber Styrofoam Wood Total
June
pro of
May
Analysis of variance shown no statistically significant differences among three different data sets (May to July) both in number and weight of items. However, significant differences (p<0.05) has been found among the different types of debris. The total average number of SWD was
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approximately 11,528 items, with a weight of 218.8 kg. In terms of area, the average exposure of different types of SWD was 6072, 5312, and 5908 items per km in May, June, and July, respectively. In terms of weight, the average weight of different SWD was 121.84, 98.5, and 108 kg per km in May, June, and July, respectively. Table 2 presents the accumulation of various
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types of SWD in the three months with respect to area (km). Table 3 provides the average amount of SWD for the three months, which was estimated to be 720 items per km, with an
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average weight of 14 kg per km.
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Table 2. Total number of items and weight of SWD which were counted along the beach front per kilometer area (km-1)
Weight kg 8 16 8 0.5 36 12 12 4 2 98.50
July Items km-1 120 280 120 96 3800 680 260 472 80 5809
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June Weight kg Items km-1 12 80 12 400 16 200 12 120 32 3200 16 812 9.84 200 4 200 8 100 121.84 5312
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Debris type Clothes Food Glass Metal Plastic Paper Rubber Styrofoam Wood Total
May Items km-1 72 600 600 200 2800 1000 400 280 120 6072
Weight kg 4 12 4 8 40 12 12 8 8 108
Table 3. Three (03) months average composition of collected SWD per kilometer (km-1) Proportion (%) 1.57 7.40 5.32 2.40 56.69 14.41 4.97 5.51 1.74
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Items km-1 11.3 53.3 38.3 17.3 408.3 103.8 35.8 39.65 12.5 720
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Debris type Clothes Food Glass Metal Plastic Paper Rubber Styrofoam Wood Total
Weight km-1 1 1.65 1 1 4.8 1.65 1.41 0.8 0.75 14
Proportion (%) 7.11 11.74 7.11 7.11 34.14 11.74 10.03 5.69 5.33
Composition of SWD along the beach
The findings of the present study indicate that plastic debris are the most abundant SWD at Shilaoren Beach, followed by paper and food debris. Plastic accounted for 5600 items (46.11%
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of the total number) in May, 6400 items (60.24%) in June, and 7600 items (64.4%) in July. As indicated in Table 3, the average count for the number of plastic debris during the three months was 6533 items (56.69%), followed by paper and food (14.4% and 7.4%, respectively). During all three months, the number of plastic debris was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of all other types of debris. Therefore, the weight of plastic debris was the highest among all types of
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SWD, followed by food and paper. The weight of plastic was 64 kg (26.26% of the total weight) in May, 72 kg (36.55%) in June, and 80 kg (37.07%) in July. The average plastic weight for the three months was estimated to be 72 kg (34.14% of the total weight), followed by paper
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(11.74 %) and food (11.74%). The proportions of different types of SWD are listed in Table 4.
Table 4. Proportions of various kinds of SWD collected from study area Weight (%) 9.85 9.85 13.13 9.85 26.26 13.13 8.08 3.28 6.57 100
June Items (%) 1.51 7.53 3.77 2.26 60.24 15.29 3.77 3.77 1.88 100
Weight (%) 8.12 16.24 8.12 0.51 36.55 12.18 12.18 4.06 2.03 100
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May Items (%) 1.19 9.88 9.88 3.29 46.11 16.47 6.59 4.61 1.98 100
July Items (%) 2.03 4.74 2.03 1.62 64.32 11.51 4.40 7.99 1.35 100
Weight (%) 3.70 11.11 3.70 7.41 37.04 11.11 11.11 7.41 7.41 100
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Debris Type Clothes Food Glass Metal Plastic Paper Rubber Styrofoam Wood Total
Discussion
Quantities of SWD collected from the beach
The findings indicate that the SWD load along Shilaoren Beach is smaller than those from
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beaches in other countries (Table 5), except for the beach in NS Whales, Australia, which was contaminated with 214 (±68) items of debris per km (Taffs and Cullen, 2005). The higher amount of debris at Shilaoren Beach can be attributed to the higher population along the coastal region of Qingdao and to the more frequent use of Shilaoren as a tourist spot compared with the
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beach in NS Whales, Australia.
