- Email: [email protected]
The Evaluation of Functional Performance of National Roadway using Three Types of Pavement Assessments Methods
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
6XVWDLQDEOH&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHVDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DWHULDOV6&(6&0
7KHHYDOXDWLRQRIIXQFWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIQDWLRQDOURDGZD\XVLQJ WKUHHW\SHVRISDYHPHQWDVVHVVPHQWVPHWKRGV 6XU\RWRD'HQG\3DUDPDDUWKD6LVZR\RE$U\6HW\DZDQD a
Roadmate Research Group Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia b Indonesian Highway Agency, Sragen Central Java, Indonesia
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urveExpert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© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI6&(6&0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO ID[ E-mail address:FHQDVH#\DKRRFRP
1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.463
1436
Suryoto et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
Keywords:URDGDVVHVVPHQW IXQFWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFH ,5, 3&, 6',
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avement Condition Index $QDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHSDYHPHQWFRQGLWLRQLVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWLQWHUPVRIGHWHUPLQLQJWKHPDLQWHQDQFH DQGUHKDELOLWDWLRQVFKHPHV7RDVVHVVWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHSDYHPHQWILUVWQHFHVVDU\WRGHWHUPLQHWKHGLVWUHVVW\SH GLVWUHVVTXDQWLW\DQGGLVWUHVVVHYHULW\OHYHO3DYHPHQW&RQGLWLRQ,QGH[ 3&, LVDVFRULQJV\VWHPEDVHGRQWKHW\SHRI
1437
Suryoto et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
SDYHPHQWFRQGLWLRQVWKHVHYHULW\OHYHORIGDPDJHWKDWRFFXUUHGDQGWKHQFDQEHXVHGDVDUHIHUHQFHLQPDLQWHQDQFH HIIRUW>@ 2.2. International Roughness Index ,QWHUQDWLRQDO5RXJKQHVV,QGH[LVWKHXQLWXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHFRQGLWLRQRIDURDGVXUIDFH>@,5,LVXVHGDVDQ LQGLFDWRURIWKHOHYHORIWKHUDWLRRIVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVDQGTXDOLW\RIWKHURDGSDYHPHQW>@2QHRIWKHGDWDXVHGWR GHWHUPLQHWKHYDOXHRIURXJKQHVVRIWKHURDGWRXVHWKH1$65$$ 1DWLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQRI$XVWUDOLDQ6WDWH5RDG $XWKRULWLHV GHYLFHWRJHWWKHYDOXHRIURXJKQHVVRIWKHURDGWKDWZLOOEHSUHVHQWHGE\WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO5RXJKQHVV ,QGH[ ,5, 2.3. Highway Method $FFRUGLQJWRWKHPHWKRGDGRSWHGE\7KH+LJKZD\$JHQF\WKHUHDUHRQO\IRXUHOHPHQWVXVHGDVVXSSRUWGDWDWR FDOFXODWHWKHYDOXHRI6XUIDFH'LVWUHVV,QGH[ 3HUFHQWDJHRI H[WHQVLYHFUDFNLQJWKHDYHUDJHFUDFNZLGWKWKHQXPEHU RI SRWKROHVNPDQGDYHUDJHRI UXWWLQJ>@ 2.4. The correlation of the three methods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
1438
Suryoto et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
