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The Effects of Storage on the Vitamin D Value of Columbia River Salmon Fish Meal*
T h e Effects of Storage on the Vitamin D Value of Columbia River Salmon Fish Meal* J. S. CARVER, VICTOR HEIMAN AND J. L. ST. JOHN Divisions of Poultry Husbandry and Chemistry, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Pullman, Washington
T
HE consumption of fish meals for poultry feeding has rapidly increased during the last few years. In the past, fish meals have been used principally for their protein values. No work on the ricketpreventing value of salmon fish meals has come to the attention of the authors of this paper, although work has been reported on the feeding of other fish meals with high or low fat content. Dove (1934) in the study of Maine vacuum dried sardine meal found "that after eight months' storage, the sample containing the highest fat content produced results that still ranked first and tested the highest for vitamin D potency. Except for the third sample, the vitamin D value ranks in decreasing order with decreasing fat content." On the contrary, Allardyce, Henderson, and Asmundson (1933) stated that better growth was obtained from low fat content pilchard meals. Carver, Brunstad, St. John, Frasier, and Athow (1933), in vitamin D studies with sardine oil, found that in several cases complete protection from rickets was obtained on rations in which S percent Alaska herring * Published as Scientific Paper No. 346, College of Agriculture and Experiment Station, State College of Washington. Acknowledgment—The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Janice Conklin, Fritz Hedman, and Fred Van Amburgh in chemical analyses and Dino Sivo for assistance in brooding the chicks.
fish meal furnished the only source of vitamin D. Many salmon and other fish meals contain considerable quantities of fat or fish oil. The amount of fat contained in fish meal depends on the variety of fish and the methods of extraction. In many poultry rations, supplementary oil extracted from various fish by-products is added and mixed in the feed as a source of vitamins A and D. If satisfactory feeding results could be obtained, it might be better to slightly increase the percent fat in the fish meals rather than to remove the oil from the fish meal and later add it to the poultry ration. The purpose of the experiment reported here was to determine the vitamin D value of a high fat salmon fish meal and the effect of a year's storage of the salmon fish meal on its vitamin D value. EXPERIMENTAL
The data reported here are based on two eight-week experiments with salmon fish meal. The first experiment started January, 193S, with six lots in duplicate, using Single Comb White Leghorn day-old pullets. The pullets were brooded in lots of IS each for eight weeks in electrically heated battery brooders in the nutrition laboratories of the poultry department in an artificially lighted laboratory with curtained windows which prevented the admission of ultraviolet light. The Columbia River salmon
[68]
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(Received for publication August 4, 1936)
JANUARY,
1937.
VOL.
XVI,
No.
69
1
TABLE 1.—Composition of rations fed January, 1935 Lot No.
2,8
1, 7
3,9
Ingredient Basal mash Salmon fish meal 1 Steamed bone meal Salmon fish oil Dried skimmilk
percent 74.5
percent 73.6
2.1 23.4
2.1 0.5 23.8
Total 2
100.0
100.0
4, 10
5, 11
6, 12
percent 75.1 0.7 2.0
percent 74.7 1.4 1.9
percent 75.9 2.9 1.8
percent 78.4 5.7 1.5
22.2
22.0
19.4
14.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
fish meal used was prepared under experimentally controlled conditions by the technological laboratory of the Bureau of Fisheries in Seattle, Washington.1 The salmon meal was prepared from Columbia River salmon cannery waste by the usual wet process of reduction except that cooking and pressing were regulated to permit greater oil retention in the fresh residue. The meal was steam dried at a temperature of 212°F. The percent fat in the meal was 17.4; protein, S1.0 on a moisture basis; calcium, 5.2; phosphorus, 3.1; and the the moisture, 9.5. 1 The meal was prepared under the supervision of R. W. Harrison, associate technologist-in-charge, Bureau of Fisheries, Technological Laboratory, Seattle, Washington.
The following basal ration of Carver, Brunstad, St. John, Frasier, and Athow (1933) was used in both experiments: 67.0 pounds ground yellow corn, 26.0 pounds wheat flour middlings, 6.5 pounds wheat bran, and 0.5 pounds salt. These all-mash rations were all standardized at a level of 17.0 percent protein, 1.0 percent calcium, and 0.8 percent phosphorus by the addition of varying amounts of dried skimmilk and steamed bone meal. Rations used in the first year's experiment are described in Table 1. The positive control duplicate lots 2 and 8 were fed the basal ration with 0.5 percent of special Columbia River salmon oil prepared from total Chinook offal. Unpublished data from this experiment station has shown that this
TABLE 2.—Composition of rations fed
January 1936
13,21
14, 22
15,23
16,24
17,25
18,26
19,27
20,2?
