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The last interglacial-glacial cycle in fennoscandia
Quaternary International, Vols 3/4, pp. 21-29, 1989.
1040-6182/89 $0.00 + .50 © 1990 INQUA/Pergamon Press plc
Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved.
THE L A S T I N T E R G L A C I A L - - G L A C I A L
CYCLE IN FENNOSCANDIA
B j c r n G. Andersen* and Jan M a n g e r u d t
*Department of Geology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1047, Blindern, 0316 Oslo 3, Norway "#Department of Geology, Section B, University of Bergen, Alldgt. 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway The climate and glacier fluctuations during the last interglacial-glacial cycle in Fennoscandia seem to correspond roughly in time with the climate fluctuations recorded in France-Germany-Holland. However, the climate in Fennoscandia was considerably colder, and the coldest phases are recorded as periods with glacier fluctuations. Admittedly, the exact age and amplitudes of some fluctuations are still much debated.
INTRODUCTION An extensive review of the glacier fluctuations in Fennoscandia was recently presented by Mangerud (in press a, b), and the following includes an updated version of his glaciation curve (Fig. 6). The climatic changes during the last interglacialglacial cycle in western Europe (France-NetherlandsNorth Germany) are well known on the basis of fairly continuous pollen records. However, in Fennoscandia most of the sediments from the periods before 18 ka BP were removed by the Late Weichselian ice sheet, and mostly short stratigraphic fragments are left. Therefore, a complete record for Fennoscandia must be based on correlation and dating of stratigraphic fragments from various parts of the glaciated area. Considering the many problems involved, particularly the dating problems, it must be stressed that there are still many unsolved questions in this record. The following is an attempt to present a rough outline of both the climatic and the glacial fluctuations in Fennoscandia during the last interglacial-glacial cycle. Figure 1 shows simplified graphs of suggested climate fluctuations from south to north in western Europe, together with an oxygen isotope graph. Graph A is based on a continuous pollen record from Grand Pile in northern France (Woillard, 1978; Woillard and Mook, 1982). Graph B is based on several correlated pollen records from North Germany-South DenmarkHolland (Behre, 1989), and graph C is a composite record from Fennoscandia. There is a striking similarity between the three graphs. The climatic fluctuations seem to have been nearly contemporaneous and of about the same order of magnitude in the three regions. The question arises - - is it so simple that the climate fluctuations were about the same in the north and the south, except that all phases were colder in the north? The graph for Fennoscandia is based on both biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy, and till beds correspond with the coldest phases. Therefore, the graph (C) is also a rough record of the glacier fluctuations. Connecting the resemblance with the deep sea oxygen-isotope
graph (D) is interesting, since that graph records the global changes in ice volume. Unfortunately our knowledge of the exact age of several glacial phases in graph C is problematic, as will be seen from the following review. For the parts older than 50 ka BP all three graphs for Europe are more or less dated by correlation with the isotope curve. Therefore the resemblance between the curves is partly a result of circular reasoning.
The Eemian Many sites with interglacial deposits have been recorded in Fennoscandia, and most of them have been correlated with the Eemian Interglacial (Fig. 2). Notice that most of the sites are located in areas which lay either near the center or near the periphery of the last Fennoscandian ice sheet. Most deposits in the intermedial areas were removed by glacial erosion. Characteristic for all interglacial sediments is their location below Weichselian deposits, usually basal tills. Both terrestrial and marine sediments, together with speleothems in caves have been found. They in general record climatic conditions at least as warm as the present, and in several cases clearly warmer than the Holocene climate. Therefore, they represent true interglacial deposits. But are they necessarily Eemian? At most localities the correlation with the Eemian is based on the pollen stratigraphy, and only at a few localities do independent dates exist. We will not discuss the many sites, but just mention that the N-S vegetation gradient was much the same during the Eemian as today. Pollen diagrams presented by Andersen (1965) from Denmark show that mixed oak forest dominated during the warmest phase. They correspond well with diagrams from Holland and North Germany (Menke and Tynni, 1984). In diagrams from northern Finland (Hirvas and Kujansuu, 1981) and northern Sweden (Lundqvist, 1971) a Boreal type forest dominated. Two sites in southwestern Norway are of particular interest since they contain both typical interglacial terrestrial pollen-flora and marine fauna successions, 21
22
B.G. Andersen and J. Mangerud
AGE Ka.B.P. u
WARM
COOL COLD GLACIAL
YOUNGERDRYAS ALLEROD
10-
DEEPSEA OXYGENISOTOPE
1
2
203040-
HENGELO
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80-
SI.
T'ARENDO
5b
90ST. 100- ~
J~rIMTLANDPERXPOHJOLA
5c
110FJUSANGER
5e
130
FIG. 1. Climate fluctuations from south to north in western Europe (three left graphs). (A) Northern France (modified from Woiilard, 1978). (B) Northern Germany-Holland (modified from Behre, 1989). (C) Fennoscandia. This graph also represents glacier fluctuations. (D) Deep sea oxygen-isotope record (modified from Martinson et al., 1987). Notice that the graphs for Europe are made to present general trends, and the exact age and amplitudes of the fluctuations can be questioned.
and they are both dated by various methods to be Eemian. A site at Fj0sanger in Bergen (Fig. 3) was described by Mangerud et al. (1981). The other site lies at Be on KarmOy, to the south of Bergen, where both the fauna and flora stratigraphy correlate very well with Fj0sanger (Andersen etal., 1983; Sejrup, 1987). Subsequent unpublished studies and dates (amino acid thermoluminescence and uranium series) of the deposits at BO show that there is a complete interglacial succession which is no older than the Eemian (Fig. 4).
Early Weichselian (Isotope Substages 5a-5d) The location of most of the Early Weichselian sites are shown in Fig. 5. Notice that their distribution has a somewhat similar pattern as the Eemian sites, and particularly many sites are located in northern Finland and northern Sweden. Observations carried out in northern Sweden lately (Lagerb/ick, 1988a, b; Lagerb/ick and Robertsson, 1988) show that surprisingly little glacial erosion took place in that area during the Late Weichselian. On the maritime side of the Fennoscandian ice sheet (Fig. 6), the most important sites are the two just mentioned at Fjosanger and at B0 on KarmOy (see Figs 3 and 4).