)LJ/RFDWLRQRI5HVHDUFKDW3DOXU0DQWLQJDQ6HJPHQWRI1DWLRQDO5RDGZD\
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urvesExpert, WKDWZLOOWKHQSURGXFHDPRGHOHTXDWLRQRI FRUUHODWLRQDQGUHJUHVVLRQEHWZHHQ,5,ZLWK3&,,5,ZLWK6',DQG3&,ZLWK6',+HWHURVFHGDVWLFLW\WHVWE\XVLQJ VFDWHUSORWZDVWKHQSHUIRUPHGWRGHWHFWWKHGHYLDWLRQVIURPWKHWHUPVRIWKHFODVVLFDODVVXPSWLRQVRQWKHUHJUHVVLRQ PRGHOLQZKLFKWKHUHJUHVVLRQPRGHOPXVWPHHWWKHDEVHQFHRIKHWHURVFHGDVWLFLW\>í@7KHVHWKUHHPHWKRGVFDQ WKHQEHREWDLQHGDOLQHDUHTXDWLRQDQGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHWZRYDULDEOHV 5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ 4.1. International Roughness Index Performance ,QLWLDOGDWDUHWULHYDOIRUURDGURXJKQHVVYDOXHVDUHWDNHQHYHU\PHWHUVGLVWDQFHWRHDFKSRLQW,5,YDOXHRQ DYHUDJHDWHDFKURDGRI3DOXU0DQWLQJDQ 7DEOH7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO5RXJKQHVV,QGH[3HUIRUPDQFHV 1R
6HJPHQW
6WUHHW1DPH
67$
/HQJWK NP
:LGWK P
,5,
3DOXU%WV.RWD6UDJHQ
±
/LQJNDU8WDUD%DUDW6UDJHQ
±
63DUPDQ
±
/LQJNDU8WDUD7LPXU6UDJHQ
±
%WV.RWD6UDJHQ0DQWLQJDQ
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avement Condition Index Performance %DVHGRQGDWDWKDWKDYHEHHQFROOHFWHGIURPWKHH[LVWLQJURDGVXEVHTXHQWO\DQDO\]HGWRREWDLQUHFDSLWXODWLRQRI 3&,YDOXHIRU3DOXU0DQWLQJDQVHJPHQWDVSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH
1439
Suryoto et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
7DEOH7KH3DYHPHQW&RQGLWLRQ,QGH[3HUIRUPDQFHV 3&,
1R
6HJPHQW
6WUHHW1DPH
67$
/HQJWK NP
:LGWK P
3DOXU%WV.RWD6UDJHQ
±
/LQJNDU8WDUD%DUDW6UDJHQ
±
63DUPDQ
±
/LQJNDU8WDUD7LPXU6UDJHQ
±
%WV.RWD6UDJHQ0DQWLQJDQ
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urface Distress Index Performance 7KHFDOFXODWLRQUHVXOWEDVHGRQ+LJKZD\V0HWKRG>@XVLQJWKHFDOFXODWLRQRI6', 6XUIDFH'LVWUHVV,QGH[ DWHYHU\ PHWHUVRI3DOXU0DQWLQJDQVHJPHQWWKHSDYHPHQWGLVWUHVVDVVHVVHGDUH SHUFHQWDJHRIH[WHQVLYHFUDFNLQJWKH DYHUDJHFUDFNZLGWKWKHQXPEHURIKROHVNPDQGDQDYHUDJHGHSWKRIUXWWLQJ7KHUHVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH 7DEOH7KH6XUIDFH'LVWUHVV,QGH[3HUIRUPDQFHV 6',
1R
6HJPHQW
6WUHHW1DPH
67$
/HQJWK NP
:LGWK P
3DOXU%WV.RWD6UDJHQ
±
/LQJNDU8WDUD%DUDW6UDJHQ
±
63DUPDQ
±
/LQJNDU8WDUD7LPXU6UDJHQ
±
%WV.RWD6UDJHQ0DQWLQJDQ
)URP WKH UHVXOWV LQ 7DEOH LW FDQEH VHHQWKDW HDFKURDG KDVD YDOXH RI 6', DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHURDG FRQGLWLRQV UHVSHFWLYHO\7KHURDGGLVWUHVVKDVEHHQIOXFWXDWLQJFKDQJHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSDYHPHQWPDLQWHQDQFHDQGUHKDELOLWDWLRQ DFWLYLWLHV7KHSHUIRUPDQFHVRIWKUHH\HDUVDW7DEOHVKRZWKDWWKHYDOXHRIWKHDYHUDJHRI6',DW3DOXU0DQWLQJDQ VHJPHQWLQXQGHUPRGHUDWHFRQGLWLRQVZKHUHDVLQWKH\HDURIWKHSDYHPHQWSHUIRUPHGJRRGFRQGLWLRQDV ZHOODVLQWKH\HDURIWKH\HDU,WVHHPVWKDWWKHURXWLQHDQGSHULRGLFPDLQWHQDQFHUHVXOWHGLQEHWWHUSDYHPHQW FRQGLWLRQ
1440
Suryoto et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