Ingredient percent Basal mash 74.5 3 Salmon fish meal Steamed bone meal 2.1 Salmon fish oil Dried skimmilk 23.4
percent 73.6
percent 74.7 1 1.4 1.9
percent 75.9 1 2.9 1.8
percent 7S.4 1 5.7 1.5
percent 74.7 2 1.4 1.9
percent 75.9 2 2.9 1.8
percent 78.4 2 5.7 1.5
22.0
19.4
14.4
22.0
19.4
14.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Lot No.
Total 1
4
100.0
2.1 0.5 23.8 100.0
This feed was mixed January, 1935, and stored until January, 1936. The basal ration used was mixed January, 1935, with the salmon fish meal stored separately and mixed with the ration January, 1936. 3 The analysis of the salmon fish meal used in this experiment was: 17.4 percent fat; 51.0 percent protein on a moisture basis; 5.2 percent calcium; 3.1 percent phosphorus; and 9.5 percent moisture. 4 All rations were standardized at a level of 17.0 percent protein, 1.0 percent calcium, and 0.8 percent phosphorus. 2
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1 The analysis of the salmon fish meal used in this experiment was: 17.4 percent fat; 51.0 percent protein on a moisture basis; 5.2 percent calcium; 3.1 percent phosphorus, and 9.5 percent moisture. 2 All rations were standardized at a level of 17.0 percent protein, 1.0 percent calcium, and 0.8 percent phosphorus.
70
POULTRY
salmon oil would give excellent growth and supply sufficient amounts of vitamin D to protect from rickets when fed at this level. The descriptions of the rations used in the second year's experiment are found in Table 2. There were eight duplicate lots. Lots 13 and 21, the negative control, and lots 14
SCIENCE
separately and mixed with the basal ration in January, 1936. The day-old pullets in both experiments were individually weighed at the beginning of the experiment and each week thereafter. In both experiments, the vitamin D studies were continued for eight weeks. Records
TABLE 3.—Summary of 193S results at eight weeks of Vitamin D Source of Av. feed Grams feed per carrier vitamin D consumed gram of per chick fed gain grams
percent
Average Av. wt. of Av. wt. of chicks in positive chick weight duplicate control lots grams
grams
percent
Degree of calcification
Mortality
953.7 839.8
3.9 3.9
276.8 247.0
261.9
43.9
R1 R
0 2
Salmon fish oil
1574.2 1694.0
2.8 3.0
592.9 599.8
596.3
100.0
N2 N
0 0
0.7
Salmon fish meal
1162.8 974.6
3.6 3.7
356.7 297.7
327.2
54.9
R R
0 0
4 10
1.4
Salmon fish meal
1349.3 1322.7
3.5 3.4
419.1 420.0
419.5
70.3
R R
0 0
S 11
2.9
Salmon fish meal
1606.3 1608.7
2.9 3.2
579.5 538.7
559.1
• 93.8
N N
0 0
6 12
5.7
Salmon fish meal
1686.8 1698.7
2.9 3.2
611.5 559.9
585.7
98.2
N N
0 1
49.9
10.9
1 7
0.0
None
2 8
0.5
3 9
Least Difference3 1
Histological examination shows rickets. Histological examination shows normal bone calcification. The least difference between any two means required to give odds of 19:1. In this and subsequent tables, the average of each lot of birds is considered as a unit for statistical treatment, thus the value of each unit for the purpose of analysis is much greater than would at first appear from the use of two or three units on each ration. The method of analysis corresponds to Example 3 and the interpretation is based on Example 4 of Snedecor, G. W., Calculation and Interpretation of Analysis of Variance and Covariance, Collegiate Press, Inc., Ames, Iowa, 1934, p. 21-34. 2 3
and 22, the positive control, were mixed from the same ingredients used the previous year. The rations for lots IS and 23, 16 and 24, and 17 and 25 were mixed in January, 1935, and stored until January, 1936, in a feed room protected from the direct sunshine with a temperature varying from 10°F. to 105°F. The rations fed to lots 18 and'26, 19 and 27, and 20 and 28 consisted of the basal mash mixed in January, 1935, with the salmon fish meal stored
were kept of mortality and its causes, feed consumption, and feed analysis. In both experiments, the degree of calcification was determined by splitting longitudinally at right angles to the median ridge, the proximal ends of the left tibia of each chick. All tibia bones that were properly calcified were classified as normal, and all tibia bones that were not properly calcified were identified as having rickets. In the second year's experiment, the percent bone ash of
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Lot No.
