- Email: [email protected]
The Effect of Incorporating Hen Manure into the Diet of Young Chicks1
803
RESEARCH NOTES
and utilizes NADH as a cofactor, then its activity may be measurable in the reverse reaction using tissue homogenates with P5C and NAD as substrates. It appears possible that the increased P5C dehydrogenase activity resulting from proline deficiency in chicks may, in fact, reflect an increase in the activity of this enzyme complex for proline synthesis. REFERENCES
THE EFFECT OF INCORPORATING HEN MANURE INTO THE D I E T OF YOUNG CHICKS 1 D. R. SLOAN AND R. H. HARMS Department oj Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida 32601 ABSTRACT Graded levels of air-dried hen feces were added to the diet of young chicks to determine its effect on growth and feed efficiency. Results of two experiments demonstrated that each increase of level of hen manure resulted in a decrease in growth and feed utilization. Feed consumption was not influenced by the inclusion of hen manure in the diet. These data would indicate that hen feces contained some factor which causes the chick not to eat to meet its energy requirement, therefore depressing body weight gain. POULTRY SCIENCE 52: 803-805, 1973
INTRODUCTION The first studies conducted on feeding of poultry manure were to determine the possible presence of "unidentified factors" (Rubin et al., 1946; Elam et al., 1954). Miller and Shaw (1969) proposed the use of dipteria larva to lower the moisture content of manure and also to provide a protein source to be incorporated into the diet. The use receiving the greatest amount 1
Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Journal Series No. 4590.
of attention at present is probably that of feeding manure to broilers or hens. Wehuent et al. (1960) concluded that hen manure contained about 10% "true protein" and 300 kilocalories of productive energy per pound. This study was conducted to determine the effect of adding air-dried hen manure to a chick diet on growth and feed efficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two experiments, using a total of 720
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Univ of Iowa-Law Library on June 23, 2015
Austic, R. E., and M. C. Nesheim, 1970. Role of kidney arginase in variations of the arginine requirement of chicks. J. Nutr. 100: 855-868. Austic, R. E., and M. C. Nesheim, 1971. Arginine, ornithine and proline metabolism of chicks: influence of diet and heredity. J. Nutr. 101: 14031414. Baich, A., 1969. Proline synthesis in Escherichia coli. A proline-inhibitable glutamic acid kinase.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 192:462-467. Bhargava, K. K., T. F. Shen, H. R. Bird and M. L. Sunde, 1971. Effect of glutamic acid on chick's proline requirement. Poultry Sci. 50: 726-731. Graber, G., N. K. Allen and H. M. Scott, 1970. Proline essentiality and weight gain. Poultry Sci. 49: 692-697. Greene, D. E., H. M. Scott and B. C. Johnson, 1962. The ro!e of proline and certain nonessential amino acids in chick nutrition. Poultry Sci. 41: 116-120. Shao, T. C , and D. C. Hill, 1969. Effect of a-aminosobutyric acid on arginine metabolism in chicks. J. Nutr. 98: 225-234. Shen, T. F., H. R. Bird and M. L. Sunde, 1973. Conversion of glutamic acid to proline in the chick. Poultry Sci. 52: 676-682. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Strecker, H. J., 1960. The interconversion of glutamic acid and proline. III. A^pyrroline-S-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 235: 3218-3223.
804
RESEARCH NOTES T A B L E 1.—Composition of diets (%) Ingredient
Ground yellow corn Soybean meal (50% protein) Alfalfa meal (20% protein) Cerelose
Ground limestone (38% Ca) Defluorinated phosphate (18% P; 32% Ca) Iodized salt Micro-ingredient mix1 Builder's sand
Percent Protein 16
20
24
28
75.10 65.00 55.00 45.00 17.50 27.30 37.10 46.90 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 —
0.038
0.075
0.17
0.25 0.50 1.00
0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50 1.362 1.575
0.25 0.50 1.73
0.90 2.25
1.05 2.00
1.25 1.75
1.45 1.50
day-old broiler-type chicks, were conducted. Chicks were raised in electrically heated, raised wire floor, battery brooders. They were raised to three weeks of age in experiment 1, and to four weeks in experiment 2. Feed consumption, mortality and final body weights were recorded in both experiments. In the first experiment, protein levels of 16, 20, and 24% (Table 1) were fed with five levels of hen feces (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%). Manure was substituted on a pound for pound basis in the basal diet. Triplicate pens of five males and five females were used per treatment in each experiment. Diets used in the second experiment contained either 20, 24 or 28% protein (Table 1), with 0, 5, and 10% manure, and 5 and 10% sand. Manure was collected from hens in 60% production and being fed a diet containing 16.3% protein, 928 kilocalories of productive energy per pound, 3 % calcium and 0.7% total phosphorus. All data were subjected to an analysis of variance.
