- Email: [email protected]
The Examination of the Relationship between the University Students’ Rejection Sensivities, Self Esteem and Loneliness Levels
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012) 2716 – 2720
WCES 2012
rejection sensivities, self esteem and loneliness levels Hakan Saricam a 1, Basaran Gencdogan b
Erozkan c
a b
Faculty of Education Muallim Rifat, Kilis 7 Aralik University, Kilis and 79100, Turkey Faculty of Education Kazim Karabekir, Ataturk University,Erzurum and , 25000, Turkey c Faculty of Education, Mugla University,Mugla and , 48000, Turkey
Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the -esteems and loneliness levels. Furthermore, their rejection sensivities, self-esteems and loneliness levels are examined according to gender. The sample of this study consists of 1149 university students. Rejection Sensivity Scale (RSS), Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory (CSEI), Loneliness Scale (UCLA) were used in the study. Pearson Moment Correlation, t Test, Multiple Linear Regression Analysis were used for the data analysis. As a result of study, there is significant relationship between rejection sensivities, self-esteem and loneliness level. According to findings, the students who have high rejection sensivity, have low selfesteem and high loneliness level as well. There is difference of rejection sensitivity, self-esteem and loneliness on male and female students. © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Uzunboylu Keywords: Rejection sensivity, self-esteem, loneliness
1. Introduction Individuals find facility to live and satisfy their needs via their relations with other. word in relations. Love and state of belonging are the basic needs of people. In order to be healthy psychologically and to realize oneself people need love and state of belonging. The most important relation is the relation with mother. As children get older and their needs are changed, they interact with others (father, aunt, uncle, grandfather, grandmother etc.) who are also important for them. Getting older makes love and the need for acceptance will be insufficient and this insufficiency will guide children to create their own individualism and interpersonal relations. University years that cover an important part of the life, start after a critical period, adolescence. Furthermore, university life is a process that changes continue in the life of teenagers trying to get used to a new environment. On the other hand, teenagers face with responsibilities that early adult development period has loaded on them. In addition, they are in a seeking to find their life partners. In this period, they feel the need of interpersonal relations and find themselves in new seeking. There are lots of factors that affect this period in which interpersonal relations is lived intensively. Some of these factors are rejection sensitivity, self-esteem and loneliness. Interpersonal acceptance and rejection are psychologically potent situations. Rejection is the situation that rejected by other important people (parents, close friends, peers, romantic partners etc.) in interpersonal relations and cause Downey & Feldman, 1996; Saricam, 2011). Believing feeling of insignificancy (Downey, Lebolt & that one is liked, appreciated, included or valued fosters well-being, self-esteem and confidence, whereas feeling 1
Hakan Saricam. Tel.: +09-0348-862-2668 E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Uzunboylu doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.553
Hakan Saricam et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012) 2716 – 2720
2717
disliked, unappreciated, excluded or devalued evokes negative emotions, lowers self-esteem and may result in antisocial reactions such as aggression or withdrawal in other words rejected people tend to loneliness. Loneliness, relations is only suffering of being aware that they could not found close relations that they want (Williams, 1983). However, rejection sensitivity is misunderstanding and feeling of (Saricam, 2011). Downey, Bonica, & Rincon (1999) view rejection sensitivity as a cognitive-affective processing system that stems from past rejection experiences with parents, peers, or romantic partners and is particularly marked during the adolescent period. This situation leads to lower self-esteem (Erozkan, 2005). Selfindividuals find themselves sufficient, important, successful, precious or not; also attitudes that whether they accept themselves or not (Coopersmith, 1967). In this study, relations between factors (rejection sensitivity, self-esteem, loneliness) which affect this period are examined. In this respect, this study is the first study in TURKEY. The researcher set out to answer the following hypotheses: -esteem and loneliness a) level. rejection sensitivity. b) There are effects of self-esteem is less and loneliness is c) more. 2. Method 2.1. Sample The sample of this study consists of university students who attend -2011 academic year. The number of 80. In total 1149 university students joined to the study. 