JANUARY,
1937.
VOL.
XVI,
No.
the moisture and fat-free right tibia bone of each chick was determined. RESULTS
The summary of the 1935 experiment at the eight-week period is reported in Table 3. The average feed consumed per chick was considerably higher when adequate quantities of vitamin D were included in the ration. The grams of feed required per
1
71
2.9 percent and 5.7 percent levels of salmon fish meal affected with rickets. Only three chicks died in the entire experiment, two of rickets in the negative control lots, and one of accident in the high level salmon fish meal lot. The relative growth of chicks as a measure of the vitamin D value of the salmon fish meal is illustrated in Figure 1. The average body weight at eight weeks of the
SALMON UEAL STORED FOR ONE TEAR I I S MIXED WITS BASAL RATION
FIG. 1. The relative growth of chicks as a measure of the vitamin D value of stored salmon fish meal.
gram of gain were greater in the lots affected with rickets than in the lots that had sufficient vitamin D to prevent rickets. There was no significant difference in growth between the positive control lots and the lots fed the two high levels of salmon fish meal. The histological examination was made of the left tibia of each chick to determine the degree of calcification, as described by Carver, Brunstad, St. John, Frasier, and Athow (1933). All chicks in the negative control lots, and the lots fed the 0.7 percent and the 1.4 percent salmon fish meal were affected with rickets. There were no chicks in the positive control lots or the lots fed
positive control, lots 2 and 8, was assumed to have a value of 100 percent. The negative control duplicate lots had an average weight of the positive control of 43.9 percent; the 0.7 percent salmon fish meal, 54.9 percent; and the 1.4 percent salmon fish meal, 70.3 percent. The duplicate lots fed 2.9 percent salmon fish meal showed a significant difference over the lots fed 1.4 percent salmon fish meal, with an average weight of the positive control of 93.8 percent. The duplicate lots fed 5.7 percent salmon fish meal showed no significant difference in the average weight of the positive control over the lots fed 2.9 percent salmon fish meal.
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1 9 3 6 t U I I H E I SALMON MEAL MIXED *ITH BASAL RATION AND STORED FOR ONE TEAR
4.2 4.4 3.5 4.0 3.1 3.2
978.9 1058.4 1295.0 1295.4 1517.4 1559.9
Salmon fish meal
Salmon fish meal
Salmon fish meal
1.4
2.9
5.7
Jan. 1936
Jan. 1936
Jan. 1936
18 26
19 27
20 28
Least Dif erence
527.5 520.5
410.4 365.4
270.8 277.3
95.0 7.3
30.4
70.3
49.7
94.6
90.4
58.5
100.0
44.6
524.0
387.9
274.0
521.5
525.8 517.3
3.0 3.2
1472.0 1539.6
Salmon fish meal
5.7
Jan. 1935
17 25
498.5
495.4 501.7
3.2 3.3
1453.2 1534.6
Salmon fish meal
2.9
Jan. 1935
16 24
322.9
325.0 320.8
4.0 4.1
1152.8 1168.7
Salmon fish meal
1.4
Jan. 1935
15 23
551.5
S50.0 553.1
3.1 3.1
1566.0 1589.1
Salmon fish oil
0.5
Jan. 1936
14 22
246.1
239.2 253.0
0.0
percent
percent
Av. wt. of Av. wt. of chicks in positive duplicate control lots
4.5 4.5
Average chick weight
902.7 964.1
Grams of feed per gram of gain
None
Jan. 1935
13 21
Av. feed consumed per chick grams
Source of vitamin D grams
Vitamin D carrier fed grams
Date of mix
Lot No.
TABLE 4.—Summary of 1936 results at eight weeks
p://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UIC Library, Collections Development on May 7, 2015 N N
R R
R R
N N
N N
R R
N N
R R
Degree of calcificacation
48.2 47.4
45.4 44.2
43.5 42.9
49.9 48.6
45.8 47.9
43.8 43.4
58.6 49.5
40.9 41.7
percent
Bone ash analysis
47.9
44.8
43.2
49.2
47.0
43.6
49.1
41.3
percent
Average bone ash analysis
1 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 5
Mortality
JANUARY,
1937.
VOL.
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No.