T A B L E 2.—Body weight, feed consumption and feed/gain when chicks were fed different levels of hen feces {Exp. 1)
1
0
16 20 24
386de 448ab 468"
Av.
434L
5
10
Body wt. (gms.)1 3471* 3511* 414°a 403cd 462 428bo 408M
394N
15
20
321 hi 388d 377de
31l' 359<* 349fi*
362°
340 p
16 20 24
Grams feed/gms. gain1 2.07bab° 2.24°b 2.25°bo 2.45 dbo 1.87 1.98 2.06 ab 2.15 bo 1.73" 1.81 ab 1.93 2.19
2.50bd 2.19 ° 2.39"
Av.
1.89L
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experiment 1. A decrease in growth was obtained with each increase in manure level (Table 2). The incorporation of the manure at any level of protein was detri-
% Manure
%
Protein
16 20 24
6401abo 6726 6500bo
Av.
6524L
2.08 LM
2.26M
2.36M
Feed consumption1 6213dab 63400ab "1 6579 6591 6704ab 6424b°
2.01 L
6320od 6685ab 6607ab
6233od 6555b 6391™
6537L
6393L
6499L
6452L
Means with common superscripts are not significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Univ of Iowa-Law Library on June 23, 2015
1 Supplied per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 6,600 I.U.; vitamin D3, 2,200 I.C.U.; menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite, 2.2 mg.; riboflavin, 4.4 mg.; pantothenic acid, 13.2 mg.; niacin, 39.6 mg.; choline chloride, 499.4 mg.; vitamin B12, 22 meg.; ethoxyquin, 0.0125%; manganese, 60 mg.; iron, 50 mg.; copper, 6 mg.; cobalt, 0.198 mg.; iodine, 1.1 mg.; zinc, 35 mg.
mental to weight gain. Although there was no significant interaction between protein level and level of manure there was a trend for an increased growth depression from the manure as the level of protein was increased. There was a linear decrease in feed efficiency as manure levels increased. The manure X protein interaction was not significant, indicating that the level of protein in the diet did not influence the effect of inclusion of the hen manure. Feed consumption was not significantly influenced by including manure in the diet. Experiment 2. A decrease in growth and feed efficiency was obtained by adding either 5 or 10% hen manure to the feed (Table 3). The addition of 5% sand did not influence growth or feed efficiency (Table 3). When the level of sand was increased to 10% a significant growth depression was obtained when the diet contained only 20% protein. However, growth was not depressed at levels of 24 or 28% protein. Feed consumption was not significantly influenced by the addition of 5% manure
805
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 3.—Body weight, feed consumption and feed/gain when chicks were fed various levels of hen feces and sand {Exp. 2) % Manure
%
20 24 28 ' Av.
0
5
III
Protein
587L
%Sand 10
5
Bodyd6wt. (gtns.)1 493118 450' 502 450' 531"^ 449' 508N
450°
• 10 478"' 580»b 617"
586L
558M
b 1.80» 1.69s 1.75"
2.23 babo 1.79 1.75"
1.75L
1.92L
7975b 8327?b 8138
7980bab 8295 8282ttb
1
20 24 28
1.89ab 1.73" 1.71"
Av.
1.78L
Grams feed/gms. gain 2.02 b 2.21 b o 2.12 b0 2.26 c ab 1.86 2.33° 2.00 L
2.27 M 1
20 24 28 Av.
7974b 8144bab 8254 8124
L
Feed consumption 8155ab 8326? 8172ab 8134b b 7976 8300ab 8101
L
M
8253
8146
LM
8186
LM
1
Means with common superscripts are not significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test.
to the feed; however, 10% gave a significant increase. Feed consumption was numerically increased with the addition of 10% sand to the diet. The difference in the effect of manure and sand on growth and feed consumption would indicate that when manure is added
REFERENCES Elam, J. F., R. L. Jacobs and J. R. Couch, 1954. Unidentified factor found in autoclaved litter. Poultry Sci. 33: 1053-1054. MiUer, B. F., and J. H. Shaw, 1969. Digestion of poultry manure by dipteria. Poultry Sci. 48: 1844-1845. Rubin, M., H. R. Bird and I. Rothchild, 1946. A growth promoting factor for chickens in the feces of hens. Poultry Sci. 25: 526-528. Wehuent, K. E., H. L. Fuller and H. M. Edwards, Jr., 1960. The nutritional value of hydrolyzed poultry manure for broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 39: 1057-1063.