4.4. The correlation between International Roughness Index and Pavement Condition Index )LJVKRZVWKHOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQILWOLQHGRWVVSUHDGUDQGRPO\DQGDSDUWLFXODUSDWWHUQLVQRWFOHDUSHUIRUPHG7KLV PHDQVWKDWWKHheteroscedasticityLVQRWKDSSHQLQJLQUHJUHVVLRQPRGHOVVRWKHUHJUHVVLRQPRGHOFRXOGEHXVHGWR SUHGLFWWKHYDOXHRI,5,EDVHGRQLWVLQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHLQSXWRQ3&,
)LJ7KHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ3&,DQG,5,
7KHFRUUHODWLRQRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO5RXJKQHVV,QGH[DQG3DYHPHQW&RQGLWLRQ,QGH[VKRZVDFXUYHZLWK\ DE[ ZKHUH\ [ZKHUH\LVWKHYDOXHRI3&,FRQVWDQWYDOXHRIDWKHUHJUHVVLRQFRHIILFLHQWRIEDQG[LVWKH YDOXH RI ,5, 3HDUVRQ FRUUHODWLRQ DQDO\VLV RI WKH FXUYH LQGLFDWHV WKH YDOXH RI U EDVHG RQ WKH FRUUHODWLRQ FRHIILFLHQWVRWKHYDOXHVKDYHDVWURQJFRUUHODWLRQ:KLOHWKHYDOXHRIWKHVWDQGDUGHUURUQXPEHURIUHJUHVVLRQPRGHO WRSUHGLFWWKHYDOXHRI\LV 4.5. The correlation between SDI and IRI )LJVKRZVWKHOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQOLQHWKHGRWVIRUPDUHJXODUSDWWHUQRIVSUHDGODWHUQDUURZHG7KLVPHDQVWKDW WKHheteroscedasticity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he correlation between SDI and PCI )URPVKRZVWKHOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQOLQHWKHGRWVVSUHDGUDQGRPO\DQGGRQRWIRUPDSDUWLFXODUSDWWHUQLVPHDQV WKDWWKHheteroscedasticity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
1441
Suryoto et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
)LJ7KHFRUUHODWLRQ%HWZHHQ6',DQG3&,
)LJ7KHFRUUHODWLRQRI3&,DQG6',
&RQFOXVLRQV %DVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHDQDO\VLVFRQFOXVLRQVFRXOGEHGUDZQDVIROORZV x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x 7KHOLQHDUILWIRUFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHPHWKRGVVKRZWKDWWKHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ,5,DQG3&,PHWKRGV VKRZHGU LQGLFDWHDVWURQJUHODWLRQVKLS+RZHYHUWKHOLQHDUILWIRUFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ,5,DQG6', GHPRQVWUDWHWKHYDOXHRIU DQGWKHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ3&,DQG6',GHPRQVWUDWHWKHYDOXHRIU ERWKUYDOXHVLQGLFDWHSRRUFRUUHODWLRQV
1442
Suryoto et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
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
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
6XVWDLQDEOH&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHVDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DWHULDOV6&(6&0
7KHHYDOXDWLRQRIIXQFWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIQDWLRQDOURDGZD\XVLQJ WKUHHW\SHVRISDYHPHQWDVVHVVPHQWVPHWKRGV 6XU\RWRD'HQG\3DUDPDDUWKD6LVZR\RE$U\6HW\DZDQD a
Roadmate Research Group Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia b Indonesian Highway Agency, Sragen Central Java, Indonesia