There was no significant difference in growth between the positive control lots and the lots fed the 5.7 percent salmon fish meal. All other lots showed a significant difference in growth when compared with the positive control lots. The histological examination of the left tibia of each chick showed that all chicks in the negative control lots, the lots fed the 1.4 percent salmon fish meal mixed in 1935 and 1936, and the 2.9 percent salmon fish meal lots mixed in 1936 were affected with rickets. There were no chicks in the positive control lots or the lots fed 5.7 percent salmon fish meal mixed in 1935 and 1936 or the lots fed 2.9 percent salmon fish meal mixed in 1935 affected with rickets. Only eight chicks died in the entire experiment, six of which died of rickets in the negative control lots. The results in bone ash analysis obtained in the second year's experiment showed that the tibiae of lots 14 and 22, 16 and 24, 17 and 25, and 20 and 28 were well calcified. The tibiae were poorly calcified and showed definite evidence of rickets in lots 13 and 21, 15 and 23, 18 and 26, and 19 and 27. The relation of the percent bone ash in the tibiae to the vitamin D in the ration agrees with the results reported by
St. John, Kempf, and Bond (1933) and Bethke and Record (1934). Lots 19 and 27 were significantly below lots 16 and 24. The relative growth of chicks as a measure of the vitamin D value of stored salmon fish meal is shown in Figure 1. The average body weight at eight weeks of the positive control lots 14 and 22 was assumed to have a value of 100 percent. The negative control lots had an average weight of the positive control of 44.6 percent. Where the salmon fish meal was stored for one year mixed in the ration, the lots fed the 2.9 percent and the 5.7 percent salmon fish meal were 90.4 percent and 94.6 percent of the average weight of the positive control. When the salmon fish meal was stored separately for one year and then mixed in the ration, the lots fed the 5.7 percent salmon fish meal were 95.0 percent of the average weight of the positive control. The lots fed 2.9 percent salmon fish meal were only 70.3 percent of the positive control in weight as compared to 90.4 percent when the salmon fish meal was stored for one year mixed in the ration. The lots fed the 5.7 percent salmon fish meal stored separately and mixed in the ration in 1936 showed a significant difference in the average weight of the positive control over the 2.9 percent level of salmon fish meal. There was no significant difference between the average weight of the positive control of the 5.7 percent salmon fish meal lots stored for one year mixed in the ration and the lots fed the same level of salmon fish meal stored separately for one year and mixed in the ration. SUMMARY
The 2.9 and the 5.7 percent levels of fresh Columbia River salmon fish meal supplementing the all-mash chick ration supplied complete protection from rickets. The 2.9 and the 5.7 percent levels of Columbia River salmon fish meal when stored for one year mixed in the all-mash
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Table 4 summarizes the results obtained in the second year's experiment after a year's storage of the feed. The lots receiving 0.7 percent salmon fish meal were omitted in the second year's experiment since this level was shown in the first experiment to be b.elow the requirements for protection against rickets. As in the previous year's experiment, the average feed consumed per chick was considerably higher when adequate quantities of vitamin D were included in the ration. The grams of feed required per gram of gain also were greater in the lots affected with rickets than in the lots that had sufficient vitamin D to prevent rickets.
73
1
74
SCIENCE
further work is needed on the methods of storage of fish meals. REFERENCES
Allardyce, W. John, Wilson Henderson, and V. S. Asmundson, 1933. Fish meal supplements for chicks, III, Comparative growth on rations with pilchard meals. Poul. Sci. 12: 163-166. Bethke, R. M. and P. R. Record, 1934. Factors affecting the determination of the ash content of the tibiae of chicks. Poul. Sci. 13: 29. Carver, J. S., A. Brunstad, J. L. St. John, F. W. Frasier, and Wm. Athow, 1933. Fish oils as a source of vitamin D for growing chicks. Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 284. Dove, W. Franklin, 1934. A study of the causes of nutritional deficiency diseases in the livestock and inhabitants of Maine with possible corrective methods secured from the utilization of Maine fishery products and the production of superior foods. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 37S, pp. 22S-241. St. John, J. L., Clayton Kempf, and Leonard Bond, 1933. Observations on the bone ash method of determining effectiveness of vitamin D supplements. Poul. Sci. 12:36.