On top of the Eemian deposits at Fj0sanger (Fig. 3) there is the following succession of Early Weichselian sediments: a glaciomarine silt (G); a Fana Interstadial gravel with a cool climate marine fauna and BOnes Till. At Be there is a hiatus separating an Eemian marine sand from a Torvastad Interstadial sand which has a mild climate marine fauna (Fig. 4). The interstadial sand is overlain by a Karm0y Stadial till which is correlated with Isotope Stage 4. Amino acid ratios suggest that the Fana Interstadial is slightly younger than the Eemian, and the Torvastad Interstadial is 'considerably' younger. Therefore the two interstadials are most likely of different ages (Fig. 6). The glaciomarine silt (G) and the Bones Till show that the mountain and fjord-districts of southwestern Norway were glaciated during two Early Weichselian stadials (Fig. 6). The pattern on the eastern, continental side of the ice sheet seems to be about the same as the pattern on the western side. Until recently most of the interstadial deposits on the eastern side were correlated with the Per/ipohjola/J~imtland Interstadial, and Lundqvist (1986) made a reconstruction with only one major interstadial (Fig, 7). A birch forest in the north and some spruce and pine in the southern districts are
23
The Last Interglacial-Glacial Cycle in Fennoscandia
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FIG. 2. Recorded interglacial deposits which are supposed to be of Eemian age. (F) Fjosanger. (B) Be.
BO Units
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6
........
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_%,
silt
clay
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FIG. 4. The lithostratigraphy at BO on KarmOy Island. Based on Andersen et al. (1983) and Skinnemoen (1989).
24
B.G. Andersen and J• Mangerud
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FIG. 5. Localities with Early Weichselian deposits, and suggested margin of Isotope Substages 5d and 5b ice sheets. The presented ice margin is speculative. The Early Weichselian deposits generally include till beds combined with organical beds. (D) DCsebacka near Gotenburg.
characteristic for this interstadial. However, more recent studies carried out in northern Sweden by Lagerb/ick and Robertsson (1988), show that there are two Early Weichselian interstadials. The oldest, with birch forest, was correlated with the Per~ipohjola/ J/imtland Interstadial, and the youngest, the T/irend¢ Interstadial with less birch, was supposed to represent Isotope Substage 5a (see review by Lagerb~ick, this volume)• The many radiocarbon dates which have been presented from the different localities of both interstadials, are a mixture of infinite and finite dates between 40 and 50 ka BP. However, all dates are supposed to represent minimum ages. Figure 5 presents a rough reconstruction of the Early Weichselian ice sheets during Isotope Substages 5b and 5d. Till beds below, between and on top of the interstadial beds in northern Sweden and northern Finland show that this part of Fennoscandia was glaciated. A buried end moraine in northern Finland (Sutinen, 1984) supposedly represents the maximum extension of the ice sheet. The Isotope Substage 5d glaciomarine bed, and the Isotope Substage 5b till bed at Fj~sanger in Bergen show that the west coast of
Norway was ice covered or partly ice covered• Till beds at D0sebacka near Gotenburg in SW-Sweden, Hillefors (1974, 1986) and at Brummundal, to the north of Oslo in SE-Norway (Helle et al., 1981) are evidence of Early Weichselian glaciations. However, no evidence of corresponding ice cover has been found in southernmost Sweden and Denmark. During the Early Weichselian interstadials the ice sheet disappeared, and only small ice caps and valley glaciers may have survived in the high mountains•
Middle Weichselian (Isotope Stages 4 and 3) Isotope Stage 4 The diagram in Fig. 6 suggests an extensive glaciation during Isotope Stage 4. On the western side of the ice sheet this reconstruction is based mainly on the presence of a distinctive till bed which represents the Karm~y Stadial at Karm~y (Fig. 4). The till bed lies between the Torvastad and the B~ Interstadial beds, which are dated by various methods to be 80-90 ka BP and 50-70 ka BP old respectively. Corresponding till beds were found at J~eren (Andersen et al., 1987) which
The Last Interglacial-Glacial Cycle in Fennoscandia
25
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I
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or
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FIG. 6. Schematic glaciation curves for the last interglacial/glacialcycle in Fennoscandia. Slightlymodified from Mangerud (in press) where a complete reference list is given. Ages for the isotope-stage boundaries from Martinson et al. (1987).
suggest that the entire SW coast of Norway was glaciated during Isotope Stage 4. Sejrup (pers. commun.) has suggested that the ice sheet covered the northern part of the North Sea and merged with the British ice sheet during Isotope Stage 4 or 5. However, better evidence is needed to be sure about his reconstruction. Problems relating to the Isotope Stage 4 glaciation are not less on the eastern side of the ice sheet. It is generally believed that the ice sheet covered much of Fennoscandia, but there are not many localities where Isotope Stage 4 glacial deposits have been clearly identified and dated. The best is probably DOsebacka in SW-Sweden (Hillefors, 1986). Petersen (1984) have observed a till of a possible Isotope Stage 4 age at Holmstrup in Denmark, and thermoluminescence dates of glacial deposits in NW-Denmark indicate that they could be of Isotope Stage 4 age (Kronborg, 1988). A fairly extensive ice sheet, at least in the Baltic Sea
area, including southern Denmark, agrees well with observations made in Poland (Mojski, 1985). In Fig. 8 we have suggested two (3) alternative extensions of the Isotope Stage 4 ice sheet both in the North Sea region and in the Baltic Sea region. At present it is difficult to decide which alternative is most correct.