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urveExpert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© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI6&(6&0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO ID[ E-mail address:FHQDVH#\DKRRFRP
1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.463
1436
Suryoto et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
Keywords:URDGDVVHVVPHQW IXQFWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFH ,5, 3&, 6',
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avement Condition Index $QDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHSDYHPHQWFRQGLWLRQLVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWLQWHUPVRIGHWHUPLQLQJWKHPDLQWHQDQFH DQGUHKDELOLWDWLRQVFKHPHV7RDVVHVVWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHSDYHPHQWILUVWQHFHVVDU\WRGHWHUPLQHWKHGLVWUHVVW\SH GLVWUHVVTXDQWLW\DQGGLVWUHVVVHYHULW\OHYHO3DYHPHQW&RQGLWLRQ,QGH[ 3&, LVDVFRULQJV\VWHPEDVHGRQWKHW\SHRI
1437
Suryoto et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
SDYHPHQWFRQGLWLRQVWKHVHYHULW\OHYHORIGDPDJHWKDWRFFXUUHGDQGWKHQFDQEHXVHGDVDUHIHUHQFHLQPDLQWHQDQFH HIIRUW>@ 2.2. International Roughness Index ,QWHUQDWLRQDO5RXJKQHVV,QGH[LVWKHXQLWXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHFRQGLWLRQRIDURDGVXUIDFH>@,5,LVXVHGDVDQ LQGLFDWRURIWKHOHYHORIWKHUDWLRRIVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVDQGTXDOLW\RIWKHURDGSDYHPHQW>@2QHRIWKHGDWDXVHGWR GHWHUPLQHWKHYDOXHRIURXJKQHVVRIWKHURDGWRXVHWKH1$65$$ 1DWLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQRI$XVWUDOLDQ6WDWH5RDG $XWKRULWLHV GHYLFHWRJHWWKHYDOXHRIURXJKQHVVRIWKHURDGWKDWZLOOEHSUHVHQWHGE\WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO5RXJKQHVV ,QGH[ ,5, 2.3. Highway Method $FFRUGLQJWRWKHPHWKRGDGRSWHGE\7KH+LJKZD\$JHQF\WKHUHDUHRQO\IRXUHOHPHQWVXVHGDVVXSSRUWGDWDWR FDOFXODWHWKHYDOXHRI6XUIDFH'LVWUHVV,QGH[ 3HUFHQWDJHRI H[WHQVLYHFUDFNLQJWKHDYHUDJHFUDFNZLGWKWKHQXPEHU RI SRWKROHVNPDQGDYHUDJHRI UXWWLQJ>@ 2.4. The correlation of the three methods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
1438
Suryoto et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
)LJ/RFDWLRQRI5HVHDUFKDW3DOXU0DQWLQJDQ6HJPHQWRI1DWLRQDO5RDGZD\
7KH PHWKRG XVHG LQ WKLV UHVHDUFK LV GHVFULSWLYH UHVHDUFK WR SHUIRUP WKH URDG FRQGLWLRQ DVVHVVPHQW DQG WKH FRPSDULVRQRIGDWDJHQHUDWHGIURPWKUHHPHWKRGVIRUDQDO\]LQJWKHFRUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHUHVXOWV7KHGDWDFROOHFWHG IURPWKHURDGDVVHVVPHQWFRQGLWLRQVEHWZHHQWKH\HDUVRIWR $QDO\VLVWRFDUU\RXWDQDVVHVVPHQWRIURDGFRQGLWLRQVZLWKWKH3&,PHWKRG 3DYHPHQW&RQGLWLRQ,QGH[ QDPHO\ WRGHWHUPLQHWKHYDOXHRIWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHVXUIDFHOD\HURIDURDGVHFWLRQZKLFKDPRXQWLVLQIOXHQFHGE\WKHVWDWH