2.2. Instruments 2.2.1. Rejection Sensivity Scale (RSS) The RSS was developed by Downey & Feldman (1996) and adapted for Turkish participants by Erozkan (2004), was used to determine the rejection sensitivity levels of students. This scale consists of 18 items with each describing hypothetical interpersonal situations in which respondents make requests of important others such as parent, teacher, friend, or romantic partner. Participants are required to rate their agreement with each item on a 6point scale. Principal components analysis by Downey and Feldman led them to identify a one-factor solution that provided an adequate resolution of the item correlation matrix. They reported an internal consistency coefficient -retest reliability coefficients of .83 and .78 for 3 week and 4 month retest intervals, respectively, and supportive construct validation evidence from three additional studies. The internal consistency coefficient (Cron the test-retest reliability coefficient of the RSS was calculated as .81. The parallel form validity of the RSS was tested with the Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure (Boyce and Parker, 1989) and the correlation coefficient was found to be .64 (Erozkan, 2004). 2.2.2. Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI)
their own self esteem. There are three characteristics of definition of self-esteem according to this inventory (Tufan, 1987; Piskin, 1997): self-esteem is general judgment of self-evaluation; this estimation has a relative continuity; and it may show variations in consistency with age, gender and social roles of the subject. There are 25 items that are -100. Hihg points indicate hihg levels of self-esteem. The validity and reli
2718
Hakan Saricam et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012) 2716 – 2720
2.2.3. Loneliness Scale (UCLA) The UCLA-LS was developed to assess the subjective feelings of loneliness or social isolation. Loneliness was measured by 20-item, UCLA-LS (Russell et al, 1980) in which subjects were asked to rate each of the 20 statements as to how often they agreed with the description. The responses ranged from 4 (often) to 1 (not at all), with a total possible aggregate score range of 20 80. The higher the score, the more loneliness the person experienced. This instrument had an internal consistency of alpha that was equal to 0.94. The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the UCLA-LS have been confirmed. In addition, this instrument had an internal consistency of alpha that was equal to 0.96 for Turkey (Demir, 1989) 2.3. Analysis of Data Statistical data are analyzed by using the computer package program called SPSS 15.00. Pearson Moment Correlation, t Test, Multiple Linear Regression Analysis were used for the data analysis. 3. Results -esteem and loneliness
3.1. levels Table 1. Correlation between
-esteem and loneliness levels Self-esteem Loneliness
Rejection sensitivity
Rejection sensitivity -
Self-esteem
-,861(**)
-
Loneliness
,805(**)
-,792(**)
-
51,46
71,50
39,60
16,61
13,15
11,20
X
S.s
N=1149 (**) p< 0.01
When table 1 is examined, correlation value of rejection sensitivity and self-esteem, r=-0.861, correlation value of relation between rejection sensitivity and loneliness, r=0.805, correlation value of relation between self-esteem and loneliness, r=-0.792 and p<0.01 is found importantly significant. This findings show that there is significantly direct proportion between rejection sensitivity and loneliness significantly inverse proportion between rejection sensitivity and self-esteem and significantly inverse proportion between self-esteem and loneliness. As a result, as -esteem is decreases, self-esteem decreases and loneliness increase while self-esteem decreases with their loneliness. 3.2. Findings and commentary on effects of selfbe predicted Table 2. Findings on explanation of rejection sensivity by self-esteem and loneliness R2Change Sig. F Predictor
R
R2
2
)
Change
(Constant) Self-esteem .884 .782 Loneliness F(2,1146)= 2058,233
.782
.000
B
Std. Error
t
Sig.