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Table 5. Number and weight of SWD per kilometer (km-1) along the different beaches of the world
St. Lucia, Caribbean Shilaoren beach, Qingdao, China
32 (±25) 3408 (±1704) 92.7 (±104.5) –
8665 (±1483) 60,000 1900
54.83 (±8.58) 4500 153.7
77 (±25) 1790 (±1040) 4809 (±2677) 214 (±68) 3900
17.3 (±12) 27.02 (±14.48) 865 (±786) – 945
37,400 11,200 720 2664
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References Martinez-Ribes et al., 2007 Debrot et al., 2013 Cauwenberghe et al., 2013 Santos et al., 2009
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36,000 115,000 (±58,000) 64,290 (±67,670) 9100
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Sydney, Australia
kg km-1
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South African
Items km-1
100.5 8.2
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Beach locations Balearic Islands Bonaire, Caribbean Belgian Brazil Clifton Beach, Karachi, Pakistan Curaçao, Caribbean Dominica, Caribbean Falkland Islands Gulf of Oman Korean NS Whales, Australia Puerto Rico
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Ali and Shams, 2015 Debrot et al., 1999 Corbin and Singh, 1993 Otley and Ingham, 2003 Claereboudt, 2004 Hong et al., 2014 Taffs and Cullen, 2005 IOC/IOCARIBE, 1989 Madezena and Lasiak, 1997 Corbin and Singh, 1993 Present study Cunningham and Wilson, 2003
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Table 5 indicates that numerous coastal regions across different countries worldwide are contaminated with higher amounts of SWD than Shilaoren Beach. The average weight of SWD in Curaçao beaches in the Caribbean was estimated to be 4500 kg per km (Debrot et al., 1999), which was higher than the debris contamination level of Shilaoren Beach. Similarly, beach
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debris along the shores of the Gulf of Oman (Claereboudt, 2004) was estimated to be 27.02 (±14.48) kg per km. Meanwhile, debris along the Belgian shore and on Bonaire in the Caribbean Coast were 92.7 (±104.5) kg per km (Cauwenberghe et al., 2013) and 3408 (±1704) kg per km (Debrot et al., 2013), respectively.
The amount of SWD on Shilaoren Beach was correlated with the debris found in St. Lucia, Caribbean (Corbin and Singh, 1993). Table 5 presents the values of different types of SWD from various beaches worldwide, including the Balearic Islands, Caribbean Islands, South African coastal region, and the Belgian and Curaçao coastal regions. Similarly, the Belgian beach was
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contaminated with 64,290 (±67,670) items per km (Cauwenberghe et al., 2013), the beach front of Sydney, Australia with 2664 items per km (Cunningham and Wilson, 2003), and Clifton Beach in Karachi, Pakistan (Ali and Shams, 2015) with approximately 8665 (±1483) items per
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km, all of which were higher than those from Shilaoren Beach.
The present study suggested that the composition of SWD at Shilaoren Beach demonstrated that the number of plastic items was sometimes greater than or lesser than compared with other beaches worldwide. The average percentage of plastic for three months was 56.89% number of
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items at Shilaoren Beach. However, Gregory and Ryan (1997) and Derraik (2002) reported that the percentages of plastic items varied between 60% and 80%. In most cases, the proportion of plastic items present at the beach front exceeded 80% (Ribic et al., 2012b). In Motupore Island, approximately 89.7% plastic items were present at the beach (Smith, 2012). Moreover, Shilaoren Beach has snack bars, marts, malls, and fast food outlets along its coastal region. Food and drink items are typically packed in polystyrene, plastic wrappers, or bottles. Tourists prefer fast food, noodles, mineral water, and soft drinks. These items typically come from the recreational
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activities of visitors and can be sources of debris along the beach. Moreover, SWD along Shilaoren Beach are cleaned daily, but these SWD can be reused for other purposes by using segregating garbage tanks instead of ordinary garbage tanks.
