- Email: [email protected]
The Coal-tar Colour Jubilee and its Relation to Medicine.
308
THE COAL-TAR COLOUR JUBILEE AND ITS RELATION TO MEDICINE. wide range of gorgeous was MICHAEL benzine The FARADAY who prepared it 31 years before PERKIN proFARADAY therefore disduced mauveine from aniline. covered not only the basis substance of coal-tar colours but
gout, myxoeiema, purpura, rickets, scurvy, and a few others. in coal tar Among the last group, which consists of certain morbid colourings. conditions incident to various
parts,
to malformations and the effects of
are
included,
in addition
and of
that contributes such discoverer
a
of
poisons, parasites important list of new growths, the latter consisting very largely of the various forms of malignant disease now what proved to be the starting-point also of the modern under investigation by the Imperial Cancer Research Fund. synthetics used in medicine, synthetics, moreover, which in The remainder of the work is concerned with specification regard to their constitution and therapeutic action resemble of the manifold forms of disease coming under the designa- in some respects quinine itself. We now know that by varytion "local,"and here we may say generally that the revisers ing the radicle groups in benzine derivatives an antipyretic have discouraged the use of names indicating symptoms or a hypnotic may be produced at will. Thus we see that merely wherever it is possible to trace these to their causes. PERKIN’S idea that possibly quinine could be built up from In particular they recommend that "diseases should only aniline showed great foresight as to the future attainbe returned under such general names as ’convulsions,’ ments of synthetic organic chemistry. As we have said, ’apoplexy,’ ’paralysis,’ &c., when the morbid conditions however, his experiment produced an aniline colour and not on which they depend are unknown, but when the cause those bodies which have since been prepared from benzine, has been ascertained the case should be registered under and which have proved to be practically analogues of certain the head of the primary disease, the secondary affection at any rate of the alkaloids. While we do not forget to being also specified." Unfortunately for medical science the honour PERKIN for his valuable discovery, we must retime has not yet arrived for the registration of disease cognise also the great genius of FARADAY who first gave to be recognised as a matter of State policy, although to the world in a tolerably pure state benzine, which is the this step has been strongly recommended by the recent foundation of those great modern industries in which the Committee on Physical Deterioration. Nevertheless, the synthetic processes of producing dyes are carried on. It is registration and classification of the causes of fatal diseases interesting to reflect that, since benzine is purely a product are carried out with ever-increasing efficiency at Somerset of co 3.1 distillation, the commencement of the coal-gas and we doubt not that the publication of a new industry marked not only a new era in regard to artificial House, authorised nomenclature will be welcomed by the Registrar- methods of lighting but a step also of extraordinary importthe very
General and his medical adviser as an invaluable aid in their ance to the industrial welfare of the world. work. We presume that, according to precedent, a copy It is hardly conceivable that FARADAY or PERKIN of the present work will be forwarded free of cost to every could have anticipated that their discoveries would have a wider use than to be applied to industrial pursuits, practitioner whose name appears on the Medical Register. a
The Coal-tar Colour Jubilee and its Relation to Medicine. MEN of science from all
parts of the civilised world met in the Royal Institution on Thursday, July 26th, to do honour to Sir WILLIAM HENRY PERKIN who by his discovery of the first aniline dye from coal tar became the founder of the great modern dye industry. An immense superstructure of industry and scientific application has since grown out of PERKIN’S simple and successful experiment, yet he did not set out with the slightest idea of creating a mere colour stuff, for he was at the time more concerned with the possibility of preparing quinine by purely synthetic methods. Aniline, of course, bears a relationship to alkaloids, but during the attempt to oxidise this body by means of chromic acid PERKIN obtained, instead of an alkaloid, a beautiful colouring agent which proved to be the prototype of the thousand, and more, distinct aniline colour stuffs now produced by modern chemical industry. Mauveine, as PERKIN called the new dye, was discovered in 1856 and the jubilee of this discovery is synonymous with the jjubilee of the coal-tar colour industry. Although aniline was the starting point of PERKIN’s research yet coal tar contains but a comparatively small proportion of this oily base. It was known, however, that benzine occurred in coal tar in much greater quantity and, moreover, that benzine can be readily converted into aniline oil by the processes of nitration and reduction respectively. The foundation of coal-tar dyes was in reality therefore benzine, and there is little else
yet few must fail to recognise that the discovery of aniline dyes has rendered immense service to medical science. Medicine, in fact, owes much to the coal-tar industry. The
by-products from coal tar made antiseptic surgery possible, and, putting aside the innumerable drugs which are now prepared from coal-tar derivatives, an enormous impetus was given to bacteriological science, and therefore preventive medicine, by the discovery that the appearance of the organisms of disease could not only be accentuated by the use of coal-tar dyes but that the organisms themselves could be differentiated also. It is not too much to say that the present advanced position of histological and morphological methods is due to the iiscovery of aniline colours. For we must remember that spores were brought to light by aniline staining, and that the detection of certain highly important structures possessed by some organisms became possible only when j0 the refinement of microscopical manipulation was added the coal-tar dye. The different behaviour of recovery
of
different
organisms to the same colour may not have eceived a satisfactory explanation but of the diagnostic 7alue of staining there is no doubt. Whether the staining >f animal or vegetable matter by dyes is a purely physical r a purely chemical process, or a combination of both processes, are questions which are still warmly debated. There s
much to be said for all views but it is difficult at the to say where physics begins and chemistry ends.