86.389
3.205
26.956 .000
-.759
.029
-.601 -26.586 .000
.488
.034
.329 14.546 .000
p= ,000
When Table 2 variables self-esteem and loneliness (R=,844, R2=,782, p<0.05). Varieties, Self-esteem and loneliness, together
Hakan Saricam et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012) 2716 – 2720
2719
explain 78% of the total variation of rejection sensitivity. According to standardized regression coefficient ( ) relative importance order of predictive variables are self-esteem and loneliness. When results of t test related to significance of regression coefficients are examined, both of the variables are significant predictive on rejection sensitivity. From the regression it is seen that rejection sensitivity mostly makes decrease in self-esteem then increase in level of loneliness. In this -esteem and lastly decrease the level of loneliness. 3.3. their gender
self-esteem and loneliness according to Table 3. Comparison of rejection sensitivity and self-esteem and loneliness levels of participants according to gender Veriables Rejection sensitivity Self-esteem Loneliness
Gender
N
Arithmetic mean
Standart deviation
Male
537
49,14
16,37
Female
612
53,49
16,56
Male
537
73,61
13,00
Female
612
69,66
13,02
Male
537
38,50
10,42
Female
612
40,57
11,76
t -4,463 5,132 -3,146
(*) p< 0.05
When Table 3 is examined, as a result of t test applied in order to understand whether there is difference of rejection sensitivity, self-esteem and loneliness on male and female students, t values related to self-esteem, rejection sensitivity and loneliness, p<0.05 is found significantly important. These findings show that there is difference -esteem. average of femal
-esteem is higher, loneliness and rejection sensitivity is less
4. Discussion Hypotheses, at the beginning of the study, is tested and the following answers: a) that individuals see themselves insufficient and tend to loneliness as a reason for being sensitive to a random topic in interpersonal relations. b) Loneliness and self-esteem, as a natural result of finding upwards, are appeared as predictors of rejection sensitivity. Rejection sensitivity is affected mostly by decrease of self-esteem and then affected by increase of loneliness. c) expectations loaded on males. When people perceive that others regard a real or potential relationship with them as valuable or important, they feel accepted and experience positive affect. However, when people perceive that others do not regard their relationship as valuable or important, they feel rejected and respond negatively. For example, their self-esteem reduce and they isolate their social envirement and so they become loneliness (Buckley, Winkel, & Leary, 2004) According to all these results, it can be said that rejection sensitivity is an important factor which affect interpersonal relations. If -esteem are done, it is guessed that rejection sensitivity
2720
Hakan Saricam et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012) 2716 – 2720
will decrease and connected with this, individuals will cope with loneliness. This topic can be a study topic for others. References Boyce, P., & Parker, G. (1989). Development of a scale to measure interpersonal sensitivity. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 23(3), 341-351. Buckley, K. E., Winkel, R. E., & Leary, M. R. (2004). Reactions to acceptance and rejection: Effects of level and sequence of relational evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(1), 14-28. Coopersmith, S. (1967). The Antecents Of Self-Esteem. San Fransisco: W.H. Freeman. Demir A. The validity and reliability of UCLA loneliness scale. Turk Journal of Psychology 1989;7: 14 8. Downey, G., Lebolt, A.,
Implications of rejection sensitivity for adolescent peer and dating relationship, paper presented at the
biennial meeting of the society for research on adolescence, Indianapolis. Downey, G., & Feldman, S. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 70, 1327-1343. Downey, G., Bonica, C., & Rincon, C. (1999). Rejection sensitivity and adolescent romantic relationships. In W. Furman, B. Brown, & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of adolescent romantic relationships (pp. 148-174). New York: Cambridge University Press. Erozkan, A. (2004). Rejection, vulnerability, cognitive appraisal and coping in romantic relationships. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Institute of Social Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey. Erozkan, A. (2005). An investigation of interpersonal sensitivity and rejection sensitivity levels of university students. Gazi University of Kirsehir Education Faculty, 5, 85-98. Comparison of Turkish and English High School Students With Respect to Self-Esteem
-35). 3th The National Congress
of Psychological Counselingand Guidance. Adana: Cukurova University Press. Russell D, Peplau LA, Cutrona CE. (1980). The revised UCLA loneliness scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. J Pers Soc Psychol 1980;39: 472 80. Saricam, H. (2011).