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Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to conduct a study on SWD pollution at Shilaoren Beach. The results show that this beach is less polluted than other beaches worldwide. Shilaoren Beach’s wastes mostly comprise plastic, glass, paper, wood, Styrofoam™, food,
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rubber, and metal. Plastic debris were the most dominant waste in terms of quantity and weight, followed by food and paper wastes. This study inferred that the high prevalence of tourists during summer is the major cause of debris pollution at Shilaoren Beach. Proper solid waste treatments should be applied to promote the recycling of collected SWD from Shilaoren Beach. Acknowledgements
This study was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFC0402602), the Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research Project by the State Oceanic Administration of the People's Republic of China (grant no. 201405037), and the National
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Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 41376054, 41176039 and 41410304022). Our special gratitude goes to Marium Sardar, Xiao Chunhui, Janneke Koster, Blagovest Stoilov and all junior students for their valuable support during survey. All authors also appreciated the
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efforts of native English scientist Stephen Hoare-Vance from New Zealand for careful proof reading of the manuscript for making it publishable. Finally, thanks to beach management of Shilaoren beach for their co‐operation. References
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evaluation of the heavy metal contamination on Shilaoren Beach, China. Mar Pollut Bull. Wang, Y.H., Sun, J., Zhuang, Z.Y., 2012. Seasonal variations on grain size of the sediments and their transport in tourism beaches of Qingdao. Period. Ocean Univ China. 42(12):70–76 (in
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Zhao, S., Zhu, L., Li, D., 2015. Characterization of small plastic debris on tourism beaches around the South China Sea. Reg Stud Mar Sci. 1:55–62 Zhou, P., Huang, C.G., Fang, H.D., Cai, W.X., Li, D.M., Li, X.M., Yu, H.S., 2011. The abundance, composition and sources of marine debris in coastal seawaters or beaches
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around the northern South China Sea (China). Mar Pollut Bull. 62:1998–2007
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Conflict of Interest All the authors agree for submission the manuscript and declare that there is no conflict of
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interest.
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Author Contribution statement The study planned and designed: Rashid Pervez and Yonghong Wang. Field survey: Rashid
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Pervez and Imran Ali. Statistical analysis: Jawad Ali. Map of study area: Shakeel Ahmed. Manuscript revision: Rashid Pervez, Yonghong Wang and Jawad Ali.
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All authors have approved the final version.
PII: DOI: Reference:
S2352-4855(19)30248-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101041 RSMA 101041
To appear in:
Regional Studies in Marine Science
Received date : 4 April 2019 Revised date : 5 December 2019 Accepted date : 2 January 2020 Please cite this article as: R. Pervez, Y. Wang, I. Ali et al., The analysis of the accumulation of solid waste debris in the summer season along the Shilaoren Beach Qingdao, China. Regional Studies in Marine Science (2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101041. This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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The analysis of the accumulation of solid waste debris in the summer season along the Shilaoren Beach Qingdao, China Rashid Perveza,b*, Yonghong Wanga,b*, Imran Alic, Jawad Alid, Shakeel Ahmede a
b c
Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100,
PR China d e
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Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, MOE, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao
266100, PR China
School of Environment, Beijing Normal university, 100875 Beijing, China
School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
*Corresponding authors. E-mail [email protected] and [email protected]
Abstract
The accumulation of anthropogenic-induced solid waste debris (SWD) on beaches is becoming a
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global environmental concern for community and marine life. Accordingly, the present study was designed to estimate the composition and abundance of SWD along Shilaoren Beach in Qingdao, China. A quantitative survey was conducted for approximately 3 months (May to July 2018) to assess the weight and quantity of various types of SWD. Nine types of SWD from
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Shilaoren Beach, all of which measured more than 3 cm, were weighed. Total SWD data were estimated and determined to be 11,528 items weighing 218 kg. Similarly, the average composition and weight of SWD were estimated to be 720 items per km and 14 kg per km, respectively. Findings showed that plastic debris were the most dominant (estimated to be 56.69%
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of all the items per km), followed by paper (14.41%), and then food (7.40%). The weight of plastic debris was also the greatest (4.8 kg per km), followed by those of paper and food (1.65 kg per km). Plastic items were significantly higher (p<0.05) than any other type of debris on the beach during all the 3 months. Lastly, a conclusion can be drawn that the major sources of SWD may be the following: tourism, food outlets along the beach, and fishing.