RIWKHSDYHPHQWVXUIDFHFDXVHGE\WKHGDPDJH7HVWLQJDQDO\VLVRIWKHURDGVXUIDFHFRQGLWLRQGDWDXVLQJ1$$65$ 5RXJKQHVVPHWHUGDWDIURP,5,PHDVXULQJGHYLFHV1$65$$REWDLQHGE\,5,URXJKQHVVVFDOH$QDO\VLVPHWKRGVRI +LJKZD\V WR VXUYH\ URDG FRQGLWLRQV EDVHG RQ FDOFXODWLRQ RI WKH YDOXH RI 6', FDWHJRULHV RI XVH RU GDPDJH ZLWK UHIHUHQFHWRWKHFDWHJRULHVRIGDPDJHIRUIRXUHOHPHQWVXVHGDVVXSSRUWWRFDOFXODWHWKHYDOXHRI6', SHUFHQWDJHRI H[WHQVLYHGDPDJHWKHDYHUDJHFUDFNZLGWKWKHQXPEHURIKROHVNPDQGDQDYHUDJHGHSWKRIUXWWLQJ $QDO\VLVRIWKHGDWDKDVEHHQREWDLQHGIURPPHDVXUHPHQWVRQWKHH[LVWLQJURDGZKHWKHULWLVWKHYDOXHRI3&,6', DQGWKHYDOXHRI,5,DQDO\]HGZLWKWKHKHOSRIVRIWZDUHCurvesExpert, WKDWZLOOWKHQSURGXFHDPRGHOHTXDWLRQRI FRUUHODWLRQDQGUHJUHVVLRQEHWZHHQ,5,ZLWK3&,,5,ZLWK6',DQG3&,ZLWK6',+HWHURVFHGDVWLFLW\WHVWE\XVLQJ VFDWHUSORWZDVWKHQSHUIRUPHGWRGHWHFWWKHGHYLDWLRQVIURPWKHWHUPVRIWKHFODVVLFDODVVXPSWLRQVRQWKHUHJUHVVLRQ PRGHOLQZKLFKWKHUHJUHVVLRQPRGHOPXVWPHHWWKHDEVHQFHRIKHWHURVFHGDVWLFLW\>í@7KHVHWKUHHPHWKRGVFDQ WKHQEHREWDLQHGDOLQHDUHTXDWLRQDQGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHWZRYDULDEOHV 5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ 4.1. International Roughness Index Performance ,QLWLDOGDWDUHWULHYDOIRUURDGURXJKQHVVYDOXHVDUHWDNHQHYHU\PHWHUVGLVWDQFHWRHDFKSRLQW,5,YDOXHRQ DYHUDJHDWHDFKURDGRI3DOXU0DQWLQJDQ 7DEOH7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO5RXJKQHVV,QGH[3HUIRUPDQFHV 1R
6HJPHQW
6WUHHW1DPH
67$
/HQJWK NP
:LGWK P
,5,
3DOXU%WV.RWD6UDJHQ
±
/LQJNDU8WDUD%DUDW6UDJHQ
±
63DUPDQ
±
/LQJNDU8WDUD7LPXU6UDJHQ
±
%WV.RWD6UDJHQ0DQWLQJDQ
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avement Condition Index Performance %DVHGRQGDWDWKDWKDYHEHHQFROOHFWHGIURPWKHH[LVWLQJURDGVXEVHTXHQWO\DQDO\]HGWRREWDLQUHFDSLWXODWLRQRI 3&,YDOXHIRU3DOXU0DQWLQJDQVHJPHQWDVSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH
1439
Suryoto et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
7DEOH7KH3DYHPHQW&RQGLWLRQ,QGH[3HUIRUPDQFHV 3&,
1R
6HJPHQW
6WUHHW1DPH
67$
/HQJWK NP
:LGWK P
3DOXU%WV.RWD6UDJHQ
±
/LQJNDU8WDUD%DUDW6UDJHQ
±
63DUPDQ
±
/LQJNDU8WDUD7LPXU6UDJHQ
±
%WV.RWD6UDJHQ0DQWLQJDQ
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urface Distress Index Performance 7KHFDOFXODWLRQUHVXOWEDVHGRQ+LJKZD\V0HWKRG>@XVLQJWKHFDOFXODWLRQRI6', 6XUIDFH'LVWUHVV,QGH[ DWHYHU\ PHWHUVRI3DOXU0DQWLQJDQVHJPHQWWKHSDYHPHQWGLVWUHVVDVVHVVHGDUH SHUFHQWDJHRIH[WHQVLYHFUDFNLQJWKH DYHUDJHFUDFNZLGWKWKHQXPEHURIKROHVNPDQGDQDYHUDJHGHSWKRIUXWWLQJ7KHUHVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH 7DEOH7KH6XUIDFH'LVWUHVV,QGH[3HUIRUPDQFHV 6',
1R
6HJPHQW
6WUHHW1DPH
67$
/HQJWK NP
:LGWK P
3DOXU%WV.RWD6UDJHQ
±
/LQJNDU8WDUD%DUDW6UDJHQ
±
63DUPDQ
±
/LQJNDU8WDUD7LPXU6UDJHQ
±
%WV.RWD6UDJHQ0DQWLQJDQ