elf Esteem and Loneliness
Levels (Master Thesis), Institute of Educational Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Tufan, B. (1987). The validity and reliability study on Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. 13th Congress Of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 14Williams, E.G. (1983). Adolescent Loneliness. Adolescence, 1983: 18, 51-66. Yavuzer, H. (2000). Parent and child. Istanbul: Remzi Publishing.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012) 2716 – 2720
WCES 2012
rejection sensivities, self esteem and loneliness levels Hakan Saricam a 1, Basaran Gencdogan b
Erozkan c
a b
Faculty of Education Muallim Rifat, Kilis 7 Aralik University, Kilis and 79100, Turkey Faculty of Education Kazim Karabekir, Ataturk University,Erzurum and , 25000, Turkey c Faculty of Education, Mugla University,Mugla and , 48000, Turkey
Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the -esteems and loneliness levels. Furthermore, their rejection sensivities, self-esteems and loneliness levels are examined according to gender. The sample of this study consists of 1149 university students. Rejection Sensivity Scale (RSS), Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory (CSEI), Loneliness Scale (UCLA) were used in the study. Pearson Moment Correlation, t Test, Multiple Linear Regression Analysis were used for the data analysis. As a result of study, there is significant relationship between rejection sensivities, self-esteem and loneliness level. According to findings, the students who have high rejection sensivity, have low selfesteem and high loneliness level as well. There is difference of rejection sensitivity, self-esteem and loneliness on male and female students. © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Uzunboylu Keywords: Rejection sensivity, self-esteem, loneliness
1. Introduction Individuals find facility to live and satisfy their needs via their relations with other. word in relations. Love and state of belonging are the basic needs of people. In order to be healthy psychologically and to realize oneself people need love and state of belonging. The most important relation is the relation with mother. As children get older and their needs are changed, they interact with others (father, aunt, uncle, grandfather, grandmother etc.) who are also important for them. Getting older makes love and the need for acceptance will be insufficient and this insufficiency will guide children to create their own individualism and interpersonal relations. University years that cover an important part of the life, start after a critical period, adolescence. Furthermore, university life is a process that changes continue in the life of teenagers trying to get used to a new environment. On the other hand, teenagers face with responsibilities that early adult development period has loaded on them. In addition, they are in a seeking to find their life partners. In this period, they feel the need of interpersonal relations and find themselves in new seeking. There are lots of factors that affect this period in which interpersonal relations is lived intensively. Some of these factors are rejection sensitivity, self-esteem and loneliness. Interpersonal acceptance and rejection are psychologically potent situations. Rejection is the situation that rejected by other important people (parents, close friends, peers, romantic partners etc.) in interpersonal relations and cause Downey & Feldman, 1996; Saricam, 2011). Believing feeling of insignificancy (Downey, Lebolt & that one is liked, appreciated, included or valued fosters well-being, self-esteem and confidence, whereas feeling 1
Hakan Saricam. Tel.: +09-0348-862-2668 E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Uzunboylu doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.553
Hakan Saricam et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012) 2716 – 2720
2717
disliked, unappreciated, excluded or devalued evokes negative emotions, lowers self-esteem and may result in antisocial reactions such as aggression or withdrawal in other words rejected people tend to loneliness. Loneliness, relations is only suffering of being aware that they could not found close relations that they want (Williams, 1983). However, rejection sensitivity is misunderstanding and feeling of (Saricam, 2011). Downey, Bonica, & Rincon (1999) view rejection sensitivity as a cognitive-affective processing system that stems from past rejection experiences with parents, peers, or romantic partners and is particularly marked during the adolescent period. This situation leads to lower self-esteem (Erozkan, 2005). Selfindividuals find themselves sufficient, important, successful, precious or not; also attitudes that whether they accept themselves or not (Coopersmith, 1967). In this study, relations between factors (rejection sensitivity, self-esteem, loneliness) which affect this period are examined. In this respect, this study is the first study in TURKEY. The researcher set out to answer the following hypotheses: -esteem and loneliness a) level. rejection sensitivity. b) There are effects of self-esteem is less and loneliness is c) more. 2. Method 2.1. Sample The sample of this study consists of university students who attend -2011 academic year. The number of 80. In total 1149 university students joined to the study. 