NEWS AND NOTES {Continued from page 798) from the Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, in 1967. He spent two years as a veterinarian at Drayton, Ontario, and in 1968 he went to Sierra Leone, West Africa, under the auspices of Canadian University Service Overseas. He worked on disease problems in the field, as well as research and teaching in the Animal Science Department of the University of Sierra Leone. A large part of his work was on poultry problems. In 1971, he returned to the Ontario Veterinary College for one year of postgraduate study in poultry, studying nutrition, management, pathology, disease control and diagnostic techniques. In November, 1972, he joined the staff of the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Truro, working primarily with poultry disease problems. U.S.D.A. NOTES Clayton Yeutter will be an Assistant Secretary
of the U.S. Department of Agriculture for the Marketing and Consumer Services. He had formerly served as Administrator of the Department's Consumer and Marketing Service. He will be responsible for U.S.D.A. activities that include meat and poultry inspection, food and school lunch programs, milk marketing and other marketing orders, regulation of commodity trading, regulation of packers and stockyard activities, commodity grading, and market news. Mrs. Yeutter will also be appointed a Director of the Commodity Credit Corporation. He still directs a 2,500 acre ranch and cattle feeding operation on his Central Nebraska farm, but leases out his cropland acres. Before going to a leasing arrangement he grew corn, grain sorghum and wheat on irrigated and dry land. He first joined the Department of Agriculture on August 12, 1970, when he was appointed Head
{Continued on page 814)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Univ of Iowa-Law Library on June 23, 2015
565bl! 615?b 578
to the diet the birds were not able to compensate for the decreased level of energy in the diet, whereas when sand was added the birds may be able to partially compensate for the difference in energy level, thus attaining maximum growth. It would appear that some factor is present in air-dried hen manure, perhaps uric acid, which masks the birds ability to eat to meet its energy requirement, thus having a depressing effect upon body weight gain and decreasing feed utilization.
RESEARCH NOTES
and utilizes NADH as a cofactor, then its activity may be measurable in the reverse reaction using tissue homogenates with P5C and NAD as substrates. It appears possible that the increased P5C dehydrogenase activity resulting from proline deficiency in chicks may, in fact, reflect an increase in the activity of this enzyme complex for proline synthesis. REFERENCES
THE EFFECT OF INCORPORATING HEN MANURE INTO THE D I E T OF YOUNG CHICKS 1 D. R. SLOAN AND R. H. HARMS Department oj Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida 32601 ABSTRACT Graded levels of air-dried hen feces were added to the diet of young chicks to determine its effect on growth and feed efficiency. Results of two experiments demonstrated that each increase of level of hen manure resulted in a decrease in growth and feed utilization. Feed consumption was not influenced by the inclusion of hen manure in the diet. These data would indicate that hen feces contained some factor which causes the chick not to eat to meet its energy requirement, therefore depressing body weight gain. POULTRY SCIENCE 52: 803-805, 1973
INTRODUCTION The first studies conducted on feeding of poultry manure were to determine the possible presence of "unidentified factors" (Rubin et al., 1946; Elam et al., 1954). Miller and Shaw (1969) proposed the use of dipteria larva to lower the moisture content of manure and also to provide a protein source to be incorporated into the diet. The use receiving the greatest amount 1
Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Journal Series No. 4590.