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Keywords: Solid waste debris (SWD), Composition, Abundance, Beach, Plastic waste
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Introduction Solid waste debris (SWD) are among the most serious environmental issues in marine ecosystems; they directly and indirectly affect different beaches worldwide (Derraik, 2002; Gregory and Andrady, 2003; Ivar do Sul and Costa, 2007). Human-induced SWD is associated
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with various human activities, including tourism, swimming, and industrialization. These debris are found along beaches or floating on shallow parts of the sea. They can also be transported by ocean currents toward the shore. Human-induced SWD is considered a serious problem worldwide (Frost and Cullen, 1997; Santos et al., 2009). Such debris pose a serious threat to various animal species (e.g., sea turtles, sea birds, and marine mammals) due to possible entanglement and ingestion; the latter can cause invasion, particularly in mollusks, hydroids, bryozoans, polychaete worms, and barnacles, affecting marine environments and resulting in the
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deterioration of sustainable ecological process (Galgani et al., 2014; Barnes, 2002; Derraik, 2002; Smith, 2012).
Interestingly, large debris are mostly focused on during beach cleaning (Ryan and Swanepoel, 1996). Removing large items (before they undergo weathering) can considerably help diminish
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microplastic (MP) waste on beaches (Barnes et al., 2009). Beach surveys have been conducted in different parts of the world to investigate marine debris. The participation of volunteers is an important means of gathering extensive data from different regions across the globe, such as Japan (Shimizu et al., 2008), the USA (Ribic et al., 2012a), Chile (Bravo et al., 2009), and
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Australia (Edyvane et al., 2004). However, the accumulation of debris has never been examined with the help of citizen scientists, although this method can be ideal for obtaining the desired geographic coverage. In addition, the quantification of small SWD can be conducted without using sophisticated equipment and scientific education (Worthington et al., 2012; Peckenham et al., 2012). The weight of SWD is frequently estimated using different types of surveys along coastal zones (Frost and Cullen, 1997; Cunningham and Wilson, 2003; Storrier et al., 2007; Hong et al., 2014). Beach surveys can identify the variation and distribution of different types of
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SWD through temporal and spatial monitoring (Rees and Pond, 1995; Kusui and Noda, 2003; Edyvane et al., 2004; Oigman-Pszczol and Creed, 2007). To determine the types and distribution of marine debris, beach surveys have been conducted across different regions worldwide and reported in various published papers (Golik and Gertner, 1992; Velander and Mocogni, 1998; Kusui and Noda, 2003).
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Compared with other countries, such as the USA, Brazil, Australia, and Chile, China is giving minimal attention to the issue of marine SWD (Zhou et al., 2011). Moreover, China, along with Europe and the USA, is the world’s major producer of plastic waste (Rochman et al., 2013). Abundant plastic debris accumulate along various coastal zones worldwide (Rech et al., 2014).
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The accumulation of plastic debris on sandy beaches has been documented by Derraik (2002) and Leite et al. (2014). Plastic pollution has become one of the major global environmental concerns (Rech et al., 2014; Galgani et al., 2015). Various types of debris include pellets, films, plastic fragments, scrubbers, flakes, and discarded fishing gears (Corcoran et al., 2009). Plastic debris originate from oceanic and inland sources. These debris may be produced from different maritime activities, such as recreational, commercial, shipping, and fisheries activities; they may include ropes, nets, cages, fishing lines, floating boxes, and buoys (Moriarty et al., 2016). Only a few studies on this topic have been documented in the local Chinese literature, and most of these
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reports have focused on domestic waste in small islands (Chen and Chen, 2010), monitoring measures for identifying pollution and the possible risks of floating marine debris on marine ecological systems (Li, 2009; Su et al., 2011), and investigations on beach/marine debris (Han et
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al., 2010). As a regional problem, human-induced debris have been studied less in China (Zhao et al., 2015). The coastal line along Shilaoren Beach is highly populated, and major studies on Shilaoren Beach have focused on seasonal changes in sediment particle size and heavy metal contamination (Wang et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2012). However, no previous studies have been
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performed on SWD at Shilaoren Beach. Therefore, the present study investigates the composition and abundance of different types of SWD along Shilaoren Beach in Qingdao, China. This work is significant because it estimates the generation of different types of SWD that can be used further for other purposes after undergoing proper treatment. Shilaoren Beach can be adopted as a reference by other beaches to highlight the potential and efficient management of
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solid wastes.