2.2. Instruments 2.2.1. Rejection Sensivity Scale (RSS) The RSS was developed by Downey & Feldman (1996) and adapted for Turkish participants by Erozkan (2004), was used to determine the rejection sensitivity levels of students. This scale consists of 18 items with each describing hypothetical interpersonal situations in which respondents make requests of important others such as parent, teacher, friend, or romantic partner. Participants are required to rate their agreement with each item on a 6point scale. Principal components analysis by Downey and Feldman led them to identify a one-factor solution that provided an adequate resolution of the item correlation matrix. They reported an internal consistency coefficient -retest reliability coefficients of .83 and .78 for 3 week and 4 month retest intervals, respectively, and supportive construct validation evidence from three additional studies. The internal consistency coefficient (Cron the test-retest reliability coefficient of the RSS was calculated as .81. The parallel form validity of the RSS was tested with the Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure (Boyce and Parker, 1989) and the correlation coefficient was found to be .64 (Erozkan, 2004). 2.2.2. Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI)
their own self esteem. There are three characteristics of definition of self-esteem according to this inventory (Tufan, 1987; Piskin, 1997): self-esteem is general judgment of self-evaluation; this estimation has a relative continuity; and it may show variations in consistency with age, gender and social roles of the subject. There are 25 items that are -100. Hihg points indicate hihg levels of self-esteem. The validity and reli
2718
Hakan Saricam et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012) 2716 – 2720
2.2.3. Loneliness Scale (UCLA) The UCLA-LS was developed to assess the subjective feelings of loneliness or social isolation. Loneliness was measured by 20-item, UCLA-LS (Russell et al, 1980) in which subjects were asked to rate each of the 20 statements as to how often they agreed with the description. The responses ranged from 4 (often) to 1 (not at all), with a total possible aggregate score range of 20 80. The higher the score, the more loneliness the person experienced. This instrument had an internal consistency of alpha that was equal to 0.94. The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the UCLA-LS have been confirmed. In addition, this instrument had an internal consistency of alpha that was equal to 0.96 for Turkey (Demir, 1989) 2.3. Analysis of Data Statistical data are analyzed by using the computer package program called SPSS 15.00. Pearson Moment Correlation, t Test, Multiple Linear Regression Analysis were used for the data analysis. 3. Results -esteem and loneliness
3.1. levels Table 1. Correlation between
-esteem and loneliness levels Self-esteem Loneliness
Rejection sensitivity
Rejection sensitivity -
Self-esteem
-,861(**)
-
Loneliness
,805(**)
-,792(**)
-
51,46
71,50
39,60
16,61
13,15
11,20
X
S.s
N=1149 (**) p< 0.01
When table 1 is examined, correlation value of rejection sensitivity and self-esteem, r=-0.861, correlation value of relation between rejection sensitivity and loneliness, r=0.805, correlation value of relation between self-esteem and loneliness, r=-0.792 and p<0.01 is found importantly significant. This findings show that there is significantly direct proportion between rejection sensitivity and loneliness significantly inverse proportion between rejection sensitivity and self-esteem and significantly inverse proportion between self-esteem and loneliness. As a result, as -esteem is decreases, self-esteem decreases and loneliness increase while self-esteem decreases with their loneliness. 3.2. Findings and commentary on effects of selfbe predicted Table 2. Findings on explanation of rejection sensivity by self-esteem and loneliness R2Change Sig. F Predictor
R
R2
2
)
Change
(Constant) Self-esteem .884 .782 Loneliness F(2,1146)= 2058,233
.782
.000
B
Std. Error
t
Sig.