of attention at present is probably that of feeding manure to broilers or hens. Wehuent et al. (1960) concluded that hen manure contained about 10% "true protein" and 300 kilocalories of productive energy per pound. This study was conducted to determine the effect of adding air-dried hen manure to a chick diet on growth and feed efficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two experiments, using a total of 720
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Univ of Iowa-Law Library on June 23, 2015
Austic, R. E., and M. C. Nesheim, 1970. Role of kidney arginase in variations of the arginine requirement of chicks. J. Nutr. 100: 855-868. Austic, R. E., and M. C. Nesheim, 1971. Arginine, ornithine and proline metabolism of chicks: influence of diet and heredity. J. Nutr. 101: 14031414. Baich, A., 1969. Proline synthesis in Escherichia coli. A proline-inhibitable glutamic acid kinase.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 192:462-467. Bhargava, K. K., T. F. Shen, H. R. Bird and M. L. Sunde, 1971. Effect of glutamic acid on chick's proline requirement. Poultry Sci. 50: 726-731. Graber, G., N. K. Allen and H. M. Scott, 1970. Proline essentiality and weight gain. Poultry Sci. 49: 692-697. Greene, D. E., H. M. Scott and B. C. Johnson, 1962. The ro!e of proline and certain nonessential amino acids in chick nutrition. Poultry Sci. 41: 116-120. Shao, T. C , and D. C. Hill, 1969. Effect of a-aminosobutyric acid on arginine metabolism in chicks. J. Nutr. 98: 225-234. Shen, T. F., H. R. Bird and M. L. Sunde, 1973. Conversion of glutamic acid to proline in the chick. Poultry Sci. 52: 676-682. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Strecker, H. J., 1960. The interconversion of glutamic acid and proline. III. A^pyrroline-S-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 235: 3218-3223.
804
RESEARCH NOTES T A B L E 1.—Composition of diets (%) Ingredient
Ground yellow corn Soybean meal (50% protein) Alfalfa meal (20% protein) Cerelose
Ground limestone (38% Ca) Defluorinated phosphate (18% P; 32% Ca) Iodized salt Micro-ingredient mix1 Builder's sand
Percent Protein 16
20
24
28
75.10 65.00 55.00 45.00 17.50 27.30 37.10 46.90 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 —
0.038
0.075
0.17
0.25 0.50 1.00
0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50 1.362 1.575
0.25 0.50 1.73
0.90 2.25
1.05 2.00
1.25 1.75
1.45 1.50
day-old broiler-type chicks, were conducted. Chicks were raised in electrically heated, raised wire floor, battery brooders. They were raised to three weeks of age in experiment 1, and to four weeks in experiment 2. Feed consumption, mortality and final body weights were recorded in both experiments. In the first experiment, protein levels of 16, 20, and 24% (Table 1) were fed with five levels of hen feces (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%). Manure was substituted on a pound for pound basis in the basal diet. Triplicate pens of five males and five females were used per treatment in each experiment. Diets used in the second experiment contained either 20, 24 or 28% protein (Table 1), with 0, 5, and 10% manure, and 5 and 10% sand. Manure was collected from hens in 60% production and being fed a diet containing 16.3% protein, 928 kilocalories of productive energy per pound, 3 % calcium and 0.7% total phosphorus. All data were subjected to an analysis of variance.
T A B L E 2.—Body weight, feed consumption and feed/gain when chicks were fed different levels of hen feces {Exp. 1)
1
0
16 20 24
386de 448ab 468"
Av.
434L
5
10
Body wt. (gms.)1 3471* 3511* 414°a 403cd 462 428bo 408M
394N
15
20
321 hi 388d 377de
31l' 359<* 349fi*
362°
340 p
16 20 24
Grams feed/gms. gain1 2.07bab° 2.24°b 2.25°bo 2.45 dbo 1.87 1.98 2.06 ab 2.15 bo 1.73" 1.81 ab 1.93 2.19
2.50bd 2.19 ° 2.39"
Av.
1.89L
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experiment 1. A decrease in growth was obtained with each increase in manure level (Table 2). The incorporation of the manure at any level of protein was detri-
% Manure
%
Protein
16 20 24
6401abo 6726 6500bo
Av.
6524L
2.08 LM
2.26M
2.36M
Feed consumption1 6213dab 63400ab "1 6579 6591 6704ab 6424b°
2.01 L
6320od 6685ab 6607ab
6233od 6555b 6391™
6537L
6393L
6499L
6452L
Means with common superscripts are not significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Univ of Iowa-Law Library on June 23, 2015
1 Supplied per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 6,600 I.U.; vitamin D3, 2,200 I.C.U.; menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite, 2.2 mg.; riboflavin, 4.4 mg.; pantothenic acid, 13.2 mg.; niacin, 39.6 mg.; choline chloride, 499.4 mg.; vitamin B12, 22 meg.; ethoxyquin, 0.0125%; manganese, 60 mg.; iron, 50 mg.; copper, 6 mg.; cobalt, 0.198 mg.; iodine, 1.1 mg.; zinc, 35 mg.