Isotope Stage 3 (Fig. 9) On the west coast of Norway, there is good evidence of a B~ Interstadial about 40--60 ka BP recorded at KarmCy (Fig. 4; Andersen et al., 1983; Sejrup 1989) and an Alesund Interstadial about 30 ka BP best dated in a cave near/~lesund (Larsen et al., 1987; Larsen and Mangerud, this volume). The faunas in both interstadials suggest cool climate conditions. New radiocarbon dates of deposits correlated with the Sandnes Interstadial (Feyling-Hanssen, 1971) on J~eren in SW-Norway (Fig. 6), suggest that this interstadial is older than previously assumed, and it could correspond with the
26
B.G. Andersen and J. Mangerud t000 Ym BP _I
NORTH SWEDEN FINLAND
SOUTH SWEDEN CONTINENT NORWAY DE NMARK
t0
Y I~sebackQ- Eilesbo GSta 8Iv
Denekarnp
Gudbmndsdalen
He~jeto Moershoofd Per~pohjokz
O. DSsebacka - Etlesbo
Odderade
Br6rup
Amersfoort ~0
EEM
6° t FIG. 7. Weichselian glacier fluctuations in Fennoscandia. From Lundqvist (1986).
BO Interstadiai or be somewhat younger (Andersen et al., in press). The Sandnes Interstadial deposits contain some glaciomarine beds and even till beds have been observed in the glaciomarine units which were correlated with the Sandnes Interstadial. Several localities with Middle Weichselian marine deposits have been found in Denmark, the most famous being the Sk/irumhede. Lykke-Andersen (1987) presented a review of the stratigraphy where two, possibly three small Middle Weichselian climate fluctuations were recorded (Fig. 10). However, no Middle Weichselian tills have been found in Denmark or at the interstadial sites in southernmost Sweden. Till beds connected with the interstadial beds at D6sebacka near Gotenburg show that this area was ice-covered during the middle Weichselian stadials. Within areas that were located below the central parts of the Fennoscandian ice sheet there are almost no interstadial deposits which have been referred to the Middle Weichselian (Fig. 9). The reason could be that central Fennoscandia was ice-covered during the entire Middle Weichselian, as suggested by many scientists. However, some finite Middle Weichselian radiocarbon
dates have been obtained, but they have been rejected as being contaminated. The main argument against a Middle Weichselian age has been that the dated deposits record forests, and as forest did not exist in North G e r m a n y after the Odderade, they could not have grown in Fennoscandia either. Eolian deposits from Gudbrandsdal Valley in central south Norway have been TL-dated to around 40 ka indicating that the area could have been deglaciated at that time (Bergersen, 1989). If that date is correct, then much of Fennoscandia must have been deglaciated. This possibility was indicated by Lundqvist (1986; Fig. 7).
Late Weichselian (Isotope Stage 2) A review of the extent of, and the retreat of the ice sheet was presented by Lundqvist (1986). However, Isotope Stage 2 is beyond the scope of this paper. REFERENCES Andersen, B.G., Sejrup, H.P. and Kirkhus, O. (1983). Eemian and Weichselian deposits at BO on KarmOy, SW Norway: A preliminary report. Norges Geologiske Undersckelse, 380, 189-201. /
27
The Last Interglacial-Glacial Cycle in Fennoseandia
%
•
/
/
/
,i
J'
f
j~
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I
S
! /
//t
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/
i
f
I: N~vf
!
/ _
~
Alternative
.S
1
f
os J
o ~
s I! ee
•
2 ~
recorded glacial deposits
FIG. 8. Isotope Stage 4 ice margin (three alternatives) and glacial deposits that are correlated with Isotope Stage 4. (J) J~eren. (H) Holmstrup. (D) Desebacka. (B) Be on Karmey. (A,) A.lesund.
Andersen, B.G., Wangen, O.P. and Ostmo, S.R. (1987). Quaternary geology of Ja~ren and adjacent areas, southwestern Norway. Norges Geologiske Undersekelse, Bulletin, 411, 1-55. Andersen, B.G., Bakken, K., Dale, B., Fugelli, E., Henningsmoen, K., H~egh, H.I., Nagy, J., Read, A. and Telleman, H. (inpress): Weischselian stratigraphy at Oppstad, Hegemork and FossEikjeland, J~eren, SW-Norway. Striae, 34. Andersen, S.T. (1965). Interglasialer og interstadialer i Danmarks kvartaer. Meddeleser Dansk Geologisk Forening, 15, 486-506. Behre, K.E. (1989). Biostratigraphy of the last glacial period in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 8, 25-44. Bergersen, O.F. (1989). Was central Scandinavia deglaciated around 40,000 years before present? Terra Abstracts, 1(1), 63-64. Feyling-Hanssen, R.F. (1971). Weichselian interstadial foraminifera from the Sandnes-J~eren area. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 21, 72-116. Helle, M., Senstegaard, E., Coope, R.G. and Rye, N. (1981). Early Weichselian peat at Brumunddal, southeastern Norway. Boreas, 10, 369-379. Hillefors, A,. (1974). The stratigraphy and genesis of the DOsebacka and Eliesbo drumlins. A contribution to the knowledge of the Weicsei-glacial history in western Sweden. Geologiska Foreningens i Stockholm Ferhandlingar, 96, 355-374. Hillefors, A. (1986). The D6sebacka interstadials. 17e. Nordiska Geologm6tet. Helsingfors Universitet. Abstracts, 54. Hirvas, H. and Kujansuu, R. (1981). Quaternary stratigraphy and chronology in northern Finland. In: Gorbunov, G.I. (ed.), Glacial
Deposits and Glacial History in Eastern Fennoscandia, pp. 5-15. Kola branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Apatity. Lagerbfick, R. (1988a). The Veiki moraines in northern Sweden - widespread evidence of an Early Weichselian deglaciation. Boreas, 17, 469--486. Lagerb[ick, R. (1988b). Periglacial phenomena in the wooded areas of Northern Sweden - - relicts from the Tfirend6 Interstadial. Boreas, 17, 487--499. Lagerb/ick, R. and Robertsson, A.M. (1988). Kettle holes - stratigraphical archives for Weichselian geology and palaeoenvironment in northernmost Sweden. Boreas, 17, 439-468. Larsen, E., Gulliksen, S., Lauritzen, S.-E., Lie, R., L~vlie, R. and Mangerud, J. (1987). Cave stratigraphy in western Norway; multiple Weichselian glaciations and interstadial vertebrate fauna. Boreas, 16, 267-292. Lundqvist, J. (1971). The interglacial deposit at the Leve~iniemi mine, Svappavaara, Swedish Lapland. Sveriges Geologiska UndersC~kning, Serie C, 658, 1-163. Lundqvist, J. (1986). Stratigraphy of the central area of the Scandinavian glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 5, 251-268. Lykke-Andersen, A.-L. (1987). A Late Saalien, Eemian and Weichselian marine sequence at N~arre Lyngby, Vendsyssel, Denmark. Boreas, 16, 345-357. Mangerud, J. (in press a). The Scandinavian ice Sheet through the last interglacial/glacial cycle. Manuscript submitted to "Pal~oklimatologie", Mainz, March 1988. Mangerud, J. (in press b). The last interglacial/glacial cycle in
28
B.G. Andersen and J. Mangerud
d.