’utset
the simplest explanation is that put forward by he eminent colour chemist, O. N. WITT, who suggests hat staining is simply a question of solid solutions-
’erhaps
PROFESSOR ANNANDALE ON
QUACKERY.
309
that is to say, that dyes dissolve in solid tissues in Scottish lady : I I Christian Science didn’t cure me, but I exactly the same way as they do in fluid media. Simi- have been cured of Christian Science." Not that it will not have successors in its turn, it has met the fate larly it is possible to take out certain chemical sub- of all fashionable when, delusions. "Other creeds "-equally stances from their aqueous solutions by shaking them false-"will rise with other years," till the " wisdom" with ether or other solvent which is immiscible with which "lingers"while "knowledge comeswill finally win water. Whatever may prove to be the ultimate explana- the supremacy which is its due and the " common sense of tion, it is abundantly evident that the discovery of coal-tar most" will dominate the world. How to accelerate this dyes has placed in the hands of the biologist and chemist a consummation Professor Annandale made no attempt even Perhaps wisely1 Premature prescription valuable adjuvant, and our knowledge of the great biological to adumbrate. would be like taking a leaf out of the enemy’s book. processes is every day extended as the suitable stain reveals But there can be no doubt that perseverance in the nature of formation or the arrangement of structure. the quest for truth, perseverance maintained "in quietMedicine, therefore, will freely own its acknowledgments ness and in confidence," will ultimately have its reward to the great discovery of Sir WILLIAM HEXRY PERKIN, when there will be no upper classes in the vulgar sense, but and will cordially endorse the distinguished honours that when, in the sense foreshadowed by Professor Sir James Dewar, a class of far wider and nobler constituents were conferred upon him in that historic arena of original whose education will keep pace with the advance and research, the Royal Institution. development of the time and will faithfully reflect the needs and effectively fulfil the duties of its day and generation. Towards that objective all true workers are, directly or indirectly, contributing-not least those who serve loyally in the Hippocratic field in full and fervent response to the Ii Hippocratic watchword, "Art is long and Time is short." Ne quid nimis."
Annotations. "
PROFESSOR ANNANDALE ON QUACKERY. "
THE WORKING OF THE MIDWIVES ACT.
How green is this grey world 1 " Shelley’s despairing cry WHEN the Midwives Act was drafted it was foreseen that to the mind like a haunting refrain when, side by for a long time the supply of fully-trained midwives would side with the trophies of inductive observation and research, be insufficient for the proper working of that Act. The we see, in not less conspicuous array, the fallacies and supercompromise was therefore arrived at that any woman, who stitions which they were supposed to have extinguished still had been in bonâ- fide practice as a midwife for one year holding the public field with a vitality tenacious enough to previous to April, 1905, should be granted a certificate to resist all exposure and attack. At Edinburgh on July 28th practise in order that the work might be carried on until a Professor T. Annandale on giving the young graduates the sufficient number of properly trained women were available. customary " God-speed " before entering on their professional The inevitable result of this has been that in some towns the career indicated both wisely and well the hostile forces which great majority of the women practising as midwives are they must encounter-forces conspicuous among which is the improperly trained, and in only too many instances are quite credulity of the contemporary world, ever prone to prefer the illiterate. In a report presented by Dr. A. Robinson, the superficially plausible to the scientifically sound, and to medical officer of health of Rotherham, he states that of accord to the irregular practitioner a confidence and a the 23 midwives on the roll in that town only one has been patronage merited only by the duly qualified. Dealing with enrolled as possessing a certificate of proper training, the the subject historically, Professor Annandale illustrated remainder being women of the lowest class, all except four the tendency of "vulgar errour," as Sir Thomas who are quite illiterate, having little or no knowledge of Browne calls it, to reproduce itself under new names, their duties. These women have been granted certificates in reappearing as "hypnotism" virtue of having been in boni-fide practice for 12 months "mesmerism," for example, " As previous to April, 1905. There can be no doubt that many and temple worship" as "Christian Science." to this latter, he showed, as something in itself significant, other towns are in the same condition. It is a matter not to say ominous, that it is in the so-called upper classes which will remedy itself in time, and meanwhile, as Dr. that its prevalence is most conspicuous ; that, having become Robinson points out, the only thing to do is to exercise as fashionable, its votaries wield in its favour all the much supervision as possible over these women so as to weapons of social prestige and pervert the means and the prevent them from doing any great amount of harm. leisure at their command to the propagation of what is at He finds that in cases where they break the rules once a morbid and a dangerous obsession. Blessed