mental to weight gain. Although there was no significant interaction between protein level and level of manure there was a trend for an increased growth depression from the manure as the level of protein was increased. There was a linear decrease in feed efficiency as manure levels increased. The manure X protein interaction was not significant, indicating that the level of protein in the diet did not influence the effect of inclusion of the hen manure. Feed consumption was not significantly influenced by including manure in the diet. Experiment 2. A decrease in growth and feed efficiency was obtained by adding either 5 or 10% hen manure to the feed (Table 3). The addition of 5% sand did not influence growth or feed efficiency (Table 3). When the level of sand was increased to 10% a significant growth depression was obtained when the diet contained only 20% protein. However, growth was not depressed at levels of 24 or 28% protein. Feed consumption was not significantly influenced by the addition of 5% manure
805
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 3.—Body weight, feed consumption and feed/gain when chicks were fed various levels of hen feces and sand {Exp. 2) % Manure
%
20 24 28 ' Av.
0
5
III
Protein
587L
%Sand 10
5
Bodyd6wt. (gtns.)1 493118 450' 502 450' 531"^ 449' 508N
450°
• 10 478"' 580»b 617"
586L
558M
b 1.80» 1.69s 1.75"
2.23 babo 1.79 1.75"
1.75L
1.92L
7975b 8327?b 8138
7980bab 8295 8282ttb
1
20 24 28
1.89ab 1.73" 1.71"
Av.
1.78L
Grams feed/gms. gain 2.02 b 2.21 b o 2.12 b0 2.26 c ab 1.86 2.33° 2.00 L
2.27 M 1
20 24 28 Av.
7974b 8144bab 8254 8124
L
Feed consumption 8155ab 8326? 8172ab 8134b b 7976 8300ab 8101
L
M
8253
8146
LM
8186
LM
1
Means with common superscripts are not significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test.
to the feed; however, 10% gave a significant increase. Feed consumption was numerically increased with the addition of 10% sand to the diet. The difference in the effect of manure and sand on growth and feed consumption would indicate that when manure is added
REFERENCES Elam, J. F., R. L. Jacobs and J. R. Couch, 1954. Unidentified factor found in autoclaved litter. Poultry Sci. 33: 1053-1054. MiUer, B. F., and J. H. Shaw, 1969. Digestion of poultry manure by dipteria. Poultry Sci. 48: 1844-1845. Rubin, M., H. R. Bird and I. Rothchild, 1946. A growth promoting factor for chickens in the feces of hens. Poultry Sci. 25: 526-528. Wehuent, K. E., H. L. Fuller and H. M. Edwards, Jr., 1960. The nutritional value of hydrolyzed poultry manure for broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 39: 1057-1063.
NEWS AND NOTES {Continued from page 798) from the Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, in 1967. He spent two years as a veterinarian at Drayton, Ontario, and in 1968 he went to Sierra Leone, West Africa, under the auspices of Canadian University Service Overseas. He worked on disease problems in the field, as well as research and teaching in the Animal Science Department of the University of Sierra Leone. A large part of his work was on poultry problems. In 1971, he returned to the Ontario Veterinary College for one year of postgraduate study in poultry, studying nutrition, management, pathology, disease control and diagnostic techniques. In November, 1972, he joined the staff of the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Truro, working primarily with poultry disease problems. U.S.D.A. NOTES Clayton Yeutter will be an Assistant Secretary
of the U.S. Department of Agriculture for the Marketing and Consumer Services. He had formerly served as Administrator of the Department's Consumer and Marketing Service. He will be responsible for U.S.D.A. activities that include meat and poultry inspection, food and school lunch programs, milk marketing and other marketing orders, regulation of commodity trading, regulation of packers and stockyard activities, commodity grading, and market news. Mrs. Yeutter will also be appointed a Director of the Commodity Credit Corporation. He still directs a 2,500 acre ranch and cattle feeding operation on his Central Nebraska farm, but leases out his cropland acres. Before going to a leasing arrangement he grew corn, grain sorghum and wheat on irrigated and dry land. He first joined the Department of Agriculture on August 12, 1970, when he was appointed Head
{Continued on page 814)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Univ of Iowa-Law Library on June 23, 2015
565bl! 615?b 578
to the diet the birds were not able to compensate for the decreased level of energy in the diet, whereas when sand was added the birds may be able to partially compensate for the difference in energy level, thus attaining maximum growth. It would appear that some factor is present in air-dried hen manure, perhaps uric acid, which masks the birds ability to eat to meet its energy requirement, thus having a depressing effect upon body weight gain and decreasing feed utilization.