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°,
e:
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~
margin of ice sheet
FIG. 9. Suggested maximum extension of the Isotope Stage 3 ice sheet, and localities with Isotope Stage 3 deposits. (C) Alesund. (J) Jaeren. (S) Sk~rumhede.
northern Europe, and its correlation with the deep sea isotope stratigraphy. Manuscript submitted to University of Minnesota Press, May 1988. Mangerud, J., S~anstegaard, E., Sejrup, H.P. and Haldorsen, S. (1981). A continuous Eemian-Early Weichselian sequence containing pollen and marine fossils at Fjosanger, western Norway. Boreas, 10, 137-208. Martinson, D.G., Pisias, N.G., Hays, J.D., Imbrie, J., Moore, T.C. and Shackleton, N.J. (1987). Age dating and the orbital theory of ice ages: Development of a high-resolution 0 to 300,000-year chronostratigraphy. Quaternary Research, 27, 1-30. Menke, B. and Tynni, R. (1984). Das Eeminterglacial und das Weichselfriihglazial von Rederstall/Ditmarschen und ihre Bedeutung fiir die mitteleurop~iische Jungpleistoz~inGliederungen. Geologisches Jahrbuch Reihe A, 76, 3-120. Mojski, J.E. (1985). Quaternary. 248 pp. Part 3b of Geology of
Poland. Publishing House Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warsaw. Petersen, K.S. (1984). Stratigraphical positions of Weichselian tills in Denmark. Striae, 20, 75-78. Sejrup, H.P. (1987). Molluscan and foraminiferal biostratigraphy of an Eemian-Early Weichselian section on Karmlay, southwestern Norway. Boreas, 16, 27-42. Skinnemoen, O. (1989). Sedimentologiske og biostratigrafiske undersckelser av marine kvarta~re sedimenter ptt Be, KarmCy. Thesis. University of Oslo. Unpublished. Sutinen, R. (1984). On the glacial stratigraphy in Pudasj~irvi area, Per~ipohjola. Striae, 20, 91-94. Woillard, G.M. (1978). Grande Pile peat bog: A continuous pollen record for the last 140,000 years. Quaternary Research, 9, 1-21. Woillard, G.M. and Mook, W.G. (1982). Carbon-14 dates at Grande Pile: Correlation of land and sea chronologies. Science, 215, 159161.
29
The Last Interglacial-Glacial Cycle in Fennoscandia
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FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGE ZONES
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-
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MOERSHOOFD
......
IAL
4
- 70
Turr. erosa Abra nilida
a _
ODDERADE? Elphidium ge~hi
Ka. B.P.
~
Upper Turritella terebra
I BRONUP?
b -90 5
I
C --100
AMERSFORT?
B.marginata Q.padana
Lower Turritella terebra
Ep.vitrea N.labrador.
Nuculana pern. N.minuta
EEMIAN
~ /
80
d -110
5e
'~STADIAL
-
120
-- 130 6
FIG. 10. Marine stratigraphy in Denmark, modified from a section of a larger compilation presented by Lykke-Andersen (1987). The curve is a simplified temperature curve. Notice that it shows no Early Weichselian interstadials.
1040-6182/89 $0.00 + .50 © 1990 INQUA/Pergamon Press plc
Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved.
THE L A S T I N T E R G L A C I A L - - G L A C I A L
CYCLE IN FENNOSCANDIA
B j c r n G. Andersen* and Jan M a n g e r u d t
*Department of Geology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1047, Blindern, 0316 Oslo 3, Norway "#Department of Geology, Section B, University of Bergen, Alldgt. 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway The climate and glacier fluctuations during the last interglacial-glacial cycle in Fennoscandia seem to correspond roughly in time with the climate fluctuations recorded in France-Germany-Holland. However, the climate in Fennoscandia was considerably colder, and the coldest phases are recorded as periods with glacier fluctuations. Admittedly, the exact age and amplitudes of some fluctuations are still much debated.