as the best mode of punishmentis to cause them to they are with opportunity and the power of utilising it, they be suspended from carrying on their work for longer or never think of employing these advantages in the search for shorter periods of time. In this way they can be kept truth on the only lines on which it is attainable ; rather, in under supervision, whereas if they are taken off the roll all their haste to light on a royal road to health and the further control over them is lost. Such a state of affairs as happiness that it brings, do they foster and subsidise every obtains in Rotherham was only to be expected in the early pretender who claims to have discovered the short cut they days of the new regime, and for a long time there will remain long for. Zealots for a 11 science " which is not scientific a number of untrained and often illiterate women on the and masquerading in a "Christianity" which is dubiously midwives’ roll. There is a good deal to be said for "Christian," they are a fair target for such missiles as were the suggestion put forward by Dr. Robinson-namely, that levelled by the great French reformer and wit at that some distinction should be made between those women whose political coalition known as the "Holy Roman Empire," names are on the roll because they hold a certificate of which was not " holyany more than it was " Roman" proficiency and those who are there in virtue of having been or in any true sense "Imperial." And like that in practice as midwives before the passing of the Act. The unstable alliance it will be equally short-lived, origi- complaint made that the examination is too difficult is one nating in an obscurantism and a superstition similarly with which we have much sympathy. In such a test the unsound and deciduous, and qualifying for the verdict standard must of necessity be kept low, and unless a woman it by Professor Annandale’s shrewd old)is grossly ignorant there should be no undue difficulty in her
recurs
pronounced
upon
THE COAL-TAR COLOUR JUBILEE AND ITS RELATION TO MEDICINE. wide range of gorgeous was MICHAEL benzine The FARADAY who prepared it 31 years before PERKIN proFARADAY therefore disduced mauveine from aniline. covered not only the basis substance of coal-tar colours but
gout, myxoeiema, purpura, rickets, scurvy, and a few others. in coal tar Among the last group, which consists of certain morbid colourings. conditions incident to various
parts,
to malformations and the effects of
are
included,
in addition
and of
that contributes such discoverer
a
of
poisons, parasites important list of new growths, the latter consisting very largely of the various forms of malignant disease now what proved to be the starting-point also of the modern under investigation by the Imperial Cancer Research Fund. synthetics used in medicine, synthetics, moreover, which in The remainder of the work is concerned with specification regard to their constitution and therapeutic action resemble of the manifold forms of disease coming under the designa- in some respects quinine itself. We now know that by varytion "local,"and here we may say generally that the revisers ing the radicle groups in benzine derivatives an antipyretic have discouraged the use of names indicating symptoms or a hypnotic may be produced at will. Thus we see that merely wherever it is possible to trace these to their causes. PERKIN’S idea that possibly quinine could be built up from In particular they recommend that "diseases should only aniline showed great foresight as to the future attainbe returned under such general names as ’convulsions,’ ments of synthetic organic chemistry. As we have said, ’apoplexy,’ ’paralysis,’ &c., when the morbid conditions however, his experiment produced an aniline colour and not on which they depend are unknown, but when the cause those bodies which have since been prepared from benzine, has been ascertained the case should be registered under and which have proved to be practically analogues of certain the head of the primary disease, the secondary affection at any rate of the alkaloids. While we do not forget to being also specified." Unfortunately for medical science the honour PERKIN for his valuable discovery, we must retime has not yet arrived for the registration of disease cognise also the great genius of FARADAY who first gave to be recognised as a matter of State policy, although to the world in a tolerably pure state benzine, which is the this step has been strongly recommended by the recent foundation of those great modern industries in which the Committee on Physical Deterioration. Nevertheless, the synthetic processes of producing dyes are carried on. It is registration and classification of the causes of fatal diseases interesting to reflect that, since benzine is purely a product are carried out with ever-increasing efficiency at Somerset of co 3.1 distillation, the commencement of the coal-gas and we doubt not that the publication of a new industry marked not only a new era in regard to artificial House, authorised nomenclature will be welcomed by the Registrar- methods of lighting but a step also of extraordinary importthe very
General and his medical adviser as an invaluable aid in their ance to the industrial welfare of the world. work. We presume that, according to precedent, a copy It is hardly conceivable that FARADAY or PERKIN of the present work will be forwarded free of cost to every could have anticipated that their discoveries would have a wider use than to be applied to industrial pursuits, practitioner whose name appears on the Medical Register. a