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Methodology Geographic location of the study area A quantitative survey was conducted along Shilaoren Beach in Qingdao City, China (the geographic location of this beach is shown in Fig. 1). This region comprises an extensive coast
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line, bays, and beaches; it is a well-known tourist spot in China (Liu et al., 2019). Qingdao normally experiences coastal monsoons due to its warm temperate climate. In addition, this city ranks second in China in terms of investments in environment and effective government (Mako, 2006). Annual rainfall in Qingdao ranges from 400 mm to 1335 mm, and the average temperature is approximately 12.4 °C (Compilation Committee of Chinese Bays, 1993). The length of Shilaoren Beach is approximately 2010 m, with an average backshore width of approximately 80 m. The direction of the shoreline is NE–SW (Wang et al., 2012).
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Collection of Data
SWD were collected twice a week in May, June, and July 2018. Samples were collected during summer due to the high number of visitors and recreational activities at Shilaoren Beach. By contrast, the beach is deserted during winter because of the cold temperature. Approximately 37
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garbage tanks are placed around Shilaoren Beach by the beach cleaning department of the Qingdao government to collect SWD from tourist and visitors. Fixed intervals vary among garbage tanks depending on their placement (Fig. 2). The beach is cleaned regularly at 4:00 AM by an appointed worker, who throws SWD into the garbage tanks. The beach is monitored after
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cleaning at around 8:00 AM. SWD were collected and monitored through the garbage tanks. Human-induced debris larger than 3 cm were weighed, characterized, and measured. The size and weight of SWD were obtained using a measuring tape and a weighing machine, respectively. Most SWDs (e.g., degraded leaves and twigs) were not considered in the survey because they did not fall under the category of macro debris in terms of weight and size. The collected items were separated and characterized into different groups (i.e., plastic, metal, glass, paper, cloth, food, Styrofoam™, wood, and rubber). Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was presented to
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determine whether the accumulation of different kinds of debris differed significantly during different months and whether 9 predetermined types of debris differed significantly with each other.
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C
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B
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Fig.1. (A) Geographical location of selected study area Shilaoren beach, Qingdao (Reproduced from Wang et al., 2017); The placement the garbage tanks are shown in picture (B) and (C) which were placed along the beach front.
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Fig.2. Schematic diagrams of sampling locations which designated transect (as S1, S2…. S37)
Results
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along the Shilaoren beach
Quantitative analysis of SWD
A total of 12,144 items of predetermined SWD (with a weight of 243 kg) were collected from the 37 garbage tanks located at Shilaoren Beach (Fig. 2) in May 2018. Similarly, approximately 10,624 and 11,816 items (with weights of 197 kg and 216 kg) were counted and weighed from
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the same garbage tanks in June and July 2018, respectively. The total number of items that were counted and weighed for the three months is provided in Table 1.
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Table 1. The total number of items and their weight of SWD collected from study area for three months
Items 144 1200 1200 400 5600 2000 800 560 240 12144
Weight kg 24 24 32 24 64 32 19 8 16 243
Items 160 800 400 240 6400 1624 400 400 200 10624
July Weight kg 16 32 16 1 72 24 24 8 4 197
Items 240 560 240 192 7600 1360 520 944 160 11816
Weight kg 8 24 8 16 80 24 24 16 16 216
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Debris Type Clothes Food Glass Metal Plastic Paper Rubber Styrofoam Wood Total
June
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May
Analysis of variance shown no statistically significant differences among three different data sets (May to July) both in number and weight of items. However, significant differences (p<0.05) has been found among the different types of debris. The total average number of SWD was
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approximately 11,528 items, with a weight of 218.8 kg. In terms of area, the average exposure of different types of SWD was 6072, 5312, and 5908 items per km in May, June, and July, respectively. In terms of weight, the average weight of different SWD was 121.84, 98.5, and 108 kg per km in May, June, and July, respectively. Table 2 presents the accumulation of various
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types of SWD in the three months with respect to area (km). Table 3 provides the average amount of SWD for the three months, which was estimated to be 720 items per km, with an
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average weight of 14 kg per km.