86.389
3.205
26.956 .000
-.759
.029
-.601 -26.586 .000
.488
.034
.329 14.546 .000
p= ,000
When Table 2 variables self-esteem and loneliness (R=,844, R2=,782, p<0.05). Varieties, Self-esteem and loneliness, together
Hakan Saricam et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012) 2716 – 2720
2719
explain 78% of the total variation of rejection sensitivity. According to standardized regression coefficient ( ) relative importance order of predictive variables are self-esteem and loneliness. When results of t test related to significance of regression coefficients are examined, both of the variables are significant predictive on rejection sensitivity. From the regression it is seen that rejection sensitivity mostly makes decrease in self-esteem then increase in level of loneliness. In this -esteem and lastly decrease the level of loneliness. 3.3. their gender
self-esteem and loneliness according to Table 3. Comparison of rejection sensitivity and self-esteem and loneliness levels of participants according to gender Veriables Rejection sensitivity Self-esteem Loneliness
Gender
N
Arithmetic mean
Standart deviation
Male
537
49,14
16,37
Female
612
53,49
16,56
Male
537
73,61
13,00
Female
612
69,66
13,02
Male
537
38,50
10,42
Female
612
40,57
11,76
t -4,463 5,132 -3,146
(*) p< 0.05
When Table 3 is examined, as a result of t test applied in order to understand whether there is difference of rejection sensitivity, self-esteem and loneliness on male and female students, t values related to self-esteem, rejection sensitivity and loneliness, p<0.05 is found significantly important. These findings show that there is difference -esteem. average of femal
-esteem is higher, loneliness and rejection sensitivity is less
4. Discussion Hypotheses, at the beginning of the study, is tested and the following answers: a) that individuals see themselves insufficient and tend to loneliness as a reason for being sensitive to a random topic in interpersonal relations. b) Loneliness and self-esteem, as a natural result of finding upwards, are appeared as predictors of rejection sensitivity. Rejection sensitivity is affected mostly by decrease of self-esteem and then affected by increase of loneliness. c) expectations loaded on males. When people perceive that others regard a real or potential relationship with them as valuable or important, they feel accepted and experience positive affect. However, when people perceive that others do not regard their relationship as valuable or important, they feel rejected and respond negatively. For example, their self-esteem reduce and they isolate their social envirement and so they become loneliness (Buckley, Winkel, & Leary, 2004) According to all these results, it can be said that rejection sensitivity is an important factor which affect interpersonal relations. If -esteem are done, it is guessed that rejection sensitivity
2720
Hakan Saricam et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012) 2716 – 2720
will decrease and connected with this, individuals will cope with loneliness. This topic can be a study topic for others. References Boyce, P., & Parker, G. (1989). Development of a scale to measure interpersonal sensitivity. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 23(3), 341-351. Buckley, K. E., Winkel, R. E., & Leary, M. R. (2004). Reactions to acceptance and rejection: Effects of level and sequence of relational evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(1), 14-28. Coopersmith, S. (1967). The Antecents Of Self-Esteem. San Fransisco: W.H. Freeman. Demir A. The validity and reliability of UCLA loneliness scale. Turk Journal of Psychology 1989;7: 14 8. Downey, G., Lebolt, A.,
Implications of rejection sensitivity for adolescent peer and dating relationship, paper presented at the
biennial meeting of the society for research on adolescence, Indianapolis. Downey, G., & Feldman, S. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 70, 1327-1343. Downey, G., Bonica, C., & Rincon, C. (1999). Rejection sensitivity and adolescent romantic relationships. In W. Furman, B. Brown, & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of adolescent romantic relationships (pp. 148-174). New York: Cambridge University Press. Erozkan, A. (2004). Rejection, vulnerability, cognitive appraisal and coping in romantic relationships. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Institute of Social Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey. Erozkan, A. (2005). An investigation of interpersonal sensitivity and rejection sensitivity levels of university students. Gazi University of Kirsehir Education Faculty, 5, 85-98. Comparison of Turkish and English High School Students With Respect to Self-Esteem
-35). 3th The National Congress
of Psychological Counselingand Guidance. Adana: Cukurova University Press. Russell D, Peplau LA, Cutrona CE. (1980). The revised UCLA loneliness scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. J Pers Soc Psychol 1980;39: 472 80. Saricam, H. (2011).
elf Esteem and Loneliness
Levels (Master Thesis), Institute of Educational Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Tufan, B. (1987). The validity and reliability study on Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. 13th Congress Of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 14Williams, E.G. (1983). Adolescent Loneliness. Adolescence, 1983: 18, 51-66. Yavuzer, H. (2000). Parent and child. Istanbul: Remzi Publishing.