The Coal-tar Colour Jubilee and its Relation to Medicine. MEN of science from all
parts of the civilised world met in the Royal Institution on Thursday, July 26th, to do honour to Sir WILLIAM HENRY PERKIN who by his discovery of the first aniline dye from coal tar became the founder of the great modern dye industry. An immense superstructure of industry and scientific application has since grown out of PERKIN’S simple and successful experiment, yet he did not set out with the slightest idea of creating a mere colour stuff, for he was at the time more concerned with the possibility of preparing quinine by purely synthetic methods. Aniline, of course, bears a relationship to alkaloids, but during the attempt to oxidise this body by means of chromic acid PERKIN obtained, instead of an alkaloid, a beautiful colouring agent which proved to be the prototype of the thousand, and more, distinct aniline colour stuffs now produced by modern chemical industry. Mauveine, as PERKIN called the new dye, was discovered in 1856 and the jubilee of this discovery is synonymous with the jjubilee of the coal-tar colour industry. Although aniline was the starting point of PERKIN’s research yet coal tar contains but a comparatively small proportion of this oily base. It was known, however, that benzine occurred in coal tar in much greater quantity and, moreover, that benzine can be readily converted into aniline oil by the processes of nitration and reduction respectively. The foundation of coal-tar dyes was in reality therefore benzine, and there is little else
yet few must fail to recognise that the discovery of aniline dyes has rendered immense service to medical science. Medicine, in fact, owes much to the coal-tar industry. The
by-products from coal tar made antiseptic surgery possible, and, putting aside the innumerable drugs which are now prepared from coal-tar derivatives, an enormous impetus was given to bacteriological science, and therefore preventive medicine, by the discovery that the appearance of the organisms of disease could not only be accentuated by the use of coal-tar dyes but that the organisms themselves could be differentiated also. It is not too much to say that the present advanced position of histological and morphological methods is due to the iiscovery of aniline colours. For we must remember that spores were brought to light by aniline staining, and that the detection of certain highly important structures possessed by some organisms became possible only when j0 the refinement of microscopical manipulation was added the coal-tar dye. The different behaviour of recovery
of
different
organisms to the same colour may not have eceived a satisfactory explanation but of the diagnostic 7alue of staining there is no doubt. Whether the staining >f animal or vegetable matter by dyes is a purely physical r a purely chemical process, or a combination of both processes, are questions which are still warmly debated. There s
much to be said for all views but it is difficult at the to say where physics begins and chemistry ends.
’utset
the simplest explanation is that put forward by he eminent colour chemist, O. N. WITT, who suggests hat staining is simply a question of solid solutions-
’erhaps
PROFESSOR ANNANDALE ON
QUACKERY.
309
that is to say, that dyes dissolve in solid tissues in Scottish lady : I I Christian Science didn’t cure me, but I exactly the same way as they do in fluid media. Simi- have been cured of Christian Science." Not that it will not have successors in its turn, it has met the fate larly it is possible to take out certain chemical sub- of all fashionable when, delusions. "Other creeds "-equally stances from their aqueous solutions by shaking them false-"will rise with other years," till the " wisdom" with ether or other solvent which is immiscible with which "lingers"while "knowledge comeswill finally win water. Whatever may prove to be the ultimate explana- the supremacy which is its due and the " common sense of tion, it is abundantly evident that the discovery of coal-tar most" will dominate the world. How to accelerate this dyes has placed in the hands of the biologist and chemist a consummation Professor Annandale made no attempt even Perhaps wisely1 Premature prescription valuable adjuvant, and our knowledge of the great biological to adumbrate. would be like taking a leaf out of the enemy’s book. processes is every day extended as the suitable stain reveals But there can be no doubt that perseverance in the nature of formation or the arrangement of structure. the quest for truth, perseverance maintained "in quietMedicine, therefore, will freely own its acknowledgments ness and in confidence," will ultimately have its reward to the great discovery of Sir WILLIAM HEXRY PERKIN, when there will be no upper classes in the vulgar sense, but and will cordially endorse the distinguished honours that when, in the sense foreshadowed by Professor Sir James Dewar, a class of far wider and nobler constituents were conferred upon him in that historic arena of original whose education will keep pace with the advance and research, the Royal Institution. development of the time and will faithfully reflect the needs and effectively fulfil the duties of its day and generation. Towards that objective all true workers are, directly or indirectly, contributing-not least those who serve loyally in the Hippocratic field in full and fervent response to the Ii Hippocratic watchword, "Art is long and Time is short." Ne quid nimis."