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Table 2. Total number of items and weight of SWD which were counted along the beach front per kilometer area (km-1)
Weight kg 8 16 8 0.5 36 12 12 4 2 98.50
July Items km-1 120 280 120 96 3800 680 260 472 80 5809
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June Weight kg Items km-1 12 80 12 400 16 200 12 120 32 3200 16 812 9.84 200 4 200 8 100 121.84 5312
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Debris type Clothes Food Glass Metal Plastic Paper Rubber Styrofoam Wood Total
May Items km-1 72 600 600 200 2800 1000 400 280 120 6072
Weight kg 4 12 4 8 40 12 12 8 8 108
Table 3. Three (03) months average composition of collected SWD per kilometer (km-1) Proportion (%) 1.57 7.40 5.32 2.40 56.69 14.41 4.97 5.51 1.74
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Items km-1 11.3 53.3 38.3 17.3 408.3 103.8 35.8 39.65 12.5 720
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Debris type Clothes Food Glass Metal Plastic Paper Rubber Styrofoam Wood Total
Weight km-1 1 1.65 1 1 4.8 1.65 1.41 0.8 0.75 14
Proportion (%) 7.11 11.74 7.11 7.11 34.14 11.74 10.03 5.69 5.33
Composition of SWD along the beach
The findings of the present study indicate that plastic debris are the most abundant SWD at Shilaoren Beach, followed by paper and food debris. Plastic accounted for 5600 items (46.11%
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of the total number) in May, 6400 items (60.24%) in June, and 7600 items (64.4%) in July. As indicated in Table 3, the average count for the number of plastic debris during the three months was 6533 items (56.69%), followed by paper and food (14.4% and 7.4%, respectively). During all three months, the number of plastic debris was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of all other types of debris. Therefore, the weight of plastic debris was the highest among all types of
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SWD, followed by food and paper. The weight of plastic was 64 kg (26.26% of the total weight) in May, 72 kg (36.55%) in June, and 80 kg (37.07%) in July. The average plastic weight for the three months was estimated to be 72 kg (34.14% of the total weight), followed by paper
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(11.74 %) and food (11.74%). The proportions of different types of SWD are listed in Table 4.
Table 4. Proportions of various kinds of SWD collected from study area Weight (%) 9.85 9.85 13.13 9.85 26.26 13.13 8.08 3.28 6.57 100
June Items (%) 1.51 7.53 3.77 2.26 60.24 15.29 3.77 3.77 1.88 100
Weight (%) 8.12 16.24 8.12 0.51 36.55 12.18 12.18 4.06 2.03 100
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May Items (%) 1.19 9.88 9.88 3.29 46.11 16.47 6.59 4.61 1.98 100
July Items (%) 2.03 4.74 2.03 1.62 64.32 11.51 4.40 7.99 1.35 100
Weight (%) 3.70 11.11 3.70 7.41 37.04 11.11 11.11 7.41 7.41 100
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Debris Type Clothes Food Glass Metal Plastic Paper Rubber Styrofoam Wood Total
Discussion
Quantities of SWD collected from the beach
The findings indicate that the SWD load along Shilaoren Beach is smaller than those from
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beaches in other countries (Table 5), except for the beach in NS Whales, Australia, which was contaminated with 214 (±68) items of debris per km (Taffs and Cullen, 2005). The higher amount of debris at Shilaoren Beach can be attributed to the higher population along the coastal region of Qingdao and to the more frequent use of Shilaoren as a tourist spot compared with the
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beach in NS Whales, Australia.
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Table 5. Number and weight of SWD per kilometer (km-1) along the different beaches of the world
St. Lucia, Caribbean Shilaoren beach, Qingdao, China
32 (±25) 3408 (±1704) 92.7 (±104.5) –
8665 (±1483) 60,000 1900
54.83 (±8.58) 4500 153.7
77 (±25) 1790 (±1040) 4809 (±2677) 214 (±68) 3900
17.3 (±12) 27.02 (±14.48) 865 (±786) – 945
37,400 11,200 720 2664
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References Martinez-Ribes et al., 2007 Debrot et al., 2013 Cauwenberghe et al., 2013 Santos et al., 2009
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36,000 115,000 (±58,000) 64,290 (±67,670) 9100
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Sydney, Australia
kg km-1
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South African
Items km-1
100.5 8.2
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Beach locations Balearic Islands Bonaire, Caribbean Belgian Brazil Clifton Beach, Karachi, Pakistan Curaçao, Caribbean Dominica, Caribbean Falkland Islands Gulf of Oman Korean NS Whales, Australia Puerto Rico
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Ali and Shams, 2015 Debrot et al., 1999 Corbin and Singh, 1993 Otley and Ingham, 2003 Claereboudt, 2004 Hong et al., 2014 Taffs and Cullen, 2005 IOC/IOCARIBE, 1989 Madezena and Lasiak, 1997 Corbin and Singh, 1993 Present study Cunningham and Wilson, 2003
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Table 5 indicates that numerous coastal regions across different countries worldwide are contaminated with higher amounts of SWD than Shilaoren Beach. The average weight of SWD in Curaçao beaches in the Caribbean was estimated to be 4500 kg per km (Debrot et al., 1999), which was higher than the debris contamination level of Shilaoren Beach. Similarly, beach
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debris along the shores of the Gulf of Oman (Claereboudt, 2004) was estimated to be 27.02 (±14.48) kg per km. Meanwhile, debris along the Belgian shore and on Bonaire in the Caribbean Coast were 92.7 (±104.5) kg per km (Cauwenberghe et al., 2013) and 3408 (±1704) kg per km (Debrot et al., 2013), respectively.