)URP WKH UHVXOWV LQ 7DEOH LW FDQEH VHHQWKDW HDFKURDG KDVD YDOXH RI 6', DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHURDG FRQGLWLRQV UHVSHFWLYHO\7KHURDGGLVWUHVVKDVEHHQIOXFWXDWLQJFKDQJHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSDYHPHQWPDLQWHQDQFHDQGUHKDELOLWDWLRQ DFWLYLWLHV7KHSHUIRUPDQFHVRIWKUHH\HDUVDW7DEOHVKRZWKDWWKHYDOXHRIWKHDYHUDJHRI6',DW3DOXU0DQWLQJDQ VHJPHQWLQXQGHUPRGHUDWHFRQGLWLRQVZKHUHDVLQWKH\HDURIWKHSDYHPHQWSHUIRUPHGJRRGFRQGLWLRQDV ZHOODVLQWKH\HDURIWKH\HDU,WVHHPVWKDWWKHURXWLQHDQGSHULRGLFPDLQWHQDQFHUHVXOWHGLQEHWWHUSDYHPHQW FRQGLWLRQ
1440
Suryoto et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
4.4. The correlation between International Roughness Index and Pavement Condition Index )LJVKRZVWKHOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQILWOLQHGRWVVSUHDGUDQGRPO\DQGDSDUWLFXODUSDWWHUQLVQRWFOHDUSHUIRUPHG7KLV PHDQVWKDWWKHheteroscedasticityLVQRWKDSSHQLQJLQUHJUHVVLRQPRGHOVVRWKHUHJUHVVLRQPRGHOFRXOGEHXVHGWR SUHGLFWWKHYDOXHRI,5,EDVHGRQLWVLQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHLQSXWRQ3&,
)LJ7KHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ3&,DQG,5,
7KHFRUUHODWLRQRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO5RXJKQHVV,QGH[DQG3DYHPHQW&RQGLWLRQ,QGH[VKRZVDFXUYHZLWK\ DE[ ZKHUH\ [ZKHUH\LVWKHYDOXHRI3&,FRQVWDQWYDOXHRIDWKHUHJUHVVLRQFRHIILFLHQWRIEDQG[LVWKH YDOXH RI ,5, 3HDUVRQ FRUUHODWLRQ DQDO\VLV RI WKH FXUYH LQGLFDWHV WKH YDOXH RI U EDVHG RQ WKH FRUUHODWLRQ FRHIILFLHQWVRWKHYDOXHVKDYHDVWURQJFRUUHODWLRQ:KLOHWKHYDOXHRIWKHVWDQGDUGHUURUQXPEHURIUHJUHVVLRQPRGHO WRSUHGLFWWKHYDOXHRI\LV 4.5. The correlation between SDI and IRI )LJVKRZVWKHOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQOLQHWKHGRWVIRUPDUHJXODUSDWWHUQRIVSUHDGODWHUQDUURZHG7KLVPHDQVWKDW WKHheteroscedasticity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he correlation between SDI and PCI )URPVKRZVWKHOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQOLQHWKHGRWVVSUHDGUDQGRPO\DQGGRQRWIRUPDSDUWLFXODUSDWWHUQLVPHDQV WKDWWKHheteroscedasticity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
1441
Suryoto et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
)LJ7KHFRUUHODWLRQ%HWZHHQ6',DQG3&,
)LJ7KHFRUUHODWLRQRI3&,DQG6',
&RQFOXVLRQV %DVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHDQDO\VLVFRQFOXVLRQVFRXOGEHGUDZQDVIROORZV x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x 7KHOLQHDUILWIRUFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHPHWKRGVVKRZWKDWWKHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ,5,DQG3&,PHWKRGV VKRZHGU LQGLFDWHDVWURQJUHODWLRQVKLS+RZHYHUWKHOLQHDUILWIRUFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ,5,DQG6', GHPRQVWUDWHWKHYDOXHRIU DQGWKHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ3&,DQG6',GHPRQVWUDWHWKHYDOXHRIU ERWKUYDOXHVLQGLFDWHSRRUFRUUHODWLRQV
1442
Suryoto et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1435 – 1442
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