INTRODUCTION An extensive review of the glacier fluctuations in Fennoscandia was recently presented by Mangerud (in press a, b), and the following includes an updated version of his glaciation curve (Fig. 6). The climatic changes during the last interglacialglacial cycle in western Europe (France-NetherlandsNorth Germany) are well known on the basis of fairly continuous pollen records. However, in Fennoscandia most of the sediments from the periods before 18 ka BP were removed by the Late Weichselian ice sheet, and mostly short stratigraphic fragments are left. Therefore, a complete record for Fennoscandia must be based on correlation and dating of stratigraphic fragments from various parts of the glaciated area. Considering the many problems involved, particularly the dating problems, it must be stressed that there are still many unsolved questions in this record. The following is an attempt to present a rough outline of both the climatic and the glacial fluctuations in Fennoscandia during the last interglacial-glacial cycle. Figure 1 shows simplified graphs of suggested climate fluctuations from south to north in western Europe, together with an oxygen isotope graph. Graph A is based on a continuous pollen record from Grand Pile in northern France (Woillard, 1978; Woillard and Mook, 1982). Graph B is based on several correlated pollen records from North Germany-South DenmarkHolland (Behre, 1989), and graph C is a composite record from Fennoscandia. There is a striking similarity between the three graphs. The climatic fluctuations seem to have been nearly contemporaneous and of about the same order of magnitude in the three regions. The question arises - - is it so simple that the climate fluctuations were about the same in the north and the south, except that all phases were colder in the north? The graph for Fennoscandia is based on both biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy, and till beds correspond with the coldest phases. Therefore, the graph (C) is also a rough record of the glacier fluctuations. Connecting the resemblance with the deep sea oxygen-isotope
graph (D) is interesting, since that graph records the global changes in ice volume. Unfortunately our knowledge of the exact age of several glacial phases in graph C is problematic, as will be seen from the following review. For the parts older than 50 ka BP all three graphs for Europe are more or less dated by correlation with the isotope curve. Therefore the resemblance between the curves is partly a result of circular reasoning.
The Eemian Many sites with interglacial deposits have been recorded in Fennoscandia, and most of them have been correlated with the Eemian Interglacial (Fig. 2). Notice that most of the sites are located in areas which lay either near the center or near the periphery of the last Fennoscandian ice sheet. Most deposits in the intermedial areas were removed by glacial erosion. Characteristic for all interglacial sediments is their location below Weichselian deposits, usually basal tills. Both terrestrial and marine sediments, together with speleothems in caves have been found. They in general record climatic conditions at least as warm as the present, and in several cases clearly warmer than the Holocene climate. Therefore, they represent true interglacial deposits. But are they necessarily Eemian? At most localities the correlation with the Eemian is based on the pollen stratigraphy, and only at a few localities do independent dates exist. We will not discuss the many sites, but just mention that the N-S vegetation gradient was much the same during the Eemian as today. Pollen diagrams presented by Andersen (1965) from Denmark show that mixed oak forest dominated during the warmest phase. They correspond well with diagrams from Holland and North Germany (Menke and Tynni, 1984). In diagrams from northern Finland (Hirvas and Kujansuu, 1981) and northern Sweden (Lundqvist, 1971) a Boreal type forest dominated. Two sites in southwestern Norway are of particular interest since they contain both typical interglacial terrestrial pollen-flora and marine fauna successions, 21
22
B.G. Andersen and J. Mangerud
AGE Ka.B.P. u
WARM
COOL COLD GLACIAL
YOUNGERDRYAS ALLEROD
10-
DEEPSEA OXYGENISOTOPE
1
2
203040-
HENGELO
3
50-
4
70-
80-
SI.
T'ARENDO
5b
90ST. 100- ~
J~rIMTLANDPERXPOHJOLA
5c
110FJUSANGER
5e
130
FIG. 1. Climate fluctuations from south to north in western Europe (three left graphs). (A) Northern France (modified from Woiilard, 1978). (B) Northern Germany-Holland (modified from Behre, 1989). (C) Fennoscandia. This graph also represents glacier fluctuations. (D) Deep sea oxygen-isotope record (modified from Martinson et al., 1987). Notice that the graphs for Europe are made to present general trends, and the exact age and amplitudes of the fluctuations can be questioned.
and they are both dated by various methods to be Eemian. A site at Fj0sanger in Bergen (Fig. 3) was described by Mangerud et al. (1981). The other site lies at Be on KarmOy, to the south of Bergen, where both the fauna and flora stratigraphy correlate very well with Fj0sanger (Andersen etal., 1983; Sejrup, 1987). Subsequent unpublished studies and dates (amino acid thermoluminescence and uranium series) of the deposits at BO show that there is a complete interglacial succession which is no older than the Eemian (Fig. 4).
Early Weichselian (Isotope Substages 5a-5d) The location of most of the Early Weichselian sites are shown in Fig. 5. Notice that their distribution has a somewhat similar pattern as the Eemian sites, and particularly many sites are located in northern Finland and northern Sweden. Observations carried out in northern Sweden lately (Lagerb/ick, 1988a, b; Lagerb/ick and Robertsson, 1988) show that surprisingly little glacial erosion took place in that area during the Late Weichselian. On the maritime side of the Fennoscandian ice sheet (Fig. 6), the most important sites are the two just mentioned at Fjosanger and at B0 on KarmOy (see Figs 3 and 4).
On top of the Eemian deposits at Fj0sanger (Fig. 3) there is the following succession of Early Weichselian sediments: a glaciomarine silt (G); a Fana Interstadial gravel with a cool climate marine fauna and BOnes Till. At Be there is a hiatus separating an Eemian marine sand from a Torvastad Interstadial sand which has a mild climate marine fauna (Fig. 4). The interstadial sand is overlain by a Karm0y Stadial till which is correlated with Isotope Stage 4. Amino acid ratios suggest that the Fana Interstadial is slightly younger than the Eemian, and the Torvastad Interstadial is 'considerably' younger. Therefore the two interstadials are most likely of different ages (Fig. 6). The glaciomarine silt (G) and the Bones Till show that the mountain and fjord-districts of southwestern Norway were glaciated during two Early Weichselian stadials (Fig. 6). The pattern on the eastern, continental side of the ice sheet seems to be about the same as the pattern on the western side. Until recently most of the interstadial deposits on the eastern side were correlated with the Per/ipohjola/J~imtland Interstadial, and Lundqvist (1986) made a reconstruction with only one major interstadial (Fig, 7). A birch forest in the north and some spruce and pine in the southern districts are
23
The Last Interglacial-Glacial Cycle in Fennoscandia
O
.°.'"".:
~ O
'°°% %.
%
O
s9
X : marine
record
o : pollen
,,
s : speleothem
-
"%.