The amount of SWD on Shilaoren Beach was correlated with the debris found in St. Lucia, Caribbean (Corbin and Singh, 1993). Table 5 presents the values of different types of SWD from various beaches worldwide, including the Balearic Islands, Caribbean Islands, South African coastal region, and the Belgian and Curaçao coastal regions. Similarly, the Belgian beach was
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contaminated with 64,290 (±67,670) items per km (Cauwenberghe et al., 2013), the beach front of Sydney, Australia with 2664 items per km (Cunningham and Wilson, 2003), and Clifton Beach in Karachi, Pakistan (Ali and Shams, 2015) with approximately 8665 (±1483) items per
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km, all of which were higher than those from Shilaoren Beach.
The present study suggested that the composition of SWD at Shilaoren Beach demonstrated that the number of plastic items was sometimes greater than or lesser than compared with other beaches worldwide. The average percentage of plastic for three months was 56.89% number of
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items at Shilaoren Beach. However, Gregory and Ryan (1997) and Derraik (2002) reported that the percentages of plastic items varied between 60% and 80%. In most cases, the proportion of plastic items present at the beach front exceeded 80% (Ribic et al., 2012b). In Motupore Island, approximately 89.7% plastic items were present at the beach (Smith, 2012). Moreover, Shilaoren Beach has snack bars, marts, malls, and fast food outlets along its coastal region. Food and drink items are typically packed in polystyrene, plastic wrappers, or bottles. Tourists prefer fast food, noodles, mineral water, and soft drinks. These items typically come from the recreational
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activities of visitors and can be sources of debris along the beach. Moreover, SWD along Shilaoren Beach are cleaned daily, but these SWD can be reused for other purposes by using segregating garbage tanks instead of ordinary garbage tanks.
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Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to conduct a study on SWD pollution at Shilaoren Beach. The results show that this beach is less polluted than other beaches worldwide. Shilaoren Beach’s wastes mostly comprise plastic, glass, paper, wood, Styrofoam™, food,
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rubber, and metal. Plastic debris were the most dominant waste in terms of quantity and weight, followed by food and paper wastes. This study inferred that the high prevalence of tourists during summer is the major cause of debris pollution at Shilaoren Beach. Proper solid waste treatments should be applied to promote the recycling of collected SWD from Shilaoren Beach. Acknowledgements
This study was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFC0402602), the Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research Project by the State Oceanic Administration of the People's Republic of China (grant no. 201405037), and the National
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Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 41376054, 41176039 and 41410304022). Our special gratitude goes to Marium Sardar, Xiao Chunhui, Janneke Koster, Blagovest Stoilov and all junior students for their valuable support during survey. All authors also appreciated the
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efforts of native English scientist Stephen Hoare-Vance from New Zealand for careful proof reading of the manuscript for making it publishable. Finally, thanks to beach management of Shilaoren beach for their co‐operation. References
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Conflict of Interest All the authors agree for submission the manuscript and declare that there is no conflict of
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interest.
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Author Contribution statement The study planned and designed: Rashid Pervez and Yonghong Wang. Field survey: Rashid
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Pervez and Imran Ali. Statistical analysis: Jawad Ali. Map of study area: Shakeel Ahmed. Manuscript revision: Rashid Pervez, Yonghong Wang and Jawad Ali.
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All authors have approved the final version.