Annotations. "
PROFESSOR ANNANDALE ON QUACKERY. "
THE WORKING OF THE MIDWIVES ACT.
How green is this grey world 1 " Shelley’s despairing cry WHEN the Midwives Act was drafted it was foreseen that to the mind like a haunting refrain when, side by for a long time the supply of fully-trained midwives would side with the trophies of inductive observation and research, be insufficient for the proper working of that Act. The we see, in not less conspicuous array, the fallacies and supercompromise was therefore arrived at that any woman, who stitions which they were supposed to have extinguished still had been in bonâ- fide practice as a midwife for one year holding the public field with a vitality tenacious enough to previous to April, 1905, should be granted a certificate to resist all exposure and attack. At Edinburgh on July 28th practise in order that the work might be carried on until a Professor T. Annandale on giving the young graduates the sufficient number of properly trained women were available. customary " God-speed " before entering on their professional The inevitable result of this has been that in some towns the career indicated both wisely and well the hostile forces which great majority of the women practising as midwives are they must encounter-forces conspicuous among which is the improperly trained, and in only too many instances are quite credulity of the contemporary world, ever prone to prefer the illiterate. In a report presented by Dr. A. Robinson, the superficially plausible to the scientifically sound, and to medical officer of health of Rotherham, he states that of accord to the irregular practitioner a confidence and a the 23 midwives on the roll in that town only one has been patronage merited only by the duly qualified. Dealing with enrolled as possessing a certificate of proper training, the the subject historically, Professor Annandale illustrated remainder being women of the lowest class, all except four the tendency of "vulgar errour," as Sir Thomas who are quite illiterate, having little or no knowledge of Browne calls it, to reproduce itself under new names, their duties. These women have been granted certificates in reappearing as "hypnotism" virtue of having been in boni-fide practice for 12 months "mesmerism," for example, " As previous to April, 1905. There can be no doubt that many and temple worship" as "Christian Science." to this latter, he showed, as something in itself significant, other towns are in the same condition. It is a matter not to say ominous, that it is in the so-called upper classes which will remedy itself in time, and meanwhile, as Dr. that its prevalence is most conspicuous ; that, having become Robinson points out, the only thing to do is to exercise as fashionable, its votaries wield in its favour all the much supervision as possible over these women so as to weapons of social prestige and pervert the means and the prevent them from doing any great amount of harm. leisure at their command to the propagation of what is at He finds that in cases where they break the rules once a morbid and a dangerous obsession. Blessed as the best mode of punishmentis to cause them to they are with opportunity and the power of utilising it, they be suspended from carrying on their work for longer or never think of employing these advantages in the search for shorter periods of time. In this way they can be kept truth on the only lines on which it is attainable ; rather, in under supervision, whereas if they are taken off the roll all their haste to light on a royal road to health and the further control over them is lost. Such a state of affairs as happiness that it brings, do they foster and subsidise every obtains in Rotherham was only to be expected in the early pretender who claims to have discovered the short cut they days of the new regime, and for a long time there will remain long for. Zealots for a 11 science " which is not scientific a number of untrained and often illiterate women on the and masquerading in a "Christianity" which is dubiously midwives’ roll. There is a good deal to be said for "Christian," they are a fair target for such missiles as were the suggestion put forward by Dr. Robinson-namely, that levelled by the great French reformer and wit at that some distinction should be made between those women whose political coalition known as the "Holy Roman Empire," names are on the roll because they hold a certificate of which was not " holyany more than it was " Roman" proficiency and those who are there in virtue of having been or in any true sense "Imperial." And like that in practice as midwives before the passing of the Act. The unstable alliance it will be equally short-lived, origi- complaint made that the examination is too difficult is one nating in an obscurantism and a superstition similarly with which we have much sympathy. In such a test the unsound and deciduous, and qualifying for the verdict standard must of necessity be kept low, and unless a woman it by Professor Annandale’s shrewd old)is grossly ignorant there should be no undue difficulty in her
recurs
pronounced
upon