FIG. 2. Recorded interglacial deposits which are supposed to be of Eemian age. (F) Fjosanger. (B) Be.
BO Units
SW. NORWAY Correlation Litholog~ Isotopq
stage
•
HAUGE SUND
~
,
i
.
~ ~ " , " • *" ' , " ,7". , &
m
•
.
Late Weich-
2
selian
&
,v ........ -_-...-.-_-
10
B0 .=S
: .... ~:.~..
3
,~ .~;-.,~----::
Z <~
Middle Welch-
•° ° • •" ° . A.
selian
._1
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TORVA-
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w
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::..~.:
Earnian
'avel H
0
. . . . . .
dis Till lian) till
FIG. 3. Simplified lithostratigraphy for the Fjosanger site. From Mangerud (in press), based on Mangerud et al. (1981).
6
........
sangerian mian)
~'--=!;.~n
_%,
silt
clay
till
hiatus
FIG. 4. The lithostratigraphy at BO on KarmOy Island. Based on Andersen et al. (1983) and Skinnemoen (1989).
24
B.G. Andersen and J• Mangerud
:.i ......:"... "'.'"'""
:
..•., .:
/ 0
O
:
. :/
)
i', 0".::
o v3O; t ~... ,, ../
o
::i
0
/
, 06 /
0 : marine record o " pollen
(7
,,
s : speleothem ,, / "•'.
,
f
~ m a r g i n of ice sheets
FIG. 5. Localities with Early Weichselian deposits, and suggested margin of Isotope Substages 5d and 5b ice sheets. The presented ice margin is speculative. The Early Weichselian deposits generally include till beds combined with organical beds. (D) DCsebacka near Gotenburg.
characteristic for this interstadial. However, more recent studies carried out in northern Sweden by Lagerb/ick and Robertsson (1988), show that there are two Early Weichselian interstadials. The oldest, with birch forest, was correlated with the Per~ipohjola/ J/imtland Interstadial, and the youngest, the T/irend¢ Interstadial with less birch, was supposed to represent Isotope Substage 5a (see review by Lagerb~ick, this volume)• The many radiocarbon dates which have been presented from the different localities of both interstadials, are a mixture of infinite and finite dates between 40 and 50 ka BP. However, all dates are supposed to represent minimum ages. Figure 5 presents a rough reconstruction of the Early Weichselian ice sheets during Isotope Substages 5b and 5d. Till beds below, between and on top of the interstadial beds in northern Sweden and northern Finland show that this part of Fennoscandia was glaciated. A buried end moraine in northern Finland (Sutinen, 1984) supposedly represents the maximum extension of the ice sheet. The Isotope Substage 5d glaciomarine bed, and the Isotope Substage 5b till bed at Fj~sanger in Bergen show that the west coast of
Norway was ice covered or partly ice covered• Till beds at D0sebacka near Gotenburg in SW-Sweden, Hillefors (1974, 1986) and at Brummundal, to the north of Oslo in SE-Norway (Helle et al., 1981) are evidence of Early Weichselian glaciations. However, no evidence of corresponding ice cover has been found in southernmost Sweden and Denmark. During the Early Weichselian interstadials the ice sheet disappeared, and only small ice caps and valley glaciers may have survived in the high mountains•
Middle Weichselian (Isotope Stages 4 and 3) Isotope Stage 4 The diagram in Fig. 6 suggests an extensive glaciation during Isotope Stage 4. On the western side of the ice sheet this reconstruction is based mainly on the presence of a distinctive till bed which represents the Karm~y Stadial at Karm~y (Fig. 4). The till bed lies between the Torvastad and the B~ Interstadial beds, which are dated by various methods to be 80-90 ka BP and 50-70 ka BP old respectively. Corresponding till beds were found at J~eren (Andersen et al., 1987) which
The Last Interglacial-Glacial Cycle in Fennoscandia
25
Eastern (continental) side of the ice sheet.
Western (maritime) side of the ice sheet. o
o
o~
II
m
Shelf
Coast
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~:::::[:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: t ......................./..............-.......................... •j
4
....-...............,.'.-.'.'.-.....................'.'.'.-...-.-.-.-.r
,:---..-.-.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.-.'.-.'.-.'.:.:.:.'.'.'.:.:.:.:.:.;.;.:.:.:.: M
m o
/ , . . . . ;- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . ..............j t . - . . . - . B o n e s Till . . . . . . "..'.
, ;_ ~'~i
= ®
V~ilbackan / J a m l l a n d
5b .9(
"-".... -'-'-..... '"""'".',"': ':= =o
........... / ~ a l e n Gudbralldsdalen 9 Pdgrimslad/Jimlland
5C !0 5d
O Desebacka 9
T~irendo
5a .8(
Tor v a s l a d ~ t
-11
"-',L.: :.:.:-: (~Flesangenan
Iepsankumpu and other Finnish siles
.o 0 o lil I 5e
-
I ~)
Fauna
suggesting
~.
Fauna
with
Atlantic
I
I
Leve~r~emi 13(]
climate
as
Current
today, "guide
or
warmer.
fbssils".
FIG. 6. Schematic glaciation curves for the last interglacial/glacialcycle in Fennoscandia. Slightlymodified from Mangerud (in press) where a complete reference list is given. Ages for the isotope-stage boundaries from Martinson et al. (1987).
suggest that the entire SW coast of Norway was glaciated during Isotope Stage 4. Sejrup (pers. commun.) has suggested that the ice sheet covered the northern part of the North Sea and merged with the British ice sheet during Isotope Stage 4 or 5. However, better evidence is needed to be sure about his reconstruction. Problems relating to the Isotope Stage 4 glaciation are not less on the eastern side of the ice sheet. It is generally believed that the ice sheet covered much of Fennoscandia, but there are not many localities where Isotope Stage 4 glacial deposits have been clearly identified and dated. The best is probably DOsebacka in SW-Sweden (Hillefors, 1986). Petersen (1984) have observed a till of a possible Isotope Stage 4 age at Holmstrup in Denmark, and thermoluminescence dates of glacial deposits in NW-Denmark indicate that they could be of Isotope Stage 4 age (Kronborg, 1988). A fairly extensive ice sheet, at least in the Baltic Sea
area, including southern Denmark, agrees well with observations made in Poland (Mojski, 1985). In Fig. 8 we have suggested two (3) alternative extensions of the Isotope Stage 4 ice sheet both in the North Sea region and in the Baltic Sea region. At present it is difficult to decide which alternative is most correct.