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chick ration supplied complete protection from rickets. After the Columbia River salmon fish meal had been stored separately for one year and then mixed with the all-mash chick ration, it was found that only the 5.7 percent level supplied the chicks complete protection from rickets. It was found that when salmon meal was mixed with the basal ration and stored for one year that the vitamin D value was greater than from salmon meal stored under the same conditions separately. From these results it is not improbable that the basal ration could have acted as an antioxidant in preventing losses of vitamin D during the storage of the salmon fish meal. As a result of these experiments, it would appear that high fat salmon fish meals can be manufactured and stored for at least a year and be satisfactorily used if fed at sufficiently high levels to supply the vitamin D in the poultry ration. It is apparent that
POULTRY
T
HE consumption of fish meals for poultry feeding has rapidly increased during the last few years. In the past, fish meals have been used principally for their protein values. No work on the ricketpreventing value of salmon fish meals has come to the attention of the authors of this paper, although work has been reported on the feeding of other fish meals with high or low fat content. Dove (1934) in the study of Maine vacuum dried sardine meal found "that after eight months' storage, the sample containing the highest fat content produced results that still ranked first and tested the highest for vitamin D potency. Except for the third sample, the vitamin D value ranks in decreasing order with decreasing fat content." On the contrary, Allardyce, Henderson, and Asmundson (1933) stated that better growth was obtained from low fat content pilchard meals. Carver, Brunstad, St. John, Frasier, and Athow (1933), in vitamin D studies with sardine oil, found that in several cases complete protection from rickets was obtained on rations in which S percent Alaska herring * Published as Scientific Paper No. 346, College of Agriculture and Experiment Station, State College of Washington. Acknowledgment—The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Janice Conklin, Fritz Hedman, and Fred Van Amburgh in chemical analyses and Dino Sivo for assistance in brooding the chicks.
fish meal furnished the only source of vitamin D. Many salmon and other fish meals contain considerable quantities of fat or fish oil. The amount of fat contained in fish meal depends on the variety of fish and the methods of extraction. In many poultry rations, supplementary oil extracted from various fish by-products is added and mixed in the feed as a source of vitamins A and D. If satisfactory feeding results could be obtained, it might be better to slightly increase the percent fat in the fish meals rather than to remove the oil from the fish meal and later add it to the poultry ration. The purpose of the experiment reported here was to determine the vitamin D value of a high fat salmon fish meal and the effect of a year's storage of the salmon fish meal on its vitamin D value. EXPERIMENTAL
The data reported here are based on two eight-week experiments with salmon fish meal. The first experiment started January, 193S, with six lots in duplicate, using Single Comb White Leghorn day-old pullets. The pullets were brooded in lots of IS each for eight weeks in electrically heated battery brooders in the nutrition laboratories of the poultry department in an artificially lighted laboratory with curtained windows which prevented the admission of ultraviolet light. The Columbia River salmon
[68]
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UIC Library, Collections Development on May 7, 2015
(Received for publication August 4, 1936)
JANUARY,
1937.
VOL.
XVI,
No.
69
1
TABLE 1.—Composition of rations fed January, 1935 Lot No.
2,8
1, 7
3,9
Ingredient Basal mash Salmon fish meal 1 Steamed bone meal Salmon fish oil Dried skimmilk
percent 74.5
percent 73.6
2.1 23.4
2.1 0.5 23.8
Total 2
100.0
100.0
4, 10
5, 11
6, 12
percent 75.1 0.7 2.0
percent 74.7 1.4 1.9
percent 75.9 2.9 1.8
percent 78.4 5.7 1.5
22.2
22.0
19.4
14.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
fish meal used was prepared under experimentally controlled conditions by the technological laboratory of the Bureau of Fisheries in Seattle, Washington.1 The salmon meal was prepared from Columbia River salmon cannery waste by the usual wet process of reduction except that cooking and pressing were regulated to permit greater oil retention in the fresh residue. The meal was steam dried at a temperature of 212°F. The percent fat in the meal was 17.4; protein, S1.0 on a moisture basis; calcium, 5.2; phosphorus, 3.1; and the the moisture, 9.5. 1 The meal was prepared under the supervision of R. W. Harrison, associate technologist-in-charge, Bureau of Fisheries, Technological Laboratory, Seattle, Washington.
The following basal ration of Carver, Brunstad, St. John, Frasier, and Athow (1933) was used in both experiments: 67.0 pounds ground yellow corn, 26.0 pounds wheat flour middlings, 6.5 pounds wheat bran, and 0.5 pounds salt. These all-mash rations were all standardized at a level of 17.0 percent protein, 1.0 percent calcium, and 0.8 percent phosphorus by the addition of varying amounts of dried skimmilk and steamed bone meal. Rations used in the first year's experiment are described in Table 1. The positive control duplicate lots 2 and 8 were fed the basal ration with 0.5 percent of special Columbia River salmon oil prepared from total Chinook offal. Unpublished data from this experiment station has shown that this
TABLE 2.—Composition of rations fed
January 1936
13,21
14, 22
15,23
16,24
17,25
18,26
19,27
20,2?