Isotope Stage 3 (Fig. 9) On the west coast of Norway, there is good evidence of a B~ Interstadial about 40--60 ka BP recorded at KarmCy (Fig. 4; Andersen et al., 1983; Sejrup 1989) and an Alesund Interstadial about 30 ka BP best dated in a cave near/~lesund (Larsen et al., 1987; Larsen and Mangerud, this volume). The faunas in both interstadials suggest cool climate conditions. New radiocarbon dates of deposits correlated with the Sandnes Interstadial (Feyling-Hanssen, 1971) on J~eren in SW-Norway (Fig. 6), suggest that this interstadial is older than previously assumed, and it could correspond with the
26
B.G. Andersen and J. Mangerud t000 Ym BP _I
NORTH SWEDEN FINLAND
SOUTH SWEDEN CONTINENT NORWAY DE NMARK
t0
Y I~sebackQ- Eilesbo GSta 8Iv
Denekarnp
Gudbmndsdalen
He~jeto Moershoofd Per~pohjokz
O. DSsebacka - Etlesbo
Odderade
Br6rup
Amersfoort ~0
EEM
6° t FIG. 7. Weichselian glacier fluctuations in Fennoscandia. From Lundqvist (1986).
BO Interstadiai or be somewhat younger (Andersen et al., in press). The Sandnes Interstadial deposits contain some glaciomarine beds and even till beds have been observed in the glaciomarine units which were correlated with the Sandnes Interstadial. Several localities with Middle Weichselian marine deposits have been found in Denmark, the most famous being the Sk/irumhede. Lykke-Andersen (1987) presented a review of the stratigraphy where two, possibly three small Middle Weichselian climate fluctuations were recorded (Fig. 10). However, no Middle Weichselian tills have been found in Denmark or at the interstadial sites in southernmost Sweden. Till beds connected with the interstadial beds at D6sebacka near Gotenburg show that this area was ice-covered during the middle Weichselian stadials. Within areas that were located below the central parts of the Fennoscandian ice sheet there are almost no interstadial deposits which have been referred to the Middle Weichselian (Fig. 9). The reason could be that central Fennoscandia was ice-covered during the entire Middle Weichselian, as suggested by many scientists. However, some finite Middle Weichselian radiocarbon
dates have been obtained, but they have been rejected as being contaminated. The main argument against a Middle Weichselian age has been that the dated deposits record forests, and as forest did not exist in North G e r m a n y after the Odderade, they could not have grown in Fennoscandia either. Eolian deposits from Gudbrandsdal Valley in central south Norway have been TL-dated to around 40 ka indicating that the area could have been deglaciated at that time (Bergersen, 1989). If that date is correct, then much of Fennoscandia must have been deglaciated. This possibility was indicated by Lundqvist (1986; Fig. 7).
Late Weichselian (Isotope Stage 2) A review of the extent of, and the retreat of the ice sheet was presented by Lundqvist (1986). However, Isotope Stage 2 is beyond the scope of this paper. REFERENCES Andersen, B.G., Sejrup, H.P. and Kirkhus, O. (1983). Eemian and Weichselian deposits at BO on KarmOy, SW Norway: A preliminary report. Norges Geologiske Undersckelse, 380, 189-201. /
27
The Last Interglacial-Glacial Cycle in Fennoseandia
%
•
/
/
/
,i
J'
f
j~
•
I
S
! /
//t
I
/
i
f
I: N~vf
!
/ _
~
Alternative
.S
1
f
os J
o ~
s I! ee
•
2 ~
recorded glacial deposits
FIG. 8. Isotope Stage 4 ice margin (three alternatives) and glacial deposits that are correlated with Isotope Stage 4. (J) J~eren. (H) Holmstrup. (D) Desebacka. (B) Be on Karmey. (A,) A.lesund.