Ingredient percent Basal mash 74.5 3 Salmon fish meal Steamed bone meal 2.1 Salmon fish oil Dried skimmilk 23.4
percent 73.6
percent 74.7 1 1.4 1.9
percent 75.9 1 2.9 1.8
percent 7S.4 1 5.7 1.5
percent 74.7 2 1.4 1.9
percent 75.9 2 2.9 1.8
percent 78.4 2 5.7 1.5
22.0
19.4
14.4
22.0
19.4
14.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Lot No.
Total 1
4
100.0
2.1 0.5 23.8 100.0
This feed was mixed January, 1935, and stored until January, 1936. The basal ration used was mixed January, 1935, with the salmon fish meal stored separately and mixed with the ration January, 1936. 3 The analysis of the salmon fish meal used in this experiment was: 17.4 percent fat; 51.0 percent protein on a moisture basis; 5.2 percent calcium; 3.1 percent phosphorus; and 9.5 percent moisture. 4 All rations were standardized at a level of 17.0 percent protein, 1.0 percent calcium, and 0.8 percent phosphorus. 2
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1 The analysis of the salmon fish meal used in this experiment was: 17.4 percent fat; 51.0 percent protein on a moisture basis; 5.2 percent calcium; 3.1 percent phosphorus, and 9.5 percent moisture. 2 All rations were standardized at a level of 17.0 percent protein, 1.0 percent calcium, and 0.8 percent phosphorus.
70
POULTRY
salmon oil would give excellent growth and supply sufficient amounts of vitamin D to protect from rickets when fed at this level. The descriptions of the rations used in the second year's experiment are found in Table 2. There were eight duplicate lots. Lots 13 and 21, the negative control, and lots 14
SCIENCE
separately and mixed with the basal ration in January, 1936. The day-old pullets in both experiments were individually weighed at the beginning of the experiment and each week thereafter. In both experiments, the vitamin D studies were continued for eight weeks. Records
TABLE 3.—Summary of 193S results at eight weeks of Vitamin D Source of Av. feed Grams feed per carrier vitamin D consumed gram of per chick fed gain grams
percent
Average Av. wt. of Av. wt. of chicks in positive chick weight duplicate control lots grams
grams
percent
Degree of calcification
Mortality
953.7 839.8
3.9 3.9
276.8 247.0
261.9
43.9
R1 R
0 2
Salmon fish oil
1574.2 1694.0
2.8 3.0
592.9 599.8
596.3
100.0
N2 N
0 0
0.7
Salmon fish meal
1162.8 974.6
3.6 3.7
356.7 297.7
327.2
54.9
R R
0 0
4 10
1.4
Salmon fish meal
1349.3 1322.7
3.5 3.4
419.1 420.0
419.5
70.3
R R
0 0
S 11
2.9
Salmon fish meal
1606.3 1608.7
2.9 3.2
579.5 538.7
559.1
• 93.8
N N
0 0
6 12
5.7
Salmon fish meal
1686.8 1698.7
2.9 3.2
611.5 559.9
585.7
98.2
N N
0 1
49.9
10.9
1 7
0.0
None
2 8
0.5
3 9
Least Difference3 1
Histological examination shows rickets. Histological examination shows normal bone calcification. The least difference between any two means required to give odds of 19:1. In this and subsequent tables, the average of each lot of birds is considered as a unit for statistical treatment, thus the value of each unit for the purpose of analysis is much greater than would at first appear from the use of two or three units on each ration. The method of analysis corresponds to Example 3 and the interpretation is based on Example 4 of Snedecor, G. W., Calculation and Interpretation of Analysis of Variance and Covariance, Collegiate Press, Inc., Ames, Iowa, 1934, p. 21-34. 2 3
and 22, the positive control, were mixed from the same ingredients used the previous year. The rations for lots IS and 23, 16 and 24, and 17 and 25 were mixed in January, 1935, and stored until January, 1936, in a feed room protected from the direct sunshine with a temperature varying from 10°F. to 105°F. The rations fed to lots 18 and'26, 19 and 27, and 20 and 28 consisted of the basal mash mixed in January, 1935, with the salmon fish meal stored
were kept of mortality and its causes, feed consumption, and feed analysis. In both experiments, the degree of calcification was determined by splitting longitudinally at right angles to the median ridge, the proximal ends of the left tibia of each chick. All tibia bones that were properly calcified were classified as normal, and all tibia bones that were not properly calcified were identified as having rickets. In the second year's experiment, the percent bone ash of
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UIC Library, Collections Development on May 7, 2015
Lot No.
JANUARY,
1937.