Andersen, B.G., Wangen, O.P. and Ostmo, S.R. (1987). Quaternary geology of Ja~ren and adjacent areas, southwestern Norway. Norges Geologiske Undersekelse, Bulletin, 411, 1-55. Andersen, B.G., Bakken, K., Dale, B., Fugelli, E., Henningsmoen, K., H~egh, H.I., Nagy, J., Read, A. and Telleman, H. (inpress): Weischselian stratigraphy at Oppstad, Hegemork and FossEikjeland, J~eren, SW-Norway. Striae, 34. Andersen, S.T. (1965). Interglasialer og interstadialer i Danmarks kvartaer. Meddeleser Dansk Geologisk Forening, 15, 486-506. Behre, K.E. (1989). Biostratigraphy of the last glacial period in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 8, 25-44. Bergersen, O.F. (1989). Was central Scandinavia deglaciated around 40,000 years before present? Terra Abstracts, 1(1), 63-64. Feyling-Hanssen, R.F. (1971). Weichselian interstadial foraminifera from the Sandnes-J~eren area. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 21, 72-116. Helle, M., Senstegaard, E., Coope, R.G. and Rye, N. (1981). Early Weichselian peat at Brumunddal, southeastern Norway. Boreas, 10, 369-379. Hillefors, A,. (1974). The stratigraphy and genesis of the DOsebacka and Eliesbo drumlins. A contribution to the knowledge of the Weicsei-glacial history in western Sweden. Geologiska Foreningens i Stockholm Ferhandlingar, 96, 355-374. Hillefors, A. (1986). The D6sebacka interstadials. 17e. Nordiska Geologm6tet. Helsingfors Universitet. Abstracts, 54. Hirvas, H. and Kujansuu, R. (1981). Quaternary stratigraphy and chronology in northern Finland. In: Gorbunov, G.I. (ed.), Glacial
Deposits and Glacial History in Eastern Fennoscandia, pp. 5-15. Kola branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Apatity. Lagerbfick, R. (1988a). The Veiki moraines in northern Sweden - widespread evidence of an Early Weichselian deglaciation. Boreas, 17, 469--486. Lagerb[ick, R. (1988b). Periglacial phenomena in the wooded areas of Northern Sweden - - relicts from the Tfirend6 Interstadial. Boreas, 17, 487--499. Lagerb/ick, R. and Robertsson, A.M. (1988). Kettle holes - stratigraphical archives for Weichselian geology and palaeoenvironment in northernmost Sweden. Boreas, 17, 439-468. Larsen, E., Gulliksen, S., Lauritzen, S.-E., Lie, R., L~vlie, R. and Mangerud, J. (1987). Cave stratigraphy in western Norway; multiple Weichselian glaciations and interstadial vertebrate fauna. Boreas, 16, 267-292. Lundqvist, J. (1971). The interglacial deposit at the Leve~iniemi mine, Svappavaara, Swedish Lapland. Sveriges Geologiska UndersC~kning, Serie C, 658, 1-163. Lundqvist, J. (1986). Stratigraphy of the central area of the Scandinavian glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 5, 251-268. Lykke-Andersen, A.-L. (1987). A Late Saalien, Eemian and Weichselian marine sequence at N~arre Lyngby, Vendsyssel, Denmark. Boreas, 16, 345-357. Mangerud, J. (in press a). The Scandinavian ice Sheet through the last interglacial/glacial cycle. Manuscript submitted to "Pal~oklimatologie", Mainz, March 1988. Mangerud, J. (in press b). The last interglacial/glacial cycle in
28
B.G. Andersen and J. Mangerud
d.
•
~'°
•
/
°.°°%,
JS
/
.,°.
/
\
'°
.."
"°%°.,
/ / /
\
°°o~
°° :
I
••," J
/ .o'°.:
0
!
.
°,
¢. /c.r.~
J ..J~ %".. /
J
e.~
11
I
J
%.
J
-J
I
x : marine
record
o : po]len m
~
U
,,
$:
speleothem
,,
C:
cave
°,
e:
eolian
"
/
~
margin of ice sheet
FIG. 9. Suggested maximum extension of the Isotope Stage 3 ice sheet, and localities with Isotope Stage 3 deposits. (C) Alesund. (J) Jaeren. (S) Sk~rumhede.
northern Europe, and its correlation with the deep sea isotope stratigraphy. Manuscript submitted to University of Minnesota Press, May 1988. Mangerud, J., S~anstegaard, E., Sejrup, H.P. and Haldorsen, S. (1981). A continuous Eemian-Early Weichselian sequence containing pollen and marine fossils at Fjosanger, western Norway. Boreas, 10, 137-208. Martinson, D.G., Pisias, N.G., Hays, J.D., Imbrie, J., Moore, T.C. and Shackleton, N.J. (1987). Age dating and the orbital theory of ice ages: Development of a high-resolution 0 to 300,000-year chronostratigraphy. Quaternary Research, 27, 1-30. Menke, B. and Tynni, R. (1984). Das Eeminterglacial und das Weichselfriihglazial von Rederstall/Ditmarschen und ihre Bedeutung fiir die mitteleurop~iische Jungpleistoz~inGliederungen. Geologisches Jahrbuch Reihe A, 76, 3-120. Mojski, J.E. (1985). Quaternary. 248 pp. Part 3b of Geology of
Poland. Publishing House Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warsaw. Petersen, K.S. (1984). Stratigraphical positions of Weichselian tills in Denmark. Striae, 20, 75-78. Sejrup, H.P. (1987). Molluscan and foraminiferal biostratigraphy of an Eemian-Early Weichselian section on Karmlay, southwestern Norway. Boreas, 16, 27-42. Skinnemoen, O. (1989). Sedimentologiske og biostratigrafiske undersckelser av marine kvarta~re sedimenter ptt Be, KarmCy. Thesis. University of Oslo. Unpublished. Sutinen, R. (1984). On the glacial stratigraphy in Pudasj~irvi area, Per~ipohjola. Striae, 20, 91-94. Woillard, G.M. (1978). Grande Pile peat bog: A continuous pollen record for the last 140,000 years. Quaternary Research, 9, 1-21. Woillard, G.M. and Mook, W.G. (1982). Carbon-14 dates at Grande Pile: Correlation of land and sea chronologies. Science, 215, 159161.
29
The Last Interglacial-Glacial Cycle in Fennoscandia
D
FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGE ZONES
I ]]
]~ ~r ~]/gn
MACROFOSSIL ZONES AND SUBZONES
CHRONOZONES
\
N.labradoricom' I.norcrossi
Macoma calcarea
DENEKAMP
E.excav. N,orbic. I.norc., I.isL E.mar., E.gert.
-- 30
I
HENGELO 3
E.ask., N.orbic. ~_ CC.ren.,I.nor. E.albiumbilicum B.rnarginala
Nonion depressulum
-
40
IAL Porllandia arctica
-50 Balanus crenat.
MOERSHOOFD
......
IAL
4
- 70
Turr. erosa Abra nilida
a _
ODDERADE? Elphidium ge~hi
Ka. B.P.
~
Upper Turritella terebra
I BRONUP?
b -90 5
I
C --100
AMERSFORT?
B.marginata Q.padana
Lower Turritella terebra
Ep.vitrea N.labrador.
Nuculana pern. N.minuta
EEMIAN
~ /
80
d -110
5e
'~STADIAL
-
120
-- 130 6
FIG. 10. Marine stratigraphy in Denmark, modified from a section of a larger compilation presented by Lykke-Andersen (1987). The curve is a simplified temperature curve. Notice that it shows no Early Weichselian interstadials.