VOL.
XVI,
No.
the moisture and fat-free right tibia bone of each chick was determined. RESULTS
The summary of the 1935 experiment at the eight-week period is reported in Table 3. The average feed consumed per chick was considerably higher when adequate quantities of vitamin D were included in the ration. The grams of feed required per
1
71
2.9 percent and 5.7 percent levels of salmon fish meal affected with rickets. Only three chicks died in the entire experiment, two of rickets in the negative control lots, and one of accident in the high level salmon fish meal lot. The relative growth of chicks as a measure of the vitamin D value of the salmon fish meal is illustrated in Figure 1. The average body weight at eight weeks of the
SALMON UEAL STORED FOR ONE TEAR I I S MIXED WITS BASAL RATION
FIG. 1. The relative growth of chicks as a measure of the vitamin D value of stored salmon fish meal.
gram of gain were greater in the lots affected with rickets than in the lots that had sufficient vitamin D to prevent rickets. There was no significant difference in growth between the positive control lots and the lots fed the two high levels of salmon fish meal. The histological examination was made of the left tibia of each chick to determine the degree of calcification, as described by Carver, Brunstad, St. John, Frasier, and Athow (1933). All chicks in the negative control lots, and the lots fed the 0.7 percent and the 1.4 percent salmon fish meal were affected with rickets. There were no chicks in the positive control lots or the lots fed
positive control, lots 2 and 8, was assumed to have a value of 100 percent. The negative control duplicate lots had an average weight of the positive control of 43.9 percent; the 0.7 percent salmon fish meal, 54.9 percent; and the 1.4 percent salmon fish meal, 70.3 percent. The duplicate lots fed 2.9 percent salmon fish meal showed a significant difference over the lots fed 1.4 percent salmon fish meal, with an average weight of the positive control of 93.8 percent. The duplicate lots fed 5.7 percent salmon fish meal showed no significant difference in the average weight of the positive control over the lots fed 2.9 percent salmon fish meal.
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1 9 3 6 t U I I H E I SALMON MEAL MIXED *ITH BASAL RATION AND STORED FOR ONE TEAR
4.2 4.4 3.5 4.0 3.1 3.2
978.9 1058.4 1295.0 1295.4 1517.4 1559.9
Salmon fish meal
Salmon fish meal
Salmon fish meal
1.4
2.9
5.7
Jan. 1936
Jan. 1936
Jan. 1936
18 26
19 27
20 28
Least Dif erence
527.5 520.5
410.4 365.4
270.8 277.3
95.0 7.3
30.4
70.3
49.7
94.6
90.4
58.5
100.0
44.6
524.0
387.9
274.0
521.5
525.8 517.3
3.0 3.2
1472.0 1539.6
Salmon fish meal
5.7
Jan. 1935
17 25
498.5
495.4 501.7
3.2 3.3
1453.2 1534.6
Salmon fish meal
2.9
Jan. 1935
16 24
322.9
325.0 320.8
4.0 4.1
1152.8 1168.7
Salmon fish meal
1.4
Jan. 1935
15 23
551.5
S50.0 553.1
3.1 3.1
1566.0 1589.1
Salmon fish oil
0.5
Jan. 1936
14 22
246.1
239.2 253.0
0.0
percent
percent
Av. wt. of Av. wt. of chicks in positive duplicate control lots
4.5 4.5
Average chick weight
902.7 964.1
Grams of feed per gram of gain
None
Jan. 1935
13 21
Av. feed consumed per chick grams
Source of vitamin D grams
Vitamin D carrier fed grams
Date of mix
Lot No.
TABLE 4.—Summary of 1936 results at eight weeks
p://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UIC Library, Collections Development on May 7, 2015 N N
R R
R R
N N
N N
R R
N N
R R
Degree of calcificacation
48.2 47.4
45.4 44.2
43.5 42.9
49.9 48.6
45.8 47.9
43.8 43.4
58.6 49.5
40.9 41.7
percent
Bone ash analysis
47.9
44.8
43.2
49.2
47.0
43.6
49.1
41.3
percent
Average bone ash analysis
1 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 5
Mortality
JANUARY,
1937.
VOL.
XVI,
No.
There was no significant difference in growth between the positive control lots and the lots fed the 5.7 percent salmon fish meal. All other lots showed a significant difference in growth when compared with the positive control lots. The histological examination of the left tibia of each chick showed that all chicks in the negative control lots, the lots fed the 1.4 percent salmon fish meal mixed in 1935 and 1936, and the 2.9 percent salmon fish meal lots mixed in 1936 were affected with rickets. There were no chicks in the positive control lots or the lots fed 5.7 percent salmon fish meal mixed in 1935 and 1936 or the lots fed 2.9 percent salmon fish meal mixed in 1935 affected with rickets. Only eight chicks died in the entire experiment, six of which died of rickets in the negative control lots. The results in bone ash analysis obtained in the second year's experiment showed that the tibiae of lots 14 and 22, 16 and 24, 17 and 25, and 20 and 28 were well calcified. The tibiae were poorly calcified and showed definite evidence of rickets in lots 13 and 21, 15 and 23, 18 and 26, and 19 and 27. The relation of the percent bone ash in the tibiae to the vitamin D in the ration agrees with the results reported by
St. John, Kempf, and Bond (1933) and Bethke and Record (1934). Lots 19 and 27 were significantly below lots 16 and 24. The relative growth of chicks as a measure of the vitamin D value of stored salmon fish meal is shown in Figure 1. The average body weight at eight weeks of the positive control lots 14 and 22 was assumed to have a value of 100 percent. The negative control lots had an average weight of the positive control of 44.6 percent. Where the salmon fish meal was stored for one year mixed in the ration, the lots fed the 2.9 percent and the 5.7 percent salmon fish meal were 90.4 percent and 94.6 percent of the average weight of the positive control. When the salmon fish meal was stored separately for one year and then mixed in the ration, the lots fed the 5.7 percent salmon fish meal were 95.0 percent of the average weight of the positive control. The lots fed 2.9 percent salmon fish meal were only 70.3 percent of the positive control in weight as compared to 90.4 percent when the salmon fish meal was stored for one year mixed in the ration. The lots fed the 5.7 percent salmon fish meal stored separately and mixed in the ration in 1936 showed a significant difference in the average weight of the positive control over the 2.9 percent level of salmon fish meal. There was no significant difference between the average weight of the positive control of the 5.7 percent salmon fish meal lots stored for one year mixed in the ration and the lots fed the same level of salmon fish meal stored separately for one year and mixed in the ration. SUMMARY
The 2.9 and the 5.7 percent levels of fresh Columbia River salmon fish meal supplementing the all-mash chick ration supplied complete protection from rickets. The 2.9 and the 5.7 percent levels of Columbia River salmon fish meal when stored for one year mixed in the all-mash
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Table 4 summarizes the results obtained in the second year's experiment after a year's storage of the feed. The lots receiving 0.7 percent salmon fish meal were omitted in the second year's experiment since this level was shown in the first experiment to be b.elow the requirements for protection against rickets. As in the previous year's experiment, the average feed consumed per chick was considerably higher when adequate quantities of vitamin D were included in the ration. The grams of feed required per gram of gain also were greater in the lots affected with rickets than in the lots that had sufficient vitamin D to prevent rickets.
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74
SCIENCE
further work is needed on the methods of storage of fish meals. REFERENCES
Allardyce, W. John, Wilson Henderson, and V. S. Asmundson, 1933. Fish meal supplements for chicks, III, Comparative growth on rations with pilchard meals. Poul. Sci. 12: 163-166. Bethke, R. M. and P. R. Record, 1934. Factors affecting the determination of the ash content of the tibiae of chicks. Poul. Sci. 13: 29. Carver, J. S., A. Brunstad, J. L. St. John, F. W. Frasier, and Wm. Athow, 1933. Fish oils as a source of vitamin D for growing chicks. Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 284. Dove, W. Franklin, 1934. A study of the causes of nutritional deficiency diseases in the livestock and inhabitants of Maine with possible corrective methods secured from the utilization of Maine fishery products and the production of superior foods. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 37S, pp. 22S-241. St. John, J. L., Clayton Kempf, and Leonard Bond, 1933. Observations on the bone ash method of determining effectiveness of vitamin D supplements. Poul. Sci. 12:36.
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chick ration supplied complete protection from rickets. After the Columbia River salmon fish meal had been stored separately for one year and then mixed with the all-mash chick ration, it was found that only the 5.7 percent level supplied the chicks complete protection from rickets. It was found that when salmon meal was mixed with the basal ration and stored for one year that the vitamin D value was greater than from salmon meal stored under the same conditions separately. From these results it is not improbable that the basal ration could have acted as an antioxidant in preventing losses of vitamin D during the storage of the salmon fish meal. As a result of these experiments, it would appear that high fat salmon fish meals can be manufactured and stored for at least a year and be satisfactorily used if fed at sufficiently high levels to supply the vitamin D in the poultry ration. It is